Application Of Ion Chromatography Research Articles

Toward a More Comprehensive Approach for Dissolved Organic Matter Chemical Characterization Using an Orbitrap Fusion Tribrid Mass Spectrometer Coupled with Ion and Liquid Chromatography Techniques.

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) represents one of the largest active organic carbon pools in the global carbon cycle. Although extensively studied, only <10% of DOM has been chemically characterized into individual dissolved compounds due to its molecular complexity. This study introduced a more comprehensive DOM characterization method by coupling both ion chromatography (IC) and liquid chromatography (LC) with high mass accuracy and resolution mass spectrometry. We presented a new on-the-fly mass calibration of the Orbitrap technique by utilizing the "lock mass" function in the Orbitrap Fusion Tribrid mass spectrometer (OT-FTMS), which assures high mass accuracy at every scan by a postcolumn introduction of internal labeled standards. With both IC and LC, tested unlabeled standards of amino acids, small peptides, and organic acids were consistently below 1.0 ppm mass error, giving the OT-FTMS the potential of reaching mass accuracy of the Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. In addition to mass accuracy, a pooled quality control sample (QC) was used to increase reproducibility by applying systematic error removal using random forest (SERRF). Using an untargeted mass spectrometry approach, estuarine DOM samples were analyzed by OT-FTMS coupled to IC in negative mode and LC in positive mode detection to cover a wide range of highly cationic to highly anionic molecules. As a proof of concept, we focused on elucidating the structures of three distinct DOM compound classes with varied acidities and basicities. In UPLC-OT-FTMS, a total of 915 compounds were detected. We putatively elucidated 44 small peptides and 33 deaminated peptides of these compounds. With IC-OT-FTMS, a total of 1432 compounds were detected. We putatively elucidated 20 peptides, 268 deaminated peptides, and 188 organic acids. Except for five compounds, all putatively elucidated compounds were uniquely detected in their corresponding chromatography technique. These results highlight the need for combining these two techniques to provide a more comprehensive method for DOM characterization. Application of the combined IC and LC techniques is not limited to DOM chemical characterization. It can analyze other complex compound mixtures, such as metabolites, and anthropogenic pollutants, such as pesticides and endocrine-disrupting chemicals, in environmental and biological samples.

Application of Ion Chromatography for the Reliable Quantification of Ammonium in Electrochemical Ammonia Synthesis Experiments: A Practical Guide.

Assessing novel electrocatalysts for the electrochemical ammonia synthesis (EAS) requires reliable quantitative trace analysis of electrochemically produced ammonia to infer activity and selectivity. This study concerns the development of an ion chromatography (IC) method for quantitative trace analysis of ammonium in 0.1 M sulfuric acid electrolyte, which is applied to EAS gas-diffusion electrode (GDE) experiments with commercial chromium nitride as electrocatalyst. The developed IC method is highly sensitive, versatile, and reliable, achieving a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 6 μg l-1 (6 ppbmol ) ammonium. The impacts of the sample matrix, dilution, and neutralization, as well as contamination, on the quantitative analysis by IC are analyzed. Experimental constraints result in an effective LOQ including dilution of 60 μg l-1 for the determination of ammonium in 0.1 M sulfuric acid electrolyte, owing to necessary sample dilution. The practical guide presented herein is intended to be very relevant for the field of EAS as a guideline and applicable to a broad range of catalyst systems and ion chromatography devices.

Ion chromatography for analysis of glyphosate and its selected metabolites. A review.

Among all known compounds with herbicide activity glyphosate, has been the most commercially successful one. Currently it is under evaluation because of its possible cancerogenic properties. However, the question is - if it is possible to completely withdraw it from use? Before it can happen, it is important to be sure of all its benefits and limitations, and this requires further detailed research. Due to the extent and prevalence of its use, glyphosate end up in the environment and then in food and our bodies. There are several methods used for their determination. One of them is ion chromatography. Taking into account its advantages and disadvantages, as well as its rapid development, their importance in this field can be expected to increase in the near future. This paper summarizes the literature data from the past 22 years. The applications of ion chromatography in the determination of glyphosate in various types of environmental, food, and other samples is described. Moreover, the methods used so far are compared with the possibilities offered by ion chromatography, which main advantages and benefits are easy availability, low operating costs, green chemistry aspects and suitable validation parameters. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Study on the Application of Ion Chromatography in Food Safety Detection

Study on the Application of Ion Chromatography in Food Safety Detection

Preparation of difunctional polymer-based cation exchangers and their application in ion chromatography

Ion chromatography (IC) is one of the most important means for the separation and analysis of cationic compounds. Research on high-performance cation exchangers is of great significance for the advancement of modern IC techniques. Herein we proposed a newly developed modification method for polymer-based particles, based on thiol-radical-mediated polymerization. Specifically, acrylic acid and maleic anhydride were used as monomers and sodium 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate was used as the thiol modifier to prepare novel difunctional cation exchangers, functionalized with both carboxylic and sulfonic groups. With simple strong acid eluents, typical cations were well separated with good resolution. The retention behaviors of metal cations and organic amines on the cation exchangers were investigated using multiple chromatographic models. The good performances of the cation exchangers were also demonstrated by the gradient separation of ten cations within 24 min. The new method was easy to perform with high efficiency. Additionally, the cation exchange capacities of the cation exchangers were easily modulated by adjusting the initial content of the thiol modifier.

Application of ion chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection for the determination of trace cyanide in biological samples, including breast milk

Cyanide (CN) is the biomarker of exposure to the components of tobacco smoke, although its presence in biological samples is also due to the consumption of products containing cyanogenic glycosides. In this work, we determine the concentration of the free cyanide in urine, saliva and breast milk matrices, using ion chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (IC-PAD). IC-PAD is an emerging method, with only few documented applications in urine and saliva, and the presented determination in breast milk is its first published report for any method. The biological samples, which were obtained from women staying in a maternity ward, showed cyanide concentrations spanning 1.82–98.47 μg L−1. Under the optimized chromatographic conditions, the IC-PAD system exhibited satisfactory repeatability (R < 3%, n = 3) and good linearity in the range of 1–100 μg L−1. Thus, it proved to be an effective tool for monitoring trace cyanide concentration in a series of human body fluid matrices, including breast milk. This last matrix is especially important due to the possible effect on infant health related to the mothers' smoking habits.

Ion chromatography with conductometric detection for quantitation of formic acid in Polish bee honey

Honey is a bee product that plays an important role in human diet. Its beneficial health properties are widely known. Honey is a substance of complex composition. One of many groups of naturally occurring compounds in honey are organic acids, among them formic, oxalic and lactic acids, exhibiting impact to varroosis – parasitic bee disease when occur at the excess. Therefore, such acids are used by beekeepers as natural medicines against varroa mites. Improper apiarian practice can increase the content of acids in honey and deteriorate its quality. The problem of the occurrence of elevated levels of formic acid in bee honey is discussed. Formic acid exhibits particularly high efficacy to kill the varroa mites and is often used in apicultural practice. The applicability of ion chromatography with conductivity detection to the determination of formic acid in bee honey was investigated. Rapid and selective method, using anionic Dionex IonPac AS9−HC column and 9.0 mmol/L Na2CO3 as the eluent, is presented. Formic acid concentrations in the analyzed samples of six commercially available Polish bee honeys of different origin range from 20.09 ± 2.62 mg/kg in acacia honey up to 248.58 ± 2.62 mg/kg in buckwheat honey.

Is osmolarity enough? The analysis of tear electrolytes

Purpose: The unusual ratio of tear electrolytes, as compared to serum values, and the known significance of tear osmolarity has driven interest in tear electrolyte composition. Although laboratory analytical techniques for electrolytes are available, sample size and sensitivity inhibit their use in routine tear analysis. In consequence comparative studies of tear electrolyte concentrations (as distinct from gross osmolarity measurements) are rarely carried out in healthy and compromised eyes. This study investigates the applicability of ion chromatography to analysis of tear electrolytes on single (<5 μl) tear samples and compares values obtained using microcapillary, Schirmer strip and tear envelope sampling.

Ion Chromatography Applications in Wastewater Analysis

Wastewater analysis is an important area in analytical and environmental chemistry. It can be performed with both the classic wet methods and instrumental techniques. The development of new methods, and modification of the existing ones, constitute a major task for researchers. Ion chromatography plays a predominant role in ion determinations with the instrumental methods. It offers several advantages over the conventional methods, such as simultaneous determinations of alkali and alkaline earth cations and ammonia. Ammonium ions cannot be determined by spectroscopic methods. Ion chromatography has been accepted world-wide as a reference method for analyzing anions and cations in water and wastewater due to the fact that it enables the replacement of several individual wet chemistry methods for common ions with one instrumental technique. The following article describes the principles of ion chromatography, such as stationary phases, eluents, detectors, and sample preparation methods. Moreover, the applications of ion chromatography in wastewater analyses and international standards are presented.

Fabrication of graphene oxide polymer composite particles with grafted poly(amidoamine) dendrimers and their application in ion chromatography

Graphene oxide polymer composite particles with grafted PAMAM dendrimers and their application in ion chromatography.

Development of an Analytical Protocol for Determination of Cyanide in Human Biological Samples Based on Application of Ion Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection.

A simple and accurate ion chromatography (IC) method with pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) was proposed for the determination of cyanide ion in urine, sweat, and saliva samples. The sample pretreatment relies on alkaline digestion and application of Dionex OnGuard II H cartridge. Under the optimized conditions, the method showed good linearity in the range of 1–100 μg/L for urine, 5–100 μg/L for saliva, and 3–100 μg/L for sweat samples with determination coefficients (R) > 0.992. Low detection limits (LODs) in the range of 1.8 μg/L, 5.1 μg/L, and 5.8 μg/L for urine, saliva, and sweat samples, respectively, and good repeatability (CV < 3%, n = 3) were obtained. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the analysis of human biological samples.

High precision direct analysis of magnesium isotope ratio by ion chromatography/multicollector-ICPMS using wet and dry plasma conditions

In this work the applicability of Ion Chromatography (IC) coupled to Multicollector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (MC-ICPMS) for on-line magnesium isotope ratio analysis was explored. Various instrumental setups were employed to enable continuous magnesium separation from the sample matrix by IC followed by MC-ICPMS. The performance of two separation columns IonPac CS16 (ID 5mm or ID 3mm) connected with appropriate CERS 500 suppressors (4mm or 2mm) using dry and wet plasma conditions was compared. With the use of ID 3mm column and 2mm suppressor it was possible to apply dry plasma mode with Aridus II desolvation system. Mass discrimination and instrument drift were corrected by sample-standard bracketing method using the 26Mg/24Mg isotope ratio of DSM-3 as standard. Good accuracy and high precision of the magnesium isotope ratio (generally 0.15‰ (2SD)) were achieved for wet and dry plasma modes; both were comparable to off-line Mg separation and continuous measurement. The sensitivity of MC-ICPMS measurements with dry plasma was 25 times higher in comparison to wet plasma conditions. Robustness and applicability of the method was demonstrated for matrix-rich natural water and rock samples magnesium isotope analysis.

Green Polyelectrolyte-Functionalization of Carbonaceous Nanospheres and Its Application in Ion Chromatography

Carbonaceous nanospheres (CNSs) synthesized from hydrothermal carbonization of glucose were facilely modified with quaternary ammonium polyelectrolytes (QAPs) through a green and high-efficiency strategy, and they were successfully applied in anion-exchange chromatography (AEC). Methylamine and 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether were utilized as monomers to start the polymerization for constructing QAPs. The entire synthesis was achieved in water without damage to the monodispersity of CNSs. The water-dispersibility of CNSs was significantly increased after QAP-modification. The QAP-grafted CNSs (QAP-CNSs) were characterized by FTIR, XPS, SEM, TGA, and zeta potential measurement. The functionalization methodology was further extended to produce octadecylamine-modified CNSs, which demonstrated its versatility in preparation of functional carbons. For application in AEC, the QAP-CNSs were adhered on sulfonated poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) (PS-DVB) microspheres by electrostatic interaction. Using the PS-DVB/QAP...

Validation data for the determination of perchlorate in water using ion chromatography with suppressed conductivity detection.

BackgroundPerchlorate salts are relatively stable, soluble in water, and migrate into groundwater sources. Groundwater is an essential source for drinking water suppliers. Perchlorate bears health risks as it is identified to impair normal thyroid function by interfering with iodine uptake by the thyroid gland. The development of a sensitive analytical method for the determination of perchlorate is therefore of the highest interest or public health. Ion chromatography is a sensitive method suitable for perchlorate determinations. This manuscript describes the validation of an ion chromatographic method. Perchlorate is determined by ion chromatography (IC) with conductivity detection after suppression (CD) applying isocratic elution.ResultsIn this study, the suitability of IC-CD was tested for synthetic samples, selected environmental water, drinking water, and swimming pool water in order to evaluate potential matrix effects on the perchlorate signal even after sample preparation. A sample injection volume of 750 μL was applied to the selected 2-mm-IC column. In untreated samples, the perchlorate peak can be interfered by neighbouring signals from matrix ions like chloride, nitrate, carbonate, and sulphate. Depending on the concentration of the matrix ions, the perchlorate peak can show asymmetric shape in particular when the perchlorate concentration is low. Recovery is reduced with increasing matrix ion concentrations. Dedicated matrix elimination was applied to minimize such effects. A reporting limit of 1.5 μg/L perchlorate and an expanded measurement uncertainty of 13.2 % were achieved.ConclusionThe extended method validation proves the applicability of IC based on the EPA 314.0 method for the determination of trace amounts of perchlorate in water samples of different origin. The results support the development of a respective international standard pursued by ISO. The approach evidenced its working robustness and ease of use in terms of eluent preparation, chromatographic resolution, column life time and sample preparation. Due to the simplified analytical workflow of the analytical procedure the application’s integration into the collection of methods of interested laboratories should be facilitated.

Trends in High Performance Liquid Chromatography for Cultural Heritage.

The separation, detection and quantitation of specific species contained in a sample in the field of Cultural Heritage requires selective, sensitive and reliable methods. Procedures based on liquid chromatography fulfil these requirements and offer a wide range of applicability in terms of analyte types and concentration range. The main applications of High Performance Liquid Chromatography in this field are related to the separation and detection of dyestuffs in archaeological materials and paint samples by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with suitable detectors. The relevant literature will be revised, with particular attention to sample treatment strategies and future developments. Reversed phase chromatography has also recently gained increasing importance in the analysis of lipid binders and lipid materials in archaeological residues: the main advantages and disadvantages of the new approaches will be discussed. Finally, the main applications of ion chromatography and size exclusion chromatography in the field of Cultural Heritage will be revised in this chapter.

Study of NaCl permeability through a non-porous polypropylene film

The possibility of NaCl permeation through a polymeric matrix of polypropylene membranes was studied. A non-porous polypropylene film, which was assembled in a flat sheet module, separates a saturated solution of NaCl from pure water. The changes of water composition were determined by the application of ion chromatography and measurements of the electric conductivity. The studies were carried out for 4 years, and the permeation of salt through the polypropylene film from the feed to pure water was not observed over this period. In the first month the results of studies were affected by the impurities, which were introduced to pure water from the installation walls. Moreover, the electrical conductivity of water was also enhanced by adsorption of components from the ambient air. The used polypropylene film demonstrated a high resistance to polymer degradation. SEM observations revealed that the film was free from micropores and cracks after 4 years of studies. The DSC examinations demonstrated only slight changes in the polymer crystallinity. FTIR spectra recorded for a new film and film assembled in the module were similar. The XPS studies did not demonstrated the presence of NaCl in the surface layer of polymer on the side of brine flow. Moreover, a significant change of material hydrophobocity did not take place over the period studied. A dynamic wetting angle measured for a new film amounted to 103–106° and was decreased to 95° on the water side and to 84° on the brine side after 4 years of contact of the polymer with water and a saturated NaCl solution, respectively.

Application of ion chromatography for the determination of biogenic amines in food samples

Ion chromatography procedure for the simultaneous determination of histamine, tyramine, phenylethylamine, cadaverine and putrescine in different food samples is described. The simple procedure based on isocratic elution, 5 mM HNO3 without organic modifier as mobile phase and conductometric detection without suppression was proposed and discussed in details. The linearity of the tested procedure was between 0.5–5 and 5–100 mg/L, average recoveries for the standard solutions of amines varied between 98–100%, whereas in standard addition method between 96–99%, that indicated acceptable accuracy of the discussed method. The satisfactory reproducibility was proved by values of coefficient of variations (CV) in the range 0.2–5.0% for all tested food samples. The proposed method reveals a number of advantages: fast elution of analytes without mobile phase conductivity suppression, lack of derivatization step, simple sample preparation and environmentally friendly character.

Analysis of trace inorganic anions in weak acid salts by single pump cycling-column-switching ion chromatography.

The application of ion chromatography with the single pump cycling-column-switching technique was described for the analysis of trace inorganic anions in weak acid salts within a single run. Due to the hydrogen ions provided by an anion suppressor electrolyzing water, weak acid anions could be transformed into weak acids, existing as molecules, after passing through the suppressor. Therefore, an anion suppressor and ion-exclusion column were adopted to achieve on-line matrix elimination of weak acid anions with high concentration for the analysis of trace inorganic anions in weak acid salts. A series of standard solutions consisting of target anions of various concentrations from 0.005 to 10 mg/L were analyzed, with correlation coefficients r ≥ 0.9990. The limits of detection were in the range of 0.67 to 1.51 μg/L, based on the signal-to-noise ratio of 3 and a 25 μL injection volume. Relative standard deviations for retention time, peak area, and peak height were all less than 2.01%. A spiking study was performed with satisfactory recoveries between 90.3 and 104.4% for all anions. The chromatographic system was successfully applied to the analysis of trace inorganic anions in five weak acid salts.

Application of Ion Chromatography for the Determination of Biogenic Amines in Food Samples

Ion chromatography procedure for the simultaneous determination of histamine, tyramine, phe� nylethylamine, cadaverine and putrescine in different food samples is described. The simple procedure based on isocratic elution, 5 mM HNO3 without organic modifier as mobile phase and conductometric detection without suppression was proposed and discussed in details. The linearity of the tested procedure was between 0.5-5 and 5-100 mg/L, average recoveries for the standard solutions of amines varied between 98-100%, whereas in standard addition method between 96-99%, that indicated acceptable accuracy of the discussed method. The satisfactory reproducibility was proved by values of coefficient of variations (CV) in the range 0.2-5.0% for all tested food samples. The proposed method reveals a number of advantages: fast elution of analytes without mobile phase conductivity suppression, lack of derivatization step, simple sample prepara� tion and environmentally friendly character.

APPLICATION OF ION CHROMATOGRAPHY IN CLINICAL STUDIES AND PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY

Ion chromatography is a well-established regulatory method for analyzing anions and cations in environmental, food and many other samples. It offers an enormous range of possibilities for selecting stationary and mobile phases. Additionally, it usually helps to solve various separation problems, particularly when it is combined with different detection techniques. Ion chromatography can also be used to determine many ions and substances in clinical and pharmaceutical samples. It provides: availability of high capacity stationary phases and sensitive detectors; simple sample preparation; avoidance of hazardous chemicals; decreased sample volumes; flexible reaction options on a changing sample matrix to be analyzed; or the option to operate a fully-automated system. This paper provides a short review of the ion chromatography applications for determining different inorganic and organic substances in clinical and pharmaceutical samples.