Programmers Research Articles

Application of geospatial technology and decision model in the development of improved food security index

Most developing countries are currently experiencing a severe food security crisis. A good policy to mitigate food insecurity is dependent on accurate assessment. Therefore, an improved assessment of food situation is important in implementing food security measures. Existing food security assessments are limited in integrating localized variables, often needing more context-specific information. This study proposes a new food security index (Hybrid Food Security Index-HFSI), the Nigerian state was used as a case study. Data used include; food consumption, poverty levels, variability in food prices, inflation, climate variability data and the status of road infrastructure. The study also integrated a hybrid Multi-criteria Criteria Decision Model (MCDM) and geo-spatial technology. The geo-spatial presentation of food security across Nigeria shows that food security is generally better in the Southern part of the country than in the Northern region. Broadly, indicators’ performance primarily improves from the country’s North to South, which suggests that Northern states tend to be less food secure than Southern states. According to the Fuzzy-DEMATEL-ANP model, the Poverty level indicator significantly impacts the food security situation in all focused states, as it received the highest priority weight of 0.1487. The study recommends intensifying poverty alleviation programs to improve food security, and women’s development programs should be prioritized. This study provides policymakers and stakeholders with evidence-based assessments to address food security challenges in Nigeria.

Impact of working conditions and other determinants on the risk of substance misuse among healthcare residents: results of a cross-sectional study.

Substance misuse significantly impairs psychosocial functioning and correlates with many environmental factors, including working conditions. We investigated the influence of working conditions and other determinants on the risk of substance misuse among healthcare residents of city name withheld for review, France. We conducted an online survey among medicine, dentistry and pharmacy residents of city name withheld for review from May 30, 2022, to July 15, 2022. Participants reported their age, sex, residency specialty, and living conditions and completed the French Job Content Questionnaire, the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test - Consumption, and questions exploring their current tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug use. We constructed directed acyclic graphs to model the effect of working conditions on substance misuse and used them to perform multivariable logistic regressions. Among the 1,936 residents of the city name withheld for review subdivision, 904 (46.7%) completed the survey. Among these, 54.0% exhibited alcohol misuse, 23.7% reported tobacco misuse, and 34.5% reported illicit drug misuse. Working more than 48 hours per week was not associated with any substance misuse. Low social support at work predicted the use of illicit drugs (aOR: 1.49, 95% CI [1.04; 2.13]). Compared with general medicine residents, psychiatric residents had greater odds of reporting tobacco misuse (aOR: 2.28, 95% CI [1.14; 4.58]) and illicit drug misuse (aOR: 2.51, 95% CI [1.33; 4.74]). Pediatric and pharmacy residents had lower odds of reporting alcohol misuse (aOR: 0.42, 95% CI [0.21; 0.84] and OR: 0.53, 95% CI [0.28; 0.98], respectively). Social support at work significantly impacts the risk of substance misuse among healthcare residents, as do other factors, such as residents' health specialty. These findings contribute to the development of appropriate institutional policies and support programs to improve the well-being of healthcare residents.

Does training improve the action research skills of STEM teachers? Examining the mediating roles of attitude and knowledge

Professional development programs are essential for supporting STEM teachers in improving their teaching practices by creating engaging and effective learning experiences for students. One of the professional development programs referred to is their participation in action research training. However, while there is a growing number professional development program relating to it, there is no substantial amount of reports regarding its impact toward developing teachers' action research attitude, knowledge, and skills. In this regard, this study aims to empirically investigate the influence or impact of training programs on the development of STEM teachers' action research skills, knowledge, and attitude. Driven by Evans' (2014) concept of professionalism and professional development as a guiding framework, a structural model was proposed and validated using a quantitative cross-sectional survey design. There were 214 STEM teachers who participated in an online survey. Results revealed that from five hypotheses proposed in the structural model, four are supported except the causal path between training and action research skills. The paths between training to action research knowledge and attitude are supported as well as the paths between action research knowledge and attitude to skills. This indicates that teachers’ action research knowledge and attitude fully mediate the causal path between training and action research skills. The findings of this study imply that the focus of the training programs should go beyond the mechanical aspects or skills development of teachers but on developing their knowledge and shaping a positive attitude toward action research. Over time, both provide an enabling environment to practice and develop action research skills. The finding also offers a new perspective or guiding framework as to how teacher training programs particularly action research can be evaluated.

Recent Developments in Applications of G-CuO Nanocomposites for Photocatalytic Dye Removal

Abstract The extensive application of synthetic dyes across industries poses significant environmental challenges, particularly concerning water quality degradation. Regarding the possible solutions, copper oxide (CuO) stands out as a feasible candidate. Being a p-type Nano-heterogeneous semiconductor with a bandgap of 1.2–2.71 eV, CuO is a reasonable choice and widely studied photocatalyst for addressing such challenges. When the wavelength exceeded the UV-visible region, its functionality showed deterioration. At the same time, there are difficulties associated with reproducibility and reusability, as well as rapid electron-hole recombination, which prevent the widespread application of this technology within this spectral range. In an attempt to eliminate this defect, researchers have been investigating strategies to activate CuO under visible light, with one promising approach being carbon nanomaterials such as graphene to form carbon-CuO composites. The unique properties of graphene, i.e., its large surface area and excellent electron mobility, make it a remarkable candidate for the enhancement of CuO photoactivity. This study highlighted the recent progress in the synthesis of graphene-based CuO photocatalysts, with the main characteristic of extending the light absorption capacity of CuO into the visible spectrum. It reveals achievements in material innovations and applications, with a focus on photocatalytic dye degradation. These breakthroughs are a sign that the field is growing in popularity and is evolving.

Effect of Reservoir Heterogeneity on Polymer–Surfactant Binary Chemical Flooding Efficiency in Conglomerate Reservoirs

Reservoir heterogeneity significantly affects reservoir flooding efficiency and the formation and distribution of residual oil. As an effective method for enhancing recovery, polymer–surfactant (SP) flooding has a complex mechanism of action in inhomogeneous reservoirs. In this study, the effect of reservoir heterogeneity on the SP drive was investigated by designing core parallel flooding experiments combined with NMR and CT scanning techniques, taking conglomerate reservoirs in a Xinjiang oilfield as the research object. The experimental results show that inter-layer heterogeneity significantly affects water flooding efficiency and SP driving in low-permeability cores—the larger the permeability difference is, the more obvious the effect is—while it has almost no effect on high-permeability cores. The limited recovery enhancement in low-permeability cores is mainly due to the small percentage of contributing pores. When the permeability difference undergoes an extreme increase, the polymer molecular weight is biased towards higher values; when the polymer molecular weight is fixed, the recovery enhancement of low-permeability cores may be comparable to that of high-permeability cores when the permeability difference is extremely small. However, the recovery enhancement of the former is smaller than that of the latter when the permeability difference is extremely large. Due to intra-layer heterogeneity, there is a serious fingering phenomenon in the flooding stage, while in the SP flooding stage, recovery enhancement is most significant in the 5–20 μm pore range. This study provides an important geological basis for the rational development of a chemical flooding programme.

Examining the Digital Technology Usage of Older Adults as Determinants of Life Satisfaction in the Digital Divide.

The digital divide has become a growing source of inequality, as older adults face challenges in adopting and using digital technologies in daily life. Few studies have explored how different types of digital technology usage in various life domains among older adults impact their overall well-being. This study addresses this gap by suggesting effective directions for reducing the cross-generational digital divide. To this end, it analyzed de-identified secondary data from 864 South Korean adults above 65years, surveyed by the National Information Society Agency (NIA). The findings show that digital efficacy positively affects older adults' life satisfaction, mediated by their perceptions of digital technology. Additionally, social networking through digital technology positively influences their life satisfaction through the same mediation. Our findings suggest that policymakers should prioritize the development of educational programs to improve digital efficacy and social networking, which will ultimately enhance older adults' well-being.

A Study of Disability Severity, Barriers, and Facilitating Factors in Accessing Healthcare Among Differently Abled Adults.

Disability impacts many individuals, thus restricting access to necessary healthcare. Barriers that affect health equity among people with disabilities include physical inaccessibility, financial constraints, and stigma in society. This study aims to report on the level of disability and factors determining healthcare access among adult differently abled persons in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, focusing on the WHO Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0). In this cross-sectional study, 300 differently abled adults affiliated with the Tamil Nadu UdavikkaramAssociation participated. The severity of disability was assessed using WHODAS 2.0, while a structured questionnaire elicited details on socio-demographic characteristics, barriers to healthcare utilization, and facilitating factors. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 16 (IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, USA), with descriptive statistics and odds ratios calculated for key variables. Most participants (N=286, 93%) had mild levels of disability with problems mainly in self-care and mobility. The main barriers reported were healthcare expenses, distance to facilities, and lack of family support. Key facilitators were government schemes and assistive devices. Socio-economic factors like income and education showed marked correlations with theseverity of disability. Healthcare access varies with disability severity, revealing a need for targeted financial, familial, and accessibility interventions to reduce disparity. Future longitudinal studies may provide insights into the development of policies and programs to support individuals living with disabilities.

Multiscale modeling of short pulse laser induced amorphization of silicon

Silicon surface amorphization by short pulse laser irradiation is a phenomenon of high importance for device manufacturing and surface functionalization. To provide insights into the processes responsible for laser-induced amorphization, a multiscale computational study combining atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of nonequilibrium phase transformations with continuum-level modeling of laser-induced melting and resolidification is performed. Atomistic modeling provides the temperature dependence of the melting/solidification front velocity, predicts the conditions for the transformation of the undercooled liquid to the amorphous state, and enables the parametrization of the continuum model. Continuum modeling, performed for laser pulse durations from 30 ps to 1.5 ns, beam diameters from 5 to 70 μm, and wavelengths of 532, 355, and 1064 nm, reveals the existence of two threshold fluences for the generation and disappearance of an amorphous surface region, with the kinetically stable amorphous phase generated at fluences between the lower and upper thresholds. The existence of the two threshold fluences defines the spatial distribution of the amorphous phase within the laser spot irradiated by a pulse with a Gaussian spatial profile. Depending on the irradiation conditions, the formation of a central amorphous spot, an amorphous ring pattern, and the complete recovery of the crystalline structure are predicted in the simulations. The decrease in the pulse duration or spot diameter leads to an accelerated cooling at the crystal–liquid interface and contributes to the broadening of the range of fluences that produce the amorphous region at the center of the laser spot. The dependence of the amorphization conditions on laser fluence, pulse duration, wavelength, and spot diameter, revealed in the simulations, provides guidance for the development of new applications based on controlled, spatially resolved amorphization of the silicon surface.

Linking Accessibility, Easiness and Satisfaction of Users for Public Service Deliveries Through ICTs: Do Amenities Make Things Better?

This study explores the complex relationships between the accessibility of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in rural Haryana and user satisfaction with public services. The study explores how ‘easiness’ mediates the relationship between accessibility and satisfaction, putting forth a complex model of moderated mediation in which amenities play a key moderating role. Using a large dataset of 981 respondents, the study makes use of several advanced statistical techniques. The results show that there is a significant mediation impact of ease of use in the link between accessibility and satisfaction. Additionally, the study reveals that amenities have a moderating effect on this association, influencing its nature and degree of strength. Remarkably, the ease of use mediates the indirect effect of accessibility on satisfaction, which is strongest in areas with a lot of good or high-quality amenities. All things considered, this study makes a substantial contribution to our understanding of the complex interactions between accessibility, ease of use, conveniences and user satisfaction when it comes to ICT-based public service delivery in rural regions. The information gathered has important policy implications since it highlights how facilities and technology accessibility play a crucial role in increasing user satisfaction in rural development programs.

Building Bridges to European Integration: Albania and Kosovo's Joint Efforts in the Balkans

This study aims to look at the joint efforts of Albania and Kosovo in enhancing European integration within the Balkans. It tries to figure out, through an analysis of the joint programs and strategic partnerships, the extent to which these initiatives help them realize their shared goal of EU membership and regional stability. Prior Work: Previous scholarship has looked mostly into individual tracks on how to integrate into Europe by analyzing the political, economic, and social reforms undertaken by Albania and Kosovo separately. Other studies have tried to identify challenges and opportunities for the Western Balkans in this regard of EU integration. Yet little is known about cooperative work between Albania and Kosovo, and what it means for the wider regional context represents a gap in this literature. Key Findings: The two countries have managed, as shown by these findings, to build such a framework of cooperation together with dimensions being diplomatic, economic, and even cultural. Cross-border infrastructure projects, policy reforms, and joint diplomacy as well as collaboration in regional and international initiatives have played a bigger part in lifting up their prospects for integration. The paper shows how important it is for these two countries to ally strategically in tackling common challenges, like issues of political instability within their territories, fostering economic development programs, and social cohesion that make up the key tenets upon which EU membership is anchored.Value: This paper is therefore important in providing an insightful analysis into how synergistic cooperation between Albania and Kosovo can be used to enhance European integration prospects. It underscores the role bilateral cooperation can play in ensuring regional stability on the path to EU membership. The paper provides insight into how other aspiring member states from the Balkans can use cooperative strategies to inform the broader European integration agenda from a disadvantaged region. Future Longitudinal studies should be done to assess the impact that such joint initiatives by Albania and Kosovo could have on their EU integration trajectories over time. Comparative analyses with other regional Balkan partnerships could give a more nuanced knowledge of best practices and lessons learned. Moreover, investigating how international organizations and external stakeholders support these bilateral agreements will further make a lot of sense in the academic discussion on European integration in the region. Received: 2 August 2024 / Accepted: 12 November 2024 / Published: 3 December 2024

Permasalahan Guru dalam Perspektif Manajemen SDM Pendidikan Islam: Tantangan dan Solusi

This article aims to analyze teacher problems in the perspective of Islamic education human resource management. This article uses the methodology of literature study to explore the various challenges faced by teachers in the context of human resource management of Islamic education. Databases such as Google Scholar are used to search for relevant sources of study, with search terms including "Islamic education," "teacher challenges," "human resource management," and "teacher retention in Islamic schools." Each selected study was analysed to assess the research design, context, and findings, to ensure a thorough review of existing research on teacher challenges. The results of the analysis show that the factors that cause the low professionalism of teachers in Indonesia include (1) there are still many teachers who do not pursue their profession, (2) the existence of teacher printing institutions that do not pay attention to how the output will be produced. and (3) lack of motivation of teachers in developing their quality. Solutions to overcome these problems include (1) organizing an effective teacher professionalism development program, (2) involving teachers in professionalism development programs, (3) improving competence through teacher certification programs, (4) improving teacher competence through training in the use of digital technology, (5) encouraging teachers to be active in scientific activities, and (6) training to improve English language skills

Rare earth doped CeO2 uniformly enwraps graphite felt as high current density electrode for all vanadium redox flow battery

Although the introduction of metal oxides can solve the problem of poor electrochemical activity of graphite felt electrode, their low conductivity, poor dispersibility, and difficulty in nanocrystallization restrict their application development. Herein, a uniform distributed Gd or Sm doped CeO2 nanoparticle decorated graphite felt electrode is successfully prepared by hydrothermal method. The incorporation of Gd3+ or Sm3+ into the lattice of CeO2 results in the formation of numerous oxygen vacancies, acting not only as reaction sites for redox reactions but also enhancing the charge transfer rate. Compared to CeO2/GF, Ce0.8Gd0.2O2/GF and Ce0.8Sm0.2O2/GF exhibits superior electrochemical activity and lower charge transfer resistance. Correspondingly, the energy efficiency of Ce0.8Gd0.2O2/GF and Ce0.8Sm0.2O2/GF increases 4.5 % and 7.8 % at 160 mA cm−2, respectively. The maximum operating current density of Ce0.8Sm0.2O2/GF is 200 mA cm−2, while Ce0.8Gd0.2O2/GF is 160 mA cm−2. Ce0.8Sm0.2O2/GF achieves an energy efficiency of 69.3 % using a flow-by flow field at 200 mA cm−2. The optimal doping concentration for Sm is 20 %. The Ce0.8Sm0.2O2/GF stably operate for 500 cycles at 100 mA cm−2 and the Ce0.8Sm0.2O2 nanoparticles adhere firmly to the GF without observed detachment. These results demonstrate that Ce0.8Sm0.2O2/GF with high activity and stability is a promising electrode for VRFB.

Pengembangan Agrowisata Kopi di Lampung Barat

This research explores the potential for developing coffee agro-tourism in West Lampung as a strategy to enhance the local economy while supporting sustainability. Although West Lampung is known as one of the top coffee producers in Indonesia, the development of agro-tourism in this region still faces various challenges, such as limited infrastructure, lack of promotion, and minimal community participation. By using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach, this study aims to identify key factors influencing the success of coffee agro-tourism and provide recommendations to address these challenges. The study indicates that the development of coffee agro-tourism has the potential to improve the economic well-being of the community by increasing income, creating jobs, and preserving culture and the environment. Therefore, policies that support the strengthening of human resources, infrastructure development, effective promotion, and community involvement in the development of agro-tourism in West Lampung are needed. The results of this research are expected to serve as a reference for the government, local communities, and investors in designing more effective policies and programs for sustainable coffee agro-tourism development in this region.

Strategi Peningkatan Pencapaian Kinerja Guru di Namira Islamic School

This study aims to identify strategies that can be implemented to improve teacher performance at Namira Islamic School, an Islamic-based educational institution in North Sumatra. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative methods to obtain more comprehensive results. The population consists of 104 teachers, with a sample of 51 respondents selected using purposive sampling techniques. Based on a SWOT analysis, Namira Islamic School's strengths include high teacher competence, an inclusive work culture, and solid management support. Development opportunities can be leveraged through partnerships with other institutions and the use of technology. However, weaknesses such as heavy workloads, unequal salary systems, and a lack of comprehensive performance evaluations pose significant challenges. This study recommends strategies to improve performance through more effective workload management, the development of technology-based programs, strategic partnerships, and infrastructure enhancement.

The Current Status and Influencing Factors of Digital Product Use Among Young Children in the Digital Age

The rapid development of digital technology has fundamentally changed family education in the digital age. This study aims to explore the current status of digital product use and influencing factors among children aged 0-6 years. This study examined the prevalence of digital devices, average screen time, and parents' attitudes toward digital technology in early childhood education by conducting a questionnaire survey of 1,477 families in Sichuan Province , China, and in-depth interviews with four families. The results show that digital products are widely present in families and parents recognize their educational value, but also face challenges in content, time, and online safety management. Differences in parents' digital literacy levels further affect their ability to support children's digital activities. This study recommends the development of a comprehensive parent education program, the establishment of a high-quality digital resource platform, and the strengthening of family guidance to optimize the use of digital technology in early childhood education. The findings contribute to the global discussion on digital literacy, early childhood development, and family education.

Perspectives of Clients and Health Care Professionals on the Opportunities for Digital Health Interventions in Cerebrovascular Disease Care: Qualitative Descriptive Study.

Cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major and potentially increasing burden to public health. Digital health interventions (DHIs) could support access to and provision of high-quality health care (eg, outcomes, safety, and satisfaction), but the design and development of digital solutions and technologies lack the assessment of user needs. Research is needed to identify opportunities to address health system challenges and improve CVD care with primary users of services as the key informants of everyday requirements. This study aims to identify opportunities for DHIs from clients' and health care professionals' perspectives to address health system challenges and improve CVD care. This study used a qualitative, descriptive approach. Semistructured, in-person interviews were conducted with 22 clients and 26 health care professionals in a single tertiary-level hospital in Finland between August 2021 and March 2022. The data were analyzed using a deductive and inductive content analysis. Identified opportunities for DHIs in CVD care were organized according to clients, health care professionals, and data services and classified into 14 main categories and 27 generic categories, with 126 subcategories of requirements. DHIs for clients could support the long-term management of health and life changes brought on by CVD. They could provide access to personal health data and offer health information, support, and communication possibilities for clients and their caregivers. Health care professionals would benefit from access to relevant patient data, along with systems and tools that support competence and decision-making. Intersectoral and professional collaboration could be promoted with digital platforms and care pathways. DHIs for data services could enhance care planning and coordination with novel predictive data and interoperable systems for data exchange. The combined study of client and health care professional perspectives identified several opportunities and requirements for DHIs that related to the information, availability, quality, acceptability, utilization, efficiency, and accountability challenges of health systems. These findings provide valuable social insights into digital transformation and the emerging design, development, and use of user-centered technologies and applications to address challenges and improve CVD care and health care.

Collaborative Optimization Strategy for Dependent Task Offloading in Vehicular Edge Computing

The advancement of the Internet of Autonomous Vehicles has facilitated the development and deployment of numerous onboard applications. However, the delay-sensitive tasks generated by these applications present enormous challenges for vehicles with limited computing resources. Moreover, these tasks are often interdependent, preventing parallel computation and severely prolonging completion times, which results in substantial energy consumption. Task-offloading technology offers an effective solution to mitigate these challenges. Traditional offloading strategies, however, fall short in the highly dynamic environment of the Internet of Vehicles. This paper proposes a task-offloading scheme based on deep reinforcement learning to optimize the strategy between vehicles and edge computing resources. The task-offloading problem is modeled as a Markov Decision Process, and an improved twin-delayed deep deterministic policy gradient algorithm, LT-TD3, is introduced to enhance the decision-making process. The integration of LSTM and a self-attention mechanism into the LT-TD3 network boosts its capability for feature extraction and representation. Additionally, considering task dependency, a topological sorting algorithm is employed to assign priorities to subtasks, thereby improving the efficiency of task offloading. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed strategy significantly reduces task delays and energy consumption, offering an effective solution for efficient task processing and energy saving in autonomous vehicles.

Research-Driven Solutions for Enhancing Leadership in Competence-Based Curriculum Implementation in Kenyan Secondary Schools

Abstract: The study adopted a systematic review to analyze AI solutions in enhancing leadership in the implementation of CBC in junior secondary schools in Kenya. The study focuses on challenges relating to inadequate training of teachers, inappropriate resource allocation, and stakeholder engagement. We adopted Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Distributed Leadership Theory. The findings reveal that AI may enhance educational leadership by the implementation of real-time monitoring, preparation of teaching resources, and managing the institution more effectively. Moreover, the impeding factors for AI penetration in educational institutions are physical infrastructure, lack of digital literacy, and local conditions. In this regard, the study recommends partnerships between educational institutions and companies manufacturing technology equipment and digital training programs. Further research will focus on the development of specific AI applications to fit the Kenyan educational setup for serving all stakeholders: students, teachers, and school administrators.

Alternating and Pulsed Current Electrolysis for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

This concept focuses on the application of alternating current (AC) and pulsed electrolysis in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) for polymer synthesis. AC electrolysis, which oscillates between reduction and oxidation, can be tuned to increase the selectivity for a specific reaction pathway, minimize side reactions, and improve product selectivity and reagent conversion. Pulsed electrolysis can also be used to sustain the electrochemical reactions in ATRP. The challenges and limitations associated with AC electrolysis are discussed, along with an outlook on future developments in polymer synthesis and related applications. A concise overview of recent developments in electro‐organic synthesis using AC electrolysis will be provided.

High-Risk Factors Affecting Adolescent Reproductive Health

Introduction: Adolescent reproductive health services consist of activities aimed at maintaining the reproductive health of adolescents. According to data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), Bappenas, and UNFPA in 2010, 63 million adolescents in Indonesia are vulnerable to unhealthy behaviors. Data from adolescent posyandu visits reveal that the majority of adolescents suffer from anemia, malnutrition, or overnutrition, including obesity. However, the specific risk behaviors affecting the reproductive health of adolescents in Cikunir Village remain unknown. Objective: This study aims to identify the risk factors affecting the reproductive health of adolescents in Cikunir Village. Method: This research employed a descriptive method. The study population comprised all adolescents in Cikunir Village. A total of 201 adolescents were selected as samples using purposive sampling. Secondary data were sourced from the reproductive health survey conducted as part of the Village Development and Empowerment Grant Program (PHP2D) by the Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia in 2021. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis. Results: The study identified several risk factors for adolescent reproductive health: 11.4% of adolescents smoked, 1% had tried drugs, and 15.9% had watched pornographic videos. Additionally, 29.4% of adolescents reported having boyfriends or girlfriends, and 23.4% were influenced by a social environment associated with risky behaviors. Conclusion: Adolescent reproductive health in Cikunir Village is affected by various risk factors, including smoking, drug use, exposure to pornography, and risky social environments. Parents are advised to provide attention and affection to their children, monitor their social and school environments, and actively engage in guiding them towards healthier behaviors.