Application Of Chi-square Test Research Articles

A Study on Customers Awareness about Retail Banking in Covid -19 Pandemic in Gujarat

The research is carried out to examine the customers’ awareness about banking during Covid -19 pandemic. Major three statements are insured to them in form of pilot study of the research. Whether the customers are ensuring better quality services and paying higher charges of banking during Covid -19 by the banks, they are supporting with computerised banking and do they believe in brand name of the banks they are banking with. An application of chi-square test is used to examine the results.

An Approach to E – Banking Services by Small Finance Banks in Gujarat

The modern approaches of banking transactions are broadly evaluated. The small finance banks are taking baby steps towards their progress. It is necessary to evaluate their services and customers’ perceptions towards e – banking services. The research is conducted as pilot research for using of e – banking services by the customers of small finance banks in Gujarat. The focus is made for only two services which is primly used by the customers of any of the banks. An application of Chi-square test and descriptive statistics is used to conclude the results. It is observed that the small finance banks are competent to offering their services in network banking.

The Impact in Financial Inclusion on Socio-economic Status among Tribe of Odisha : A case study on Mayurbhanj district.

In today's jargon, "financial inclusion" and "inclusive growth" are key concepts. Growth that is inclusive also empowers members of vulnerable groups. This study focuses on inclusive growth with the aim of evaluating the type and degree of financial inclusion as well as its effects on the socioeconomic condition of households in vulnerable groups. By examining the main data gathered from the Revenue Divisions of Odisha and the theoretical backdrop on financial access and economic growth, this has been examined. The findings indicate that there are differences in the type and degree of financial inclusion. The paper proposes a model to make the financial system more inclusive and pro-poor based on the fact that access to and use of formal banking services pave the way to improvements in the socioeconomic status of households belonging to vulnerable sections that are correlated, leading to inclusive growth. The objectives have been verified by the application of Chi-Square test () for observed results with expected results, T test for compare the means of two groups and Eigenvalues for reducing dimension space and Logit model.

Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Continuation of Treatment among the OPD Geriatric Patients

The aim of the study was to identify the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on continuation of treatment among the OPD geriatric patients. Quantitative research study has been conducted. A descriptive research design and convenience sampling technique were used to pick a total of 100 samples, (n=100). Self-structured socio demographic questionnaire and self structured interview method were used to collect the data in November 2020 at tertiary care hospitals, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. The collected data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. Comparison of three categories of COVID-19 pandemic factors affecting in availing OPD services reveals that the psychological factor has more effect (73%) followed by hospital related factors (68%) and the availability of public transportation and resources (62%) has less effect in availing OPD services among patients during COVID-19 pandemic. Application of chi square test reveals that there is no significant relationship of intensity of COVID-19 pandemic factors affecting in availing OPD services among patients with selected socio demographic variables. These findings suggest that facility for sanitization of hospital premises, facility for social distancing in registration counter, waiting area and other areas of hospital are not quite satisfactory. Factors like availability of public transport, availability of healthcare personnel’s in OPD, adequacy of treatment facility, cost of medical services, availability of diagnostic services, are highly affecting geriatric patients in availing OPD services during COVID-19 pandemic and need to be taken care.

1646 Breast Cancer Awareness Among Female Nurses in Pakistan: About Time to Scrub Off Assumptions!

Abstract Aim The main aim of this research is to assess whether the clinical experience influence the knowledge, attitude and practices of female nursing staff and nursing students regarding breast cancer and to provide a baseline for monitoring trends of breast cancer awareness in them. Method A cross-sectional study of 280 female nurses was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Islamabad, Pakistan. A pre-tested structured questionnaire with additional variables like cultural barriers to seeking medical help was used.1 The scores for outcome variables including knowledge, attitude and practices were pre-defined. Data was analyzed using SPSSv23. Results Of the 280 participants, with a p-value of 0.018, nurses aged more than 30 years, faced more practical, financial, emotional, and service barriers as compared to women younger than 30 years of age. By application of Chi-square test, there was a significant correlation between marital status and cultural barriers to seeking medical help, showing that single women (58.7%) shy away from talking about breast cancer considering it a taboo (p-value 0.028) whereas, more married nurses (59.2%) were apprehensive that they might be considered at fault by the society. (p-value 0.038) Conclusions Our study recognizes the need for delivering effective information to the female nurses regarding breast cancer in the biggest hospital of the capital city. Educating patients is likely to be effective if the female nurses play their part and have correct attitudes towards breast cancer practices. Therefore, we recommend arrangement of special courses and seminars for all healthcare professionals including the nursing staff.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards Prevention of Peri-Implant Infection and Inflammation: A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Survey

Even till now, nothing much has been done to explore the inflammation and prevention of the same around the implants placed, hence the aim of this study was to evaluate factor associated with dentist knowledge, attitude along with practice in preventing peri-implant diseases. This was a descriptive, cross-sectional, questionnaire based study carried within Dental professionals of Patna city. Stratified random sampling technique was the sampling method utilized in this study. The survey was conducted among 132 dentists. A questionnaire was framed by using google forms. Most of dental professionals were having fair knowledge {61(46.21%)}, positive attitude {61 (46.21%)} and poor practice (47.72%)} towards prevention of Peri-implant diseases. On application of Chi-square test, it was found that knowledge of study participants was significantly (0.05*) associated with gender, average duration of doing Implant surgery while attitude was significantly (0.05*) associated with age and degree. It was concluded that knowledge was fair; attitude was positive and despite this practice was poor regarding the prevention of Peri-Implant diseases among Dental professionals. Factors associated with knowledge, attitude and practice of study participants was gender, average duration of doing Implant surgery, age and degree.

Assess the Knowledge of Married women in Reproductive Age Group Regarding the Contraceptive Method

Background: Population is not a static entity and tends to change over time. Worldwide populationincreases every year by more than 81 million people Such an explosion affects public health in every countrybut like India face higher detrimental effects on the health infrastructure thereby making it prone severeconsequences. In Indian culture Women have the highest source pedestal of respect among all far more thana man that is why she is called the Goddess of Life. We conducted this study to assess knowledge of marriedwomen in reproductive age group regarding contraceptive method.Material and Method: A quantitative Non experimental research design was adopted and the study wasconducted at an apex level tertiary care maternity hospital using non probability convenient samplingtechnique was adopted and 100 married women were selected as sample for the study. A self-structuredquestionnaire was developed and data was collected to be analyzed.Results: The results revealed that majority 56 (56%) of married women belong to age group 26- 35 years.Most 63 (63%) of the women had average knowledge scorerest all of them 37 (37 %) had poor knowledge.On application of chi square test to determine association with selected socio demographic variables, age ofthe women was found to be significantly associated with level of knowledge.

Impact of burnout among surgeons and residents at a Tertiary Care Hospital of Pakistan.

Objectives: To determine frequency and impact of burnout among surgeons and residents of different specialties at a tertiary care hospital in Punjab, Pakistan, over a period of 6 months. Study Design: Observational Cross-sectional study. Setting: Departments of General Surgery and Ophthalmology, Mayo Hospital Lahore and the Department of Gynecology, Lady Willingdon Hospital Lahore. Period: September to November 2019. Material & Methods: Out of 150 invited participants, 124 responded to the questionnaire. Grades of burnout were determined according to the American Public Welfare Association (APWA) inventory. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 26.0, with qualitative statistics determined as frequency and percentages, and quantitative correlations among variables determined by application of chi-square test with p-value ≤ 0.05 as significant. Results: Out of 124 participants, 48.3% were female while the rest were male, mostly in the age group of 26-30 years (75%). Majority (50.8%) belonging to General Surgery; 32.3% were from Gynecology and Obstetrics and 16.9% were from Ophthalmology. Most of the participants (81.4%) were residents, with majority (51.6%) working 60-80 hours per week. There was high rate of burnout, with 46.3% of females and 32.8% of males reporting early burnout, and 36.6% of females along with 25% of males reporting advanced burnout. General surgeons and gynecologists were more prone to advanced burnout, while eye surgeons and residents had an increased propensity towards developing burnout. Conclusion: There is a high rate of burnout among surgical residents and consultants, attributable to increased working hours, less pay, and decreased job satisfaction. Measures should be taken to curb this trend, both for patient safety as well as for personal and mental health improvement of surgeons.

Risk factors for postoperative deep venous thrombosis in patients underwent craniotomy.

To analyze the risk factors for postoperative deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in neurosurgical patients to provide the basis for the prevention of postoperative DVT. A total of 141 patients underwent neurosurgery were enrolled. Thrombelastography (TEG) test was performed before and at the end of surgery. According to whether there was DVT formation after operation, the patients were divided into a thrombosis group and a non-thrombosis group. T-test and rank sum test were used to compare the general clinical characteristics of the 2 groups, such as age, gender, intraoperative blood loss, D-dimer, intraoperative crystal input, colloid input, blood product transfusion, operation duration, length of postoperative hospitalization. The application of chi-square test and rank-sum test were used to compared TEG main test indicators such as R and K values between the 2 groups. Logistic regression was used to analyze the possible risk factors for postoperative DVT in neurosurgical patients. There were significant differences in postoperative TEG index R, clotting factor function, intraoperative blood loss, hypertension or not, length of postoperative hospital stay, and postoperative absolute bed time (all P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed hypercoagulability, more intraoperative blood loss and longer postoperative absolute bed time were risk factors for DVT formation after craniotomy. Hypercoagulability in postoperative TEG test of patients is an important risk factor for the formation of postoperative DVT after neurosurgery, which can predict the occurrence of postoperative DVT to some extent.

Hypothesis Testing for the Association Between Categorical Variables: Empirical Application of Chi square Test

Chi-square test and the logic of hypothesis testing were developed by Karl Pearson. In this article we demonstrate theoretically and empirically the hypothesis testing for the association between categorical variables using Chi‑square Test. In research, there are studies which often collect data on categorical variables that can be summarized as a series of counts. These counts are commonly arranged in a tabular format known as a contingency table. We show in this paper how the chi-square test statistic can be used to evaluate whether there is an association between the rows and columns in a contingency table. We describes in detail what is a chi-square test, on which type of data it is used and the assumptions associated with its application. We consider both theoretical and empirical cases. On empirical case we use the data from the study which was conducted between September 2017 and March, 2018 in two municipalities of Dodoma and Morogoro, Tanzania. We conclude in this article that the Chi-square test, only tells us the probability of independence of a distribution of data or in simple terms it does only test that whether two categorical variables are associated with each other or not. It does not tell us that how closely they are associated. Therefore, once we got to know that there is a relation between these two variables, we need to explore other methods to calculate the amount of association between them. Key words: Contingency table , categorical data analysis, Chi-square test, hypothesis testing DOI : 10.7176/MTM/9-2-02

Fatores associados à circunferência abdominal em idosos participantes de grupos de convivência

O presente estudo teve por objetivo identificar os fatores associados à circunferência abdominal em idosos participantes de grupos de convivência. Trata-se de uma pesquisa do tipo analítica com delineamento transversal e abordagem quantitativa. O local de estudo foi um grupo de convivência de idosos, no município de Vitória da Conquista/BA, com amostra de 110 idosos. O instrumento foi composto pelas variáveis sociodemográficas, condições de saúde e medidas antropométricas (índice de massa corporal e circunferência abdominal aumentada). Os dados foram analisados por meio da distribuição de frequência e aplicação do teste de Qui-Quadrado (χ2), sendo utilizado o Programa Estatístico SPSS versão 20.0. Constatou-se diferença estatística entre Circunferência Abdominal Aumentada e as variáveis do estudo: Hipertensão Arterial (p=0,043), Etilismo (p=0,000), Presença de doença (p=0,019) e Sexo feminino (p=0,000). Os idosos investigados têm níveis de gordura corporal que refletem em riscos à saúde, sendo necessários a realização de medidas preventivas contra a obesidade.

Knowledge Attitude and Practice Regarding Antenatal Care among Pregnant Women in Rural Area of Lahore

Background: Prenatal care is medical valuation of mother and fetus, for the duration of gestation used for getting best possible result for the mother and child. Early observation and ongoing care during pregnancy provided more favorable births compared to no prenatal observation. Methodology: The quantitative cross-sectional study design was used with convenient sampling (n=133) from community of Hussain Abad Lahore. Pregnant women between the ages of 20 to 45 years of age. Data was analyzed on SPSS 21 version and application of chi-square test (p=&lt;0.05). Result: The respondents 69.1% (n=94) were identified that pregnant women require to go for their checkup. This study reveals that (n=31) 21.4% participants were agree, (n=98)71.1% participants were disagreed, (n=06)4.4% were neutral that they have Seek antenatal care regularly during pregnancy. 83.1% women believe that antenatal checkup is worthy to monitor mother &amp; fetus’ well-being. Conclusion: 64.7% pregnant women response in yes regarding knowledge about antenatal care. The attitude was shown positive somewhere as 69.6% women were agree and as well as negative, also as 30.1% respondents were disagreed and therefore 61% participants have positive practices towards antenatal care. There was significant association between qualification and knowledge of expectant women about prenatal care, significant association in qualification and attitude and there was insignificant association in qualification and practices. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 5, Issue-3: 155-162

Adsorption isotherms and kinetic studies for the defluoridation from aqueous solution using eco-friendly raw marine green algae, Ulva lactuca.

The defluoridation from aquatic medium by raw marine algae, Ulva lactuca, was investigated. The element components and adsorbent's properties were determined. The influence of pH, contact period, and Ulva sp. weight on the deflouridation was achieved. The complete defluoridation of 10mg F-/l solution was obtained within 10min at definite pHs. Fourteen adsorption isotherms and four kinetic models (pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order, Elovich, and intraparticle diffusivity) were studied. The most adequate model was performed by using five error functions. The application of chi-squared test indicated that the nonlinear isotherm models (two and three parameters) were more applicable than the linear ones. The adsorption kinetic proceeded by pseudo-first-order model. The adsorption mechanism was very complex; thus, the solute distribution step was not the only dominant one during the process. The adsorption seemed to be a physical negative binding cooperative type with activation energy and free energy of 3.16 and - 1.672kJ/mol, respectively. Thus, raw marine algae, Ulva lactuca, can be used as an adsorbent in solving the fluoridation problem in aquatic mediums throughout the world due to their fast procedure, high efficiency, low effort, and high economic value.

THE BETTER SURGICAL OPTION FOR CHRONIC CHOLECYSTITITS;

Introduction: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a standard and widely usedprocedure in the treatment of chronic cholecystitis for quite a long time now but there is a recentdevelopment in technique because of advent of harmonic scalpel (HS). Thus this study wasconducted with an objective to compare frequency of post-operative complications in patientsundergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy by conventional versus harmonic technique. DataSource: Primary data based on patients presenting with chronic cholecystitis to the surgicaldepartment at tertiary care hospital. Study Design: Randomized Control Trial. Study Setting:The study was conducted in surgical unit-I, Jinnah Hospital Lahore. Duration of Study:Study was conducted in duration of one year i.e. January 2015 to December 2015. Subjects&amp; Methods: After approval from the hospital ethical review board, 400 patients of either sexwith age from 16 to 60 years and a diagnosis of chronic cholecystitis were included usingpurposive non-probability sampling technique. They were then randomly assigned to eitherconventional or harmonic group for laparoscopic cholecystectomy using lottery method ata ratio 1:1. . Information regarding their demographic characteristics and frequency of gallbladder perforation during surgery along with readmission in patients was noted in a structuredproforma and data was analyzed using SPSS version 21.0. Results: The mean age of patientswas 48.19 ± 6.484 years with about 156 (39%) male patients while 244 patients (61%) werefemale. About 15 (7.5%) patients in harmonic group and 16 (8%) patients in conventionalgroup of laparoscopic cholecystectomy had gall bladder perforation during the procedurewhile 20 (10%) patients of harmonic group and 27 (13.5%) patients in conventional group werereadmitted. On application of chi square test it was seen that the differences were statisticallyinsignificant in both groups for the complications related to the procedure. Conclusion: It canbe concluded from this study that both treatments are equally effective in terms of gall bladderperforation and rate of readmission. Thus, any of the techniques can be selected without muchfear of complications depending upon the health care facility and financial constraints of healthsystem in a resource depleted developing country.

English

Introduction: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a standard and widely usedprocedure in the treatment of chronic cholecystitis for quite a long time now but there is a recentdevelopment in technique because of advent of harmonic scalpel (HS). Thus this study wasconducted with an objective to compare frequency of post-operative complications in patientsundergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy by conventional versus harmonic technique. DataSource: Primary data based on patients presenting with chronic cholecystitis to the surgicaldepartment at tertiary care hospital. Study Design: Randomized Control Trial. Study Setting:The study was conducted in surgical unit-I, Jinnah Hospital Lahore. Duration of Study:Study was conducted in duration of one year i.e. January 2015 to December 2015. Subjects&amp; Methods: After approval from the hospital ethical review board, 400 patients of either sexwith age from 16 to 60 years and a diagnosis of chronic cholecystitis were included usingpurposive non-probability sampling technique. They were then randomly assigned to eitherconventional or harmonic group for laparoscopic cholecystectomy using lottery method ata ratio 1:1. . Information regarding their demographic characteristics and frequency of gallbladder perforation during surgery along with readmission in patients was noted in a structuredproforma and data was analyzed using SPSS version 21.0. Results: The mean age of patientswas 48.19 ± 6.484 years with about 156 (39%) male patients while 244 patients (61%) werefemale. About 15 (7.5%) patients in harmonic group and 16 (8%) patients in conventionalgroup of laparoscopic cholecystectomy had gall bladder perforation during the procedurewhile 20 (10%) patients of harmonic group and 27 (13.5%) patients in conventional group werereadmitted. On application of chi square test it was seen that the differences were statisticallyinsignificant in both groups for the complications related to the procedure. Conclusion: It canbe concluded from this study that both treatments are equally effective in terms of gall bladderperforation and rate of readmission. Thus, any of the techniques can be selected without muchfear of complications depending upon the health care facility and financial constraints of healthsystem in a resource depleted developing country.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practices among Nurses Regarding HIV/AIDS in Mayo and Services Hospital Lahore Pakistan

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is becoming a worldwide problem and now a day’s its seriousness towards last stage AIDS is going to be high in every place of world. The studies showed that, there is a gap between knowledge, attitude and practices of nurse’s related HIV/AIDS. The nurses are not adhered to the universal precautions so the number of HIV/AIDS increasing day by day in developing countries. The study purpose is to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices among nurses regarding HIV/AID in Lahore Pakistan. The quantitative cross-sectional study design was used with convenient sampling (n=286) from Mayo and Services Hospital Lahore. The nurses who attended at least one HIV patient can be part of the study. Using the self-administered questioner, data was analyzed SPSS 21 version and application of chi-square test with (p=<0.05). The respondents 61.2% wear the gloves during taking sample. The participants 83.1% have knowledge about transmission of HIV/AIDS through blood. The respondents 27.7% had no knowledge that HIV/AIDS didn’t transmit by casual contact. Only35% participants were aware that when the CD4 (glycoprotein found on the surface of immune cells) count is <200 then should assess the patient for antiretroviral therapy.7.7% nurses responded that gloves are not necessary during handling the HIV patient’s blood and body fluids. Results indicate that due to high qualification there is increased level of knowledge. Only20.8% practiced the stigma and discrimination towards HIV/AIDS patients. Qualification and attitude of nurses are insignificant associate with each other. The every nurse should know about the transmission, nature of HIV, preventions and precautions of HIV. There is need to improve the knowledge and provide training especially universal precautions transmission of disease and antiretroviral therapy.

Optometry Services in Saudi Arabia

The purpose of this research study is to examine the quality of services provided by the Optometrists in the four provinces of Saudi Arabia. Further, recommendations shall be provided for future improvements based on the findings of the study. Two hundred and forty healthcare facilities were examined by conducting a questionnaire-based survey. Among these healthcare facilities, around 210 facilities were administered by private sector. The study hypothesis to be tested is based on evaluating the impact of hospital category on the quality of optometric services provided. The questionnaires were analyzed by the application of Chi-square test and it was observed that the responses of the participants do not vary on the basis of type of hospital, but the quality of services were dependent on the number of visiting patients. This shows that higher number of patients in the government hospitals, as compared to private and military healthcare centers increase the clinical experience of the practitioners and hence could be associated with the quality of care provided. The government and healthcare agencies should collaborate to develop standardized methods for eye-care delivery which are consistent with the guidelines of World Council of Optometry. Moreover, adequate training and awareness should be provided to the healthcare professionals to ensure quality clinical practices.

Study on certain Human Traits based on Hardy-Weinberg's Principle

The aim of this paper is to discourse the Hardy-Weinberg (H-W) Law by investigating some selected morphological traits of participants and their relatives of Orientation programme-January 2017, Human Resource Development Centre, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India in which data have been collected by analyzing certain autosomal genetically transmitted morphological characters. As per H-W Law, Allele frequencies will remain constant over generations if there is no genetic drift, random mating, mutations, etc. having gene frequencies are p and q, the genotype frequency will be p2, 2pq, q2 respectively for the dominant, heterozygotes and recessive. In this present study total of fifteen autosomal genetically transmitted morphological characters were analyzed to see whether the distribution of morphological characters follows H-W Principles or not from 32 samples of age groups from 25 to 55 males and females. Chi square test and p values were done to have a clear view about difference in observed and expected allele frequencies. Maximum dominant characters were observed in morphological traits like handedness and eye shape which were about 29 out of 32 whereas minimum dominant characters were observed in morphological trait like dimples which was about 7 out of 32. Maximum heterozygous trait was seen in ear lobe morphological trait whereas least heterozygous were seen in morphological trait of dimples. The results showed lesser degree of deviation than expected on application of chi square test hence, establishing that certain forces like natural selection, genetic drift, non-random mating etc. have no effect.

An Exploration of Problems Confronted by Elderly in Chakdara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Elderly includes in one of the neglected portion of modern societies (Germov, 2002; Kendall, 2007). The current study is an exploration of various problems to which elderly are confronted with. The study has been conducted in Chakdara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwah, Pakistan. The study is based on quantitative research design and is cross-sectional. Sampling for this study has been carried out in two phases; firstly, elderly population in the study area was identified through household survey; Secondly, a total of 200 elderly i.e. persons aging above 60 were interviewed through structured interview schedule. The collected information has been analyzed in shape tables including percentages and the application of chi-square test. Further, the tables are discussed in light of literary information for validation and precision. The study concludes that elderly in the area are confronted with various problems including familial, economic and health related problems.

Evaluation of graduate dental students’ knowledge on the therapeutic approach of dental avulsion

Introduction and Objective: The present study aimed to evaluatethe knowledge level of students graduate in Dentistry of São LeopoldoMandic/SP – Porto Alegre/RS on the therapeutic approach in casesof dental avulsion. Material and methods: For this, we applied aquestionnaire to graduate students. Of the 214 students enrolledat the institution, 159 (74%) answered the questions. Results andConclusion: Through analysis of the responses, it could be observedthat, while 99.37% of participants have already received instructionsabout the subject, there was significant variability of opinions.With the application of Chi-square test, at a significance level of5%, it could be observed that there was no significant difference inresponses regarding to the time of graduation. As for the type ofsplinting, the professionals who graduated between 5 to 10 yearswere associated with the use of semi-rigid splint and those whograduate after more than 10 years with the rigid splint.