Application In Egypt Research Articles

Techno-economic-environmental assessment of green hydrogen and ammonia synthesis using solar and wind resources for three selected sites in Egypt

The primary motivation of the present study is to mitigate the severe impact of ongoing energy resource shortages, while offering clean and sustainable energy carriers, such as hydrogen and ammonia. The present system mainly encompasses water splitting and the Haber-Bosch (HB) processes for green hydrogen and ammonia synthesis using solar and wind power, respectively. Pointwise quantification analyses are conducted to quantify the power, hydrogen, and ammonia as well as the economic parameters, specifically the levelized cost of energy (LCOE), levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH), and levelized cost of ammonia (LCOA). This analysis is based on meteorological data from three sites in Egypt, considering the specific water and nitrogen requirements for hydrogen and ammonia synthesis, respectively. Furthermore, carbon dioxide mitigation from solar and wind systems is estimated. These respective sites are Jarjoub on the coastlines of the Mediterranean Sea, and Ain Sokhna and Jabal Al-Zait on the coastlines of the Red Sea. The results indicate that the lowest values of LCOE, LCOH, and LCOA are 12.58 $/MWh, 1.91 $/kg H2, and 396.1 $/Ton NH3, respectively, which were attained using solar resources at Ain Sokhna geographical site at the Red Sea. Besides, Jarjoub, which is located in the Mediterranean Sea, could attain LCOH of 2.15 $/kg, which is still a promising option due to its export potential to Europe. However, the use of wind resources is incompetent for solar counterparts in the respective sites; their potential application in Egypt is still promising. The results demonstrate that Jabal Al-Zait stands as a favorable location for green power, hydrogen, and ammonia synthesis using wind resources, which has LCOE, LCOH, and LCOA of 23.67 $/MWh, 2.75 $/kg H2, and 547.8 $/Ton NH3, respectively.

National Recommendations for Pharmacoeconomic Evaluations Reporting for Reimbursement and Procurement of New Pharmaceutical Applications in Egypt.

To improve resource allocation within our healthcare system, the Egyptian Authority for Unified Procurement, Medical Supply and the Management of Medical Technology (UPA) and Universal Health Insurance Authority (UHIA) established a joint economic evaluation process to support UHIA reimbursement decisions and UPA procurement decisions. The main objective of this study is to describe the developed national pharmacoeconomic guidelines in Egypt, especially for reimbursement and procurement for new pharmaceuticals. A focus group was formed as a national initiative activity by governmental authorities in Egypt. The aim of this focus group was to develop national pharmacoeconomic guidelines for the evaluation of innovative and high-budget pharmaceutical products. This group consisted of various stakeholders with experience in health economics, outcomes research, public health, and pharmacy practice. To develop our national pharmacoeconomic guidelines, three steps were taken. First, the focus group reviewed the European Network for Health Technology Assessment (EUnetHTA) methods for health economic evaluations for new pharmaceuticals as well as the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH) guidelines and the Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy (AMCP) Format for Formulary Submissions. Second, the focus group used the EUnetHTA guideline as a reference and adapted it to our local context. The focus group added the value assessment component, using the CADTH and AMCP guidelines. Third, the focus group collected input and feedback from key stakeholders through a focus group by using the quasi-Delphi panel approach. The results of the focus group are a main structure of national pharmacoeconomic guidelines for the evaluation of innovative and high-budget pharmaceutical products, consisting of seven main topics. Economic evaluation is a core element of Health Technology Assessment, (HTA); therefore, the UHIA and UPA were encouraged to produce unified joint pharmacoeconomic guidelines for innovative products as an initial step in their commitment to implement the use of HTA in decision-making. This standardization of guidelines not only ensures transparency but also guarantees an accurate and transparent process to support evidence-based decision-making. These guidelines are expected to help decision-makers improve their process and attain better health outcomes for Egyptian patients.

Experimental study of the optimal mixing ratio of metallic additives for improving the performance of the solar activated carbon-methanol adsorption refrigeration system

An activated carbon–methanol system can run on low heat (70–100°C). Methanol is dependable and works well with activated carbon because of several benefits, including an appropriate latent heat of evaporation, a low freezing point, and negligible copper corrosion and steel at temperatures below 100 °C. An experimental study of the thermal performance by increasing the adsorption bed thermal conductivity was conducted. Using0 10 % 20 and %30 % of metallic copper powder with activated carbon to improve the bed thermal conductivity. A sample is prepared with 20 % copper powder to find out the improvement of heat transfer characteristics to the cooling effect. The temperature gradient has been tested with two flow rates to examine the coolant performance and increase. Solar energy can be effectively utilized based on low-grade temperature consumption in such systems. This work aims to make an experimental investigation of the thermal performance of an activated carbon-methanol adsorption refrigeration system to study the effect of the enhanced thermal conductivity of the adsorbing bed. Using 0 %, 10 %, 20 %, 30 % of metallic copper powder with activated carbon to enhance the thermal conductivity of the bed, providing a significant improvement in the system efficiency, specific cooling power (SCP), and coefficient of performance of adsorption cooling. It is found that copper filing with a mass concentration of 20 % are appeared the optimal ratio metallic additive to enhance the thermal performance of the system. Moreover, the effect of the hot water flow rate is studied. Results indicated that the addition of 20 % metallic copper filings to the activated carbon lowered the evaporator temperature to reach -5 and -10 °C for heating water flow rates 3 and 2 LPM, respectively. Also, the addition of copper filing enhances the cycle COP of the system by 49 % and 46 % at hot water flow rates of 2and 3 LPM, respectively. The highest cycle COP of the current system reached was 0.92 for the condition 20 % additives at 3 LPM hot water flow rate. Owning the feature of great solar energy availability and the long daily sunny hours, solar-powered adsorption cooling systems have promising potential applications in Egypt. A mathematical model of the system performance is also studied.

Feasibility-sustainability study of power generation using solar energy at an industrial site: a case study from Egypt

BackgroundFossil fuel utilization is the biggest contributor to the emissions of greenhouse gases which are the main reason for global warming. Solar energy photovoltaic (PV) technology is one of the most rapidly rising technologies and is a sturdy candidate to replace fossil fuels due to its versatility. Egypt receives high solar intensity which makes it a perfect place for utilizing this technology. However, for the past years, the focus in Egypt was on using solar energy for residential applications, henceforth a research gap was identified in studying the feasibility of using solar energy for industrial applications in Egypt. To ensure the sustainability of this application, this feasibility study addresses technical, economic, environmental, and social aspects.ResultsA case study is investigated for utilizing solar PV panels for energy generation in Egypt at an industrial site. A food factory was studied under three scenarios. Scenario 1 is the baseline case for the other scenarios with fixed tilted PV panels and no storage, Scenario 2 is the same as Scenario 1 with difference in is the model of the PV panels with no tracking or storage system. Scenario 3 has a vertical axis tracking system. Software was used to simulate the performance of the three scenarios for 25 years. Results have shown that Scenario 1 and Scenario 2 had close values of the annual energy production. However, Scenario 3 produces 2047 MWh annually which is considerably higher. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is carried out to test the effect of some economic parameters on the financial feasibility.ConclusionsAll the three scenarios are found to be feasible. Scenario 1 has the shortest discounted payback period with a net present value of 414,110.12 USD, a nominal levelized cost of energy of 0.022 USD/kWh, and avoided CO2 emissions of 14,898.993 tons. Although Scenario 3 has higher costs, it has higher energy production and better impact on the environment with 18,891.435 tons of avoided CO2 emissions. The paper concluded that a generalization could be done about using solar PV systems in Egypt for energy generation to be sustainable and feasible technically, economically, and environmentally.

Cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment of interior floor material alternatives in Egypt

AbstractThe building materials sector has a major environmental impact and is one of the main causes of environmental degradation in the construction industry. An Environmental Impact Assessment of several interior floor material options, such as ceramic, marble, and parquet tiles, is conducted in this study using a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. Due to the shortage of LCA applications in Egypt and the unavailability of the inventory database for the materials industries, the study uses a case study of a new city in Egypt to assess the environmental effects of various floor materials. The LCA approach uses SimaPro software V9.50 and its integrated Ecoinvent database V3.0 to define the objective and scope, conduct an inventory analysis, evaluate the impact, and interpret the results. According to the LCA findings, ceramic tiles, followed by marble tiles and parquet tiles, have the lowest negative environmental impacts. Regarding the singles score, results (midpoint method) have revealed that the marble tiles have hit the highest adverse environmental impacts by 2.24 pt, followed by parquet by 1.21 pt, and finally, the ceramic tiles by 0.594 pt. The global warming potential of ceramic tiles is 0.539 kg CO2, which is less than 74% of the global warming potential of marble tiles (2.01 kg CO2). The non-renewable energy impact of the marble tiles is (38.70 Mj primary), which is higher by 78% of the non-renewable energy of ceramic (8.46 Mj primary). Finally, the human health impact has recorded the highest numbers in the marble industry by 1.12E−5 DALY, which means the marble industry needs a high amount of energy. Ultimately, the findings of this study can potentially improve the sustainability and energy efficiency of construction projects by assisting decision-makers in selecting and applying environmentally friendly building materials.

The effectiveness of geothermal systems in cooling residential buildings: a case study of a residential building in Alexandria, Egypt

AbstractThe urbanization of cities, the corroding of green areas, and the increasing demand for electric energy lead to the formation of heat islands in cities and the appearance of the global climate change phenomenon.Therefore, it was necessary to resort to the use of renewable energy sources, such as geothermal energy, to be used in different applications, as it can be used to cool buildings in cities during the summer.This research deals with the benefits of using geothermal energy systems, their different types, and the possibility of their application in Egypt. Also discussing the effectiveness of the vertical closed geothermal system in residential buildings in Alexandria Governorate in Egypt to reach an answer to a question.The effectiveness of the geothermal energy system in residential buildings is to reduce the problem of rising temperatures, energy consumption for cooling, and carbon emissions and thus reduce the problem of the formation of heat islands in cities and the appearance of the global climate change phenomenon and reaching a sustainable, environmentally friendly building that achieves thermal comfort for humans through the use of a simulation program called TRNSYS-17, through which the current situation of the building was compared and the addition of a vertical closed geothermal system was assumed, the extent of its effectiveness was compared in the whole building, and the cost of a vertical closed geothermal system and a traditional air conditioning system (HVAC) in a building was compared (case study).Hence, the efficiency of the vertical closed geothermal system appeared to reduce electric energy consumption and carbon emissions in the whole building at Alexandria in Egypt, especially the ground floor, which reached thermal comfort for humans and worked to reduce electricity consumption and carbon emissions by up to 22.93% in the building as a whole.

Quality Management in GIS

This paper centers on the crucial elements of quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA) in the domain of geographic information systems (GIS). A dependable and resilient GIS database is at the core of any spatial system, and it is of utmost significance across a wide range of fields, including Hajj, Umrah, tourism, real estate, and natural resource management. Given the inherent intricacy of spatial databases and their requirement for specialized technical upkeep, applications that depend on them also necessitate specialized technical expertise. To address inconsistencies within the database, best practices for database maintenance are implemented. This paper presents a systematic approach to the updating of comprehensive spatial databases and provides an overview of the quality procedures that are essential to this process. It also discusses the various safeguard mechanisms that are employed to enhance data consistency, completeness, integrity, and other qualitative aspects. The primary objective is to establish a customer-focused quality standard for spatial databases. Considering the broad definition of quality as "the extent to which project deliverables meet requirements," GIS projects face the challenge of precisely defining specifications and relevant quality standards that are tailored to specific project types and deliverables. The increasing demand for digital maps and GIS applications in Egypt emphasizes the urgent need for quality control and quality assurance procedures. This paper describes the implementation of these procedures in the creation of ten geological maps of Egypt at a scale of 1:500,000. This collaborative effort involves Cairo University and the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation in Egypt. Additionally, this project provides an internship opportunity for students in the College of Engineering, Civil Department, enabling them to gain practical experience in the field.

A smart green mashrabiyya-shutter design for residential applications in Egypt

ABSTRACT The revival of traditional latticework mashrabiyya is continually urged in the Middle East and North Africa to address conflicting needs since it optimally balances environmental, social, and aesthetic functions. However, its material and craftsmanship costs and inflexibility are significant barriers. This study aims to provide a preliminary design for a green, smart mashrabiyya-like shutter responsive to climatic conditions and privacy needs in Egypt, manufactured with palm midribs, a waste material available in the MENA region due to annual trimming. The simple, yet responsive and traditional design outlined in this study has a considerable potential for residential applications not only in Egypt, but also in similar socio-environmental contexts. The design generation is based on three steps: 1) constructing a static model that maintains the basic socio-environmental needs, manufactured with palm midrib patterns, 2) modeling dynamic functions, using Grasshopper/Ladybug, through standardizing slats and deciding upon visibility and adjustable parts, and 3) integrating smart controls based on comfort indexes and indoor climatic readings. Using a simple circuit fitted with sensors, actuators, and a microcontroller, the design of a latticework shutter responsive to climate and privacy was generated. The concept depends on computing indoor weather data and comparing them to thermal, daylight, and wind comfort indexes. Consequently, automated decisions could be made to regulate the shutter parts in two ways: 1) its opening angle and 2) openness between the slats. Ultimately, the operating concept of the smart shutter in a room and automated flowcharts that make decisions in daytime and nighttime modes were proposed.

Evaluation of E-service Quality and its impact on Customer Satisfactions for Mobile Commerce Applications in Egypt

Evaluation of E-service Quality and its impact on Customer Satisfactions for Mobile Commerce Applications in Egypt

Evaluation of E-service Quality and its impact on Customer Satisfactions for Mobile Commerce Applications in Egypt

Evaluation of E-service Quality and its impact on Customer Satisfactions for Mobile Commerce Applications in Egypt

Determination of the Canal Discharge Capacity Ratio and Roughness to Assess Its Maintenance Status: Application in Egypt

Waterlogging and soil salinity issues can be handled using surface or subsurface drainage networks, soil bed elevation, and soil and crop management patterns. A properly operating and maintained drainage system is important for both rural and urban inhabitants to protect lives and property from flooding and high groundwater levels, enhance health conditions, and safeguards water purity, soil salinity, and waterlogging. It also supports and increases crop yields and consequently rural incomes. This study assessed the maintenance condition of the main surface drains (Baloza and ELFarama) located in the Tina Plain (50,000 acres) and a portion of the Southeast El-Kantara regions (25,000 acres) in North Sinai, Egypt, based on the values of the Discharge Capacity Ratio (DCR) and Manning’s roughness (n). Ten measurement locations at the drain cross-section were used in the investigation. For the ELFarama Drain, the average values of n and DCR were found to be 0.029 and 86.2%, and for the Baloza Drain, they were 0.032 and 78.6%, respectively. Compared to the design values, the actual Manning’s roughness was higher, indicating that the drainage canals’ capacities had been reduced and that their upkeep was inadequate. In both drains, sedimentation is present and they need to be maintained, according to the hydrographic surveying results for the actual cross-sections compared to the planned cross-sections. A methodology for the channel maintenance method is presented. For removing vegetation and dredging sediment, a long-boom mechanical hydraulic excavator with a bucket is suggested and to be conducted every two years. To the results of this study, the amount of weed infestation in vegetated channels is the main factor that affects Manning’s roughness coefficient value. It is now easier to calculate the proportion of weeds that are submerged in vegetated channels using echo-sound sonar technology. The DCR is an affordable and simple methodology to assess the channel maintenance status for sustainable agriculture.

ModPalma: Conceptualization of a novel date palm midribs prefabricated enclosure wall panel

Despite the environmental and economic benefits of prefabrication, its applications in Egypt remain limited due to the lack of trained builders and manufacturers. However, prefabrication is actively adopted in traditional date palm midribs handicrafts industries such as furniture and light partitions. This paper launches novel versatile utilization to revive market of date palm midribs industry. Innovated date palm midribs-based prefabricated enclosure wall panel, ModPalma, is a stud frame panel made entirely from midribs without supporting timber frame. Conceptualization of ModPalma was conducted through reflecting design fundamentals of lignocellulose-based commercial wall panels on traditional prefabrication techniques employed by common craftsmen. Constructional efficiency was assessed by building a full-size panel and Finite Element Method structural analysis of the executed details. The completed free-standing panel, built by craftsman with usual tools, indicated the high sturdiness, durability, workability and coherence of the design. The digital structural analysis showed that design was safe under loads exceeding allowable axial and transverse loads of standard Structural Insulated panels. Further research is to address enhancing the panel’s structural and thermal performances, as well as investigating economic feasibility and marketing strategies needed to reintroduce ModPalma as cost-efficient and clever alternative to conventional wall panels.

Mobile Application for Tourism

The current study developed a proposed mobile app for tourism companies in Egypt and tested its usability. A survey from a group of 53 respondents was conducted based on the mobile app features which were developed by tourists. The proposed mobile app was then tested by using usability measurement framework which was used to test the usability of the app interface and to ensure that this app meets user requirements. Three main usability metrics were employed in this study; effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction. This study contributes to the current Mobile tourism and Mobile apps literature and offers useful information for ministry of tourism, software companies, mobile application developers and, of course, mobile device users in addition to entrepreneurs, policy makers, practitioners, researchers and educators through providing a clearer view and deep understanding for the issues related to the adoption of tourism-related new mobile phone application in Egypt.

Performance of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) in absence of GPS observations

Over the last decades, a wide range of applications that require positioning relied on the global positioning system (GPS) established by the US Department of Defence (DOD). However, depending on a single constellation may not be sufficient to guarantee a successful positioning accuracy at any time. Consequently, having several constellations that can be used for positioning offers the opportunity to maintain continuous positioning. This became possible with the global coverage of other constellations such as GLONASS, designed by Russia, Galileo, designed by the European Union, and BeiDou, designed by China. In this research, the accuracy of using each of these constellations individually is assessed and compared to the accuracy obtained from GPS to validate the possibility of using these constellations in positioning in the absence of GPS. For this purpose, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) data were collected from five stations in Cairo, Egypt using GNSS receivers. The results indicate that using GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou can overcome the problematic periods during GPS signal outages. In addition, the different duration lengths of static positioning results indicate that using GLONASS-only or BeiDou-only for positioning provides less accuracy than GPS-only in both horizontal and vertical directions. Furthermore, as a standalone positioning constellation, Galileo can be used now to replace GPS. Moreover, Galileo, GLONASS, and BeiDou improve the positioning accuracy by 0.007 m over the GPS-only model. Therefore, the solution can reach reliable precision levels that can be exploited for the high-accuracy-demanding postprocessing applications in Egypt and the surrounding area.

Proposed Policies for Planning and Managing Water Resources in Egypt in Light of Expected Climate Changes

Climate change is one of the most serious challenges facing the world and a fundamental challenge to the sustainable development process. Climate change has a tremendous impact on water in Egypt, which is manifested in many pressures on food and water supply, and a direct impact on the economy, politics and society, North Africa has become one of the region's most in need of food preservation with limited water supplies, hence the idea of research working on Achieving the goal to develop policies for planning and managing water resources to ensure Egypt’s resistance to the effects of climate change and exposure to water shortage problems, using the Delphi method, which is an organized way to collect the opinions of a selected group of experts and specialists in the field of planning and management of water resources. By conducting a questionnaire to collect the opinions of experts to analyze the water situation The current situation in Egypt and an analysis of the reasons for the quantitative and qualitative deficit in water resources, including it may contribute to the development of a proposal for policies for planning and managing water resources in light of climate changes and measuring the extent of its application in Egypt.

Flood Hazard Mapping and Assessment of Precipitation Monitoring System Using GIS-Based Morphometric Analysis and TRMM Data: A Case Study of the Wadi Qena Watershed, Egypt

Wadi Qena is one of the Nile Valley areas particularly at risk of severe flash flooding, located in Egypt. The study aims to verify TRMM rainfall data (TRMM 3B42), using eight stations across Egypt as well as relies on morphometric analysis to generate a flood risk map based on the ranking method. Three process could be recognized through the study, calibration, correction and verification processes. The results discuss the match daily rainfall trends of TRMM and observed data, producing a correction equation for TRMM data with root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.837 mm d-1 and R2= 0.238 (calibration process). On the other hand, a verification process, using the developed correction equation, obtain RMSE value of 1.701 mm d-1 and R2= 0.601. The morphometric analysis shows 32 sub-basins with a hazard degree from moderate to high, amounting to 50.3% of the watershed area. Conclusively, this study confirms that the current monitoring system is not enough to cover the whole area, especially the high-risk sub-basins, and TRMM data could provide key information for water-related applications in Egypt.

Environmental impacts assessment of rice straw brick as a substitutional sustainable building material in Assiut University Hospital Clinic.

The rice straw burning in all the Egyptian governorates is seasonally occurring, an environmental disaster called the Black Cloud. This study's main goal is to conduct the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Building Information Modeling (BIM) methods. Thus, the LCA of four brick types: (1) fired clay, (2) cement, (3) sand, and (4) rice straw has been compared. The BIM has been used to gather the building construction components to build the four LCA scenarios using the PRe SimaPro. The results have been presented by the single score and weighting method using the IMPACT 2002+ method with midpoint and endpoint (Pt) results. (1) Regarding the midpoint results, the fired clay brick has recorded the worst environmental impact with 30.10 Pt. In contrast, the rice straw brick has verified the lowest effects with 1.31 Pt. (2). Regarding the endpoint results, the highest value of human health has been assigned to the fired clay brick type with 11.4 Pt and the rice straw brick with 0.633 Pt. The highest resource depletion impacts have been pointed out the fired clay and cement brick with 7.29 Pt and 6.53 Pt, respectively. A novel framework for integrating LCA and BIM has been conducted on a proposed building during the early phases. The article has also introduced an approach to eliminating the Egyptian life cycle inventory database shortage as the LCA applications in Egypt are scarce. Moreover, it can help the concerned legislative bodies and the decision-makers.

Zero Carbon Architecture in the Future Scenarios Case Study (Industrial Building at New Damietta City, Egypt).(Dept.A)

Global warming is one of the most public issues that occupy the minds of everyone, as modern societies suffer from total depends on energy, which causes increased carbon emissions and greenhouse gases, which cause global warming. The issue of research is therefore to reduce carbon emissions in the building sector using the principles of zero-carbon architecture (ZCA) which produces at least as much energy as it uses in a year, which means obtaining green architecture using modern technologies and use alternative energy to reduce energy consumption. The research aims to approach and measure Zero Carbon Architecture in Egypt (ZCAE), then clarification the returns of applying ZCA for the state and scenarios of ZCA application in Egypt, New Damietta city by using smart material & pv A photovoltaic system to reduce the consumption of energy uses to obtaining ZCA and this confirmed by a questionnaire for specialists, which was placed as an appendix ,then Using an analytical method to explore and learn from some of the examples applied to ZCA in the world, and to obtain results and principles that have been applied in the applied research as a case study. The results of the research were to obtain a modified model applied ZCA for an industrial building and to maximize the results by applying it to the industrial zone, as well as making a measurement for ZCA using zero tool application.

The mediating role of Customer Engagement in the relationship between Content Marketing and Electronic Word of Mouth: A case of online food ordering and delivery applications in Egypt

The current findings showed that content marketing (CM) has a substantial positive effect on both customer engagement (CE) and electronic word-of-mouth (E-WOM). customer engagement (CE) also mediates the association between content marketing(CM) and electronic word of mouth(E-WOM) in a positive and statistically significant correlation

Clinician's guide for the management and research of osteoporosis in North African men: a guidelines comparison, a cost-effectiveness analysis, and a local algorithm.

Osteoporosis affects both men and women; however, no local recommendations for the condition are available for the male population. Therefore, this study was undertaken to produce recommendations for men based on the applicability of current international recommendations and the cost effectiveness of local drugs. The International Osteoporosis Foundation website, EMBASE, and SUMSEARCH-2 databases were searched to identify all guidelines that included recommendations for males. Regional and international guidelines were then appraised using the Advancing Guideline Development, Reporting, and Evaluation in Healthcare-II tool. A cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted using the perspective of an uninsured patient, international outcomes, and local costs. Recommendations were then formulated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation guidelines, and symbolic representations. Twenty-six guidelines were found. Only one of the guidelines focused entirely on males, with the remainder making inferences based on recommendations for females. Six regional guidelines were mainly of low quality. Alendronate was considered to be the most cost-effective drug, while teriparatide was found to be unaffordable. Recommendations for men with osteoporosis are based on that of women, and the topic lacks exploration in the Middle East. International recommendations and other guidelines were evaluated and adopted to create guidance for the management of osteoporosis in men for application in Egypt.