Apparent Total Tract Digestibility Of Acid Hydrolyzed Ether Extract Research Articles

Metabolizable energy and apparent total tract digestibility of energy and nutrients differ among samples of sunflower meal and sunflower expellers fed to growing pigs.

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that there are no differences among samples of sunflower coproducts in apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE), crude protein (CP), and acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE), total dietary fiber (TDF), insoluble dietary fiber, soluble dietary fiber (SDF), or in metabolizable energy (ME) regardless of where the ingredient was produced. Six samples of sunflower meal (SFM) were obtained from the United States (two samples), Ukraine (two samples), Hungary, and Italy. A sample of sunflower expellers (SFE) from the United States was also used. A corn-based control diet and 7 diets containing corn and each sample of sunflower coproducts were formulated. Sixty-four barrows (initial weight = 31.5 ± 3.2 kg) were allotted to 8 diets using a randomized complete block design with four blocks of pigs from four different weaning groups. Pigs were housed individually in metabolism crates and feed was provided at three times energy requirement for maintenance. Feces and urine were collected for four days after seven days of adaptation to diets. Results indicated that the ATTD of GE and CP in SFE was less (P < 0.05) than in SFM, but ATTD of AEE in SFE was greater (P < 0.05) compared with SFM. No difference in ME between SFM and SFE was observed. The ATTD of GE and TDF in SFM from Ukraine and Hungary was greater (P < 0.05) than in SFM from the United States or Italy. The ATTD of AEE did not differ among SFM samples with the exception that ATTD of AEE in the U.S. 2 sample was greater (P < 0.05) than in the other samples. The ATTD of SDF was less (P < 0.05) in the U.S. 1 sample and the sample from Italy than in the other samples. The ATTD of TDF was greater in the Ukraine 2 sample of SFM (P < 0.05) than in the two U.S. samples. The ME in the SFM samples from Ukraine and in the SFM from Hungary was greater (P < 0.05) than in the U.S. 1 sample and the SFM from Italy. In conclusion, ATTD of GE and nutrients differed between SFM and SFE, but the ATTD of TDF and the ME in SFM was not different from value for SFE. Among SFM samples, relatively small variations in ATTD of GE, AEE, and CP were observed, but ME and digestibility of TDF varied.

Estimation of endogenous intestinal losses of acid hydrolyzed ether extract in growing and finishing pigs using the linear regression method.

The approach of this experiment was to apply the regression method for the estimation of endogenous intestinal losses of ether extract (EEE) when pigs are fed complete diets ad libitum and using dietary levels of fat typical of those employed in commercial situations. A total of 40 gilts (PIC 337 sires × C22 or C29) were allotted to individual pens and randomly assigned to diets (8 pigs per treatment) with 5 different levels of acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE). The dietary treatments consisted of a corn-soybean meal diet with no added fat (L1); a corn-soy diet with 6% each of corn distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS), corn germ meal, and wheat middlings (L2); the L2 diet but with 12% each of corn DDGS, corn germ meal, and wheat middlings (L3); the L2 diet plus soybean oil to equalize the NE concentration of the L2 diet with L1 (L4); and the L3 diet plus soybean oil to equalize the NE concentration of the L3 diet with L1 (L5). Pigs received feed and water ad libitum for the growing period (initial BW = 38.5 ± 1.2 kg) and the finishing period (initial BW = 73.82 ± 2.9 kg). A quadratic broken-line model was employed to estimate the response of apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of AEE to dietary AEE level. The average true total tract digestibility (TTTD) of AEE and endogenous losses of AEE were estimated using regression analysis of dietary AEE intake (g/kg of DM) against apparent digested AEE (g/kg of DMI). The ATTD of AEE increased in curvilinear fashion as dietary AEE level increased in growing and in finishing pigs (P < 0.001). This suggests an influence of EEE on the ATTD of AEE estimates. The linear regression of apparent digested AEE against dietary AEE intake (L1–L5; P < 0.001, R2 = 0.99 for growing pigs and P < 0.001, R2 = 0.99 for finishing pigs) estimated greater EEE (P < 0.05) and TTTD of AEE (P < 0.05) for growing than finishing pigs. Estimated EEE from growing pigs ranged between 18.1 and 20.2 g/kg of DMI, while TTTD of AEE ranged between 96.40% and 100.70%. In finishing pigs, EEE ranged between 21.6 and 23.8 g/kg of DMI and TTTD of AEE ranged between 91.30% and 95.25%. In conclusion, EEE under practical conditions is estimated to be 19.2 g/kg of DMI in growing and 22.7 g/kg of DMI in finishing pigs.

Can the digestibility of corn distillers dried grains with solubles fed to pigs at two stages of growth be enhanced through management of particle size using a hammermill or a roller mill?

The objective of this study was to determine the impact of reducing the mean particle size (PS) of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) with a hammermill (HM) or with a roller mill (RM) on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), N, acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE), and fiber components in growing and finishing pigs. Twenty-four growing barrows were housed in individual pens and were randomly assigned to a 3 × 2 factorial design (n = 8): three grinding methods [either corn DDGS ground with an HM to a PS of 450 μm; corn DDGS ground with an RM to a PS of 450 μm; and corn DDGS with a PS of 670 μm (not further ground)] and two body weight (BW) periods (growing pigs with an average initial BW of 54.7 ± 0.9 kg, and finishing pigs with an average initial BW of 107.8 ± 1.5 kg BW). Fecal samples were collected for each BW period in the last 3 d of an 11-d feeding period. Titanium dioxide was used as an indigestible marker. Digestibility data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Results showed that finishing pigs tended to have better ATTD of DM than growing pigs (P = 0.09) and had increased ATTD of GE and N than growing pigs (P = 0.03 and P < 0.01, respectively). On the other hand, growing pigs had better ATTD of AEE than finishing pigs (P = 0.01). Pig BW period did not affect the ATTD of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and hemicellulose. Reducing the mean PS of corn DDGS with either HM or RM (from 670 to 450 µm) improved the ATTD of DM and GE (P < 0.01 and P < 0.01), tended to improve the ATTD of N (P = 0.08), and improved the ATTD of AEE (P < 0.01). No effect of reducing PS was observed for the ATTD of NDF, ADF, or hemicellulose. There were no differences between HM and RM in any of the ATTD variables tested. In conclusion, reducing PS of corn DDGS from 670 to 450 μm either with an HM or with an RM improved the digestibility of DM, GE, and AEE and modestly improved the digestibility of N in growing and finishing pigs. However, reducing the PS of corn DDGS did not affect the digestibility of fiber components.

Enhancing digestibility of corn fed to pigs at two stages of growth through management of particle size using a hammermill or a roller mill.

The experimental objective was to determine the role of mean particle size (PS), grinding method, and body weight (BW) category on nutrient, fiber, and energy digestibility of corn. A total of 48 barrows were housed in individual pens and randomly assigned to one of six dietary treatments for 11 d at two BW categories (55 kg and 110 kg). The six treatments consisted of corn ground at three different targeted mean PSs (300, 500, and 700 µm) using either a roller mill or a hammermill. Fecal samples were collected for the last 3 d of each feeding period. Titanium dioxide was used as an indigestible marker. Digestibility data were analyzed as a linear mixed model using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Finishing pigs had greater apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), and N than growing pigs (P = 0.02, P = 0.01, and P <0.01, respectively). The ATTD of DM, GE, and N was similar in pigs fed hammermilled corn across all PS treatments. However, in roller-milled corn, they increased as PS was reduced (P < 0.05). The ATTD of acid-hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE) in growing pigs was similar between corn ground at 700 and 500 µm, but it was increased by further reducing PS to 300 µm (P < 0.05). In finishing pigs, the ATTD of AEE increased as mean PS decreased from 700 to 300 µm (P < 0.05). The ATTD of AEE was similar in hammermilled corn at all three PS treatments. On the other hand, the ATTD of AEE was similar in corn ground in a roller mill to 700 and 500 µm, but it increased when PS was reduced to 300 µm (P < 0.05). In conclusion, reducing PS of corn with a roller mill increased digestibility of energy and nutrients, but there was less effect using a hammermill. It is possible that differences in SD, distribution, chemical composition, and the shape of the particles resulting from the two grinding processes help to explain the different response.

Digestibility of amino acids, energy, acid hydrolyzed ether extract, and neutral detergent fiber, and concentration of digestible and metabolizable energy in low-oil distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs.

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that digestibility of amino acids (AA), gross energy (GE), acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and values for metabolizable energy (ME) in low-oil distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) vary among suppliers. In Exp. 1, the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of GE, AEE, and NDF, and concentration of ME were determined in eight sources of DDGS (sources A, B, C, D, E, G, H, and I). A corn-based basal diet and eight diets containing corn and each source of DDGS were fed to 72 barrows (initial body weight = 18.1 ± 1.3 kg) with eight pigs per diet. Feces and urine were collected for 5 d after 7 d of adaptation. The ME did not differ among the eight sources of DDGS with the exception that DDGS source E contained less (P < 0.05) ME than DDGS source D. The ATTD of GE did also not differ among the eight sources of DDGS, but ME and ATTD of GE in corn were greater (P < 0.05) than in the eight sources of DDGS. However, the ATTD of AEE in corn and the eight sources of DDGS was not different, but the ATTD of AEE in DDGS source E was greater (P < 0.05) than in DDGS source A. The ATTD of NDF in DDGS source D was also greater (P < 0.05) than in DDGS sources E, G, and H, but ATTD of NDF did not differ between corn and the eight sources of DDGS. In Exp. 2, standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA was determined in seven sources of DDGS (sources A, B, C, D, E, G, and H). Twenty-four barrows (initial body weight = 63.4 ± 3.4 kg) that had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were allotted to a two-period incomplete Latin square design with eight diets. Seven diets were formulated to contain each of the seven sources of DDGS and an N-free diet was also used. Ileal digesta were collected for 2 d after 5 d of adaptation. There were no differences between pigs fed DDGS sources A and B in SID of AA, and the SID of Lys, Met, and Trp did not differ among DDGS sources A, B, and E. However, SID of most indispensable and dispensable AA except Gly were greater (P < 0.05) in DDGS source B than in DDGS sources C, D, E, G, and H. In conclusion, variability in SID of AA, ATTD of NDF and AEE, and ME were observed among the sources of DDGS used in this experiment.

Evaluation of available energy and total tract digestibility of acid-hydrolyzed ether extract of cottonseed oil for growing pigs by the difference and regression methods.

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to determine the effect of inclusion level on the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and total tract digestibility of acid-hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE) of cottonseed oil when fed to growing pigs.MethodsForty-two barrows (initial body weight = 35.51±2.01 kg) were randomly allotted to a completely randomized design with a corn-soybean meal basal diet, five levels of cottonseed oil (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%) and a 10% soybean oil diet. Each diet was replicated six times with one pig per replicate. The experiment lasted 19 days, 7 d for cage adaptation, 7 d for diets adaptation and last 5 d for feces and urine collection. The energy values and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of cottonseed oil and soybean oil were calculated by the difference method, and regression equations were established to predict the energy values of cottonseed oil. The apparent digested fat of the entire intestinal tract was also regressed against dietary fat intake to determine the true total tract digestibility (TTTD) and endogenous loss of fat for cottonseed oil.ResultsThe results showed that the DE and ME contents of cottonseed oil were not different as the inclusion level increased. The DE and ME values determined by the regression equation were 36.28 MJ/kg and 34.96 MJ/kg, respectively, and the values were similar to the mean DE and ME values calculated by the difference method (36.18 and 35.56 MJ/kg, respectively). The ATTD of cottonseed oil was also not affected by the inclusion level of cottonseed oil, and the TTTD and EFL determined by the regression method were 92.40% and 13.83 g/kg of dry matter intake for corn-soybean basal diet. The DE, ME, and ATTD of AEE in soybean oil determined by the difference method were 35.70 MJ/kg, 35.20 MJ/kg and 92.31%, respectively. There were no differences in the DE, ME, and ATTD between cottonseed oil and soybean oil, although the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids for soybean oil was higher than for cottonseed oil.ConclusionThe DE, ME, and ATTD values of cottonseed oil were not affected by its dietary inclusion level. The energy values of cottonseed oil determined by the difference and regression methods were similar. Furthermore, the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acid for oils was not the decisive factor to influence the energy values and ATTD of oils.