Apparent Pore Research Articles

Glycidyl Methacrylate-ethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate Copolymers with Varied Pore Structures Prepared with Different Reaction Parameters

Abstract Copolymers based on glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) are considered attractive as sorbents because the epoxy groups can be easily converted into other groups. Studies involving the influence of the synthesis parameters on the morphological characteristics of these copolymers are scarce. This work investigates the synthesis of copolymers of poly(GMA-co-EGDMA) with different porosity degrees obtained by varying the synthesis parameters. GMA-EGDMA copolymers were synthesized by suspension polymerization employing varied conditions and characterized by measuring apparent density, surface area and pore volume distribution, optical and scanning electron microcopies, FT-IR, thermogravimetry and titration of epoxide rings. The copolymer with highest surface area and pore volume (260.4 m2/g and 0.5 cm3/g) was prepared employing cyclohexane as diluent, 80% EGDMA in monomeric composition and 100% of dilution degree. There was a relation between the epoxide content of the copolymers determined by titration and the residue content formed in the first decomposition stage.

Predicting intraparticle diffusivity as function of stationary phase characteristics in preparative chromatography

Diffusion inside pores is the rate limiting step in many preparative chromatographic separations and a key parameter for process design in weak interaction aqueous chromatographic separations employed in food and bio processing. This work aims at relating diffusion inside porous networks to properties of stationary phase and of diffusing molecules. Intraparticle diffusivities were determined for eight small molecules in nine different stationary phases made from three different backbone materials. Measured intraparticle diffusivities were compared to the predictive capability of the correlation by Mackie and Meares and the parallel pore model. All stationary phases were analyzed for their porosity, apparent pore size distribution and tortuosity, which are input parameters for the models. The parallel pore model provides understanding of the occurring phenomena, but the input parameters were difficult to determine experimentally. The model predictions of intraparticle diffusion were of limited accuracy. We show that prediction can be improved when combining the model of Mackie and Meares with the fraction of accessible pore volume. The accessible pore volume fraction can be determined from inverse size exclusion chromatographic measurements. Future work should further challenge the improved model, specifically widening the applicability to greater accessible pore fractions (> 0.7) with corresponding higher intraparticle diffusivities (Dp/Dm > 0.2). A database of intraparticle diffusion and stationary phase pore property measurements is supplied, to contribute to general understanding of the relationship between intraparticle diffusion and pore properties.

Correlation between Drying Behaviors of Brown Coal and Its Pore Structures

Drying behaviors of brown coal are affected by internal water diffusion, which is controlled by pore structures. To diminish the effect of functional groups on drying, drying behaviors and pore structures of only one kind of coal dried at different heating rates and atmospheres were investigated. The final drying temperature was kept constant. The relationships between pore structures, including specific surface area (SBET), volume of mesopores (Vmeso), volume of macropores (Vmacro), volume of total pores (Vtotal), and two fractal dimensions (DI and DII), and drying characteristics, including maximum drying rate (vmax), activation energy of drying surface water (E1), activation energy of drying pore water (E2), apparent diffusion coefficient surface water (Deff-1), and apparent diffusion coefficient pore water (Deff-2), were correlated. The relationship between basic pore parameters and fractal dimensions was examined. For coals dried in N2, the SBET was confirmed as one of the key factors influencing DI. The vmax increased with heating rates, resulting from the higher temperature at the same drying time and larger SBET and Vmacro. The E1 was higher at faster heating rates, because of the higher temperature gradient and the bigger DI. The E2 increased as heating rates increased from 3 to 20 °C/min and then decreased for flash drying (directly dried at 200 °C). The increase could be also due to the higher temperature gradient at higher heating rates. The decrease could be because of the effect of Vmacro on Deff-2. For coals dried in different atmospheres, the higher E1 and E2 in air were due to oxidation reaction. The relatively large heat conductivity of N2 led to the lower E1. The small molecular diameter of CO2 led to the lower E2. There was no consistent relationship between SBET and DI and between pore structures and drying characteristics for coals dried in different atmospheres.

Effect of pore structure of the metakaolin-based porous substrate on the growth of SnO2 nanowires and their H2S sensing properties

The metakaolin-based porous substrates were used as the growth substrate to synthesize SnO2 nanowires (SNWs) gas sensing materials via the gold-catalyzed vapor-liquid-solid growth mechanism. The porous substrates were fabricated by a pore-forming method with poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) microspheres as the pore former. The effect of the porous structure of different as-prepared substrates on their product morphologies were characterized using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The resulting structural and morphological properties showed that all SNWs had a tetragonal rutile structure, and the aspect ratio of the SNWs enhanced with the increase in the apparent porosity or total pore area of substrates. The growth mechanism of the SNWs was discussed with respect to the effect of temperature gradient inside and outside the pores. The SNWs synthesized on the porous substrates with the PMMA content of 30 wt% exhibited the highest sensing performance towards 0.5–10 ppm H2S at the operating temperature of 85 °C, accompanying with the SNWs synthesized on a dense substrate and the substrate with the PMMA content of 20 wt% for comparison. It demonstrates that the porous structure of the metakaolin-based substrates significantly improves the aspect ratio and gas sensing properties of the SNWs.

Effect of Sodium Silicate on Properties of Magnesia Inorganic Lightweight Materials

Magnesia inorganic lightweight material was prepared by using magnesium cementitious materials as raw materials, sodium silicate solution as modifier, hydrogen peroxide solution as foaming agent, manganese dioxide as activator, calcium stearate as stabilizer and polyacrylamide as thickener in this paper. The effects of sodium silicate addition on the apparent density, mechanical strength, pore structure, crystalline phase and water resistance of magnesia inorganic lightweight material were discussed. The results show that when the content of sodium silicate is 7.5‰, the pore structure presents better morphology and the crystallization contains more 5·1·8 phases (strength phase). At this moment, the compressive strength and bending strength of the composite reached 10.35 MPa and 2.22 MPa, respectively. When the addition of sodium silicate exceeded 7.5‰, SEM and EDS presented that a large amount of sodium silicate and perforation appeared in the pores, meanwhile large number of perforations occurred between pores. XRD showed that the 5·1·8 phases and 3·1·8 phases in the materials changed into Mg (OH)2 crystals. These results in a significant decrease in material properties. Keywords: Magnesium cementitious material; Sodium silicate; Inorganic light materials; Pore structure

Stokes‐Brinkman Flow Simulation Based on 3‐D μ‐CT Images of Porous Rock Using Grayscale Pore Voxel Permeability

AbstractThe direct flow simulation using high‐resolution micro‐computed tomographic (μ‐CT) images of porous rock can be used to help understand the flow characteristics at the pore‐scale and to estimate fluid properties; however, segmentation of pore space in grayscale 3‐D μ‐CT images, a necessary step in this process, is challenging because of issues related to the image resolution and pore‐filling matrix in the gray‐level images. We present a novel process for determining the voxel porosity and permeability of the gray‐level regime and evaluating the bulk permeability using the Brinkman force lattice Boltzmann method. In this study, μ‐CT images of Berea sandstone are acquired with two spatial resolutions. After the pore size distribution curve is experimentally obtained, the “apparent pore” voxels and “gray pore” voxels are determined based on the designated gray‐level values in the gray‐level (CT number) histogram, the cumulative and fractional pore volumes, and the linear relationship between CT number and individual voxel porosity. The results show that the boundary between apparent and gray pores in terms of size determines the volumetric fraction and specific surface area. Additionally, the permeability computed by considering the gray pore regime based on the proposed method is more similar to the experimentally measured value than the results of other segmentation methods because the gray pore domain is fully incorporated into the flow domain while preserving the pore connectivity. The proposed sequence of pore segmentation presents a method for handling gray‐level pore space without compromising pore connectivity.

The improvement in properties and environmental safety of fired clay bricks containing hazardous waste electroplating sludge: The role of Na2SiO3

The introduction of electroplating sludge in the manufacturing of clay brick can be considered a feasible method to consume it, while physical-mechanical performances would degrade significantly and the potential leachability of heavy metals remain. This study proposed an alternative to remedy these negative impacts by adding Na2SiO3. The addition of Na2SiO3 decreased water absorption and promoted compressive strength substantially. Water absorption of bricks fired at 1050 °C for 3 h decreased from 6.05 to 0.56% and compressive strength increased dramatically from 22 to 46 MPa with the adding amount of Na2SiO3 raising from 0 to 20 wt%. The porosity analysis demonstrated the apparent porosity, surface area, pore volume, and pore size decreased significantly, especially at 1050 °C. The mineralogical phase analysis showed the Na2SiO3 reacted with quartz and formed albite, and the albite played an important role in decreasing porosity and enhancing mechanical property. Additionally, Na2SiO3 decreased the leachability of heavy metals, it was mainly due to the decrease in water absorption, surface area, pore volume, and pore size. Prolonging the firing time can also decrease water absorption and enhance compressive strength in the presence of Na2SiO3. These results proved that the addition of Na2SiO3 is a feasible strategy for enhancing the properties and environmentally safe of fired bricks when solid waste was introduced to produce bricks or ceramics.

Fluorine-Phenanthroimidazole Porous Organic Polymer: Efficient Microwave Synthesis and Photocatalytic Activity.

A porous polymer containing a fluorophenylphenanthroimidazole core was easily prepared via one-pot Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions under microwave heating. These new metal-free polymers have demonstrated heterogeneous photocatalytic activity toward aza-Henry reaction with reasonable recyclability. Their preparation require a minimal workup to build porous networks with control over the apparent surface area and pore volume from suitable molecular building blocks containing 2-(1 H-phenanthro[9,10- d]imidazol-2-yl)-3,5-difluorophenol (PhIm-2F), as rigid and multitopic node, which afforded a conjugated porous polymer (CPP-PhIm-2F). A series of fluorinated ligands have shown their capability in the preparation of soluble and supported cationic Ru(bpy)2(F-phenanthroimidazole) complexes by reaction with Ru(bpy)2Cl2 and demonstrating a beneficial effect of two fluorine atoms on the photocatalytic effect.

Competitive binding of monoclonal antibody monomer-dimer mixtures on ceramic hydroxyapatite

The internal structure of ceramic hydroxyapatite CHT Type I and Type II and the adsorption behavior of a monoclonal antibody in monomeric and dimeric forms are determined. Both CHT types contain elongated nanocrystals with size about 20 x 100 nm for Type I and about 50 x 200 nm for Type II. Internal porosities and apparent pore radii based on inverse size exclusion chromatography are 0.73 and 30 nm for Type I and 0.70 and 49 nm for Type II. Adsorption isotherms show maximum capacities of 95 and 110 mg/mL of particle for monomer and dimer on Type I and of 55 and 67 mg/mL of particle on Type II, in approximate agreement with the ratio of surface areas. The isotherms are dependent on the Na+ concentration consistent with an electrostatically driven mechanism. Mixture adsorption shows selectivity toward the dimer, with mean α-values of 4.3 and 5.8 for Type I and II, respectively. Effective pore diffusivities for non-binding conditions are 0.54 × 10−7 and 0.33 × 10−7 cm2/s for monomer and dimer in CHT Type I increasing to 0.94 × 10−7 and 0.66 × 10−7 cm2/s as a result of the larger pore size of Type II. Effective pore diffusivities for strong binding conditions, obtained by confocal microscopy, are much smaller than the non-binding values for Type I but essentially the same for Type II, indicating that diffusional hindrance by the bound protein is greater in the smaller pores of Type I. Mixture confocal adsorption experiments show that the competitive binding kinetics is largely controlled by pore diffusion in both CHT types with the dimer readily displacing the monomer even for strong binging conditions, but is much faster on Type II.

Ionic Liquid-Assisted Synthesis of Mesoporous Silk Fibroin/Silica Hybrids for Biomedical Applications.

New mesoporous silk fibroin (SF)/silica hybrids were processed via a one-pot soft and energy-efficient sol–gel chemistry and self-assembly from a silica precursor, an acidic or basic catalyst, and the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, acting as both solvent and mesoporosity-inducer. The as-prepared materials were obtained as slightly transparent-opaque, amorphous monoliths, easily transformed into powders, and stable up to ca. 300 °C. Structural data suggest the formation of a hexagonal mesostructure with low range order and apparent surface areas, pore volumes, and pore radii of 205–263 m2 g–1, 0.16–0.19 cm3 g–1, and 1.2–1.6 nm, respectively. In all samples, the dominating conformation of the SF chains is the β-sheet. Cytotoxicity/bioactivity resazurin assays and fluorescence microscopy demonstrate the high viability of MC3T3 pre-osteoblasts to indirect (≥99 ± 9%) and direct (78 ± 2 to 99 ± 13%) contact with the SF/silica materials. Considering their properties and further improvements, these systems are promising candidates to be explored in bone tissue engineering. They also offer excellent prospects as electrolytes for solid-state electrochemical devices, in particular for fuel cells.

Experimental study on the effect of grouting interval on microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation

Microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation is a kind of environmentally friendly soil improvement technology. Microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation reaction needs to enhance microorganism and nutrient solution containing urea and calcium salts. Different grouting intervals will get different curing effects.. In this paper, the effect of bio-cemented sand under different grouting time intervals was analyzed from the macroscopic physical and mechanical properties and micropore structures through the soil test and the electron microscope scanning test of the bio-cemented sand. The experimental results show that: with the increase of grouting time interval, the effect of bio-cemented sand was first increased and then decreased, and the 8h was the turning point of trend change. When the time interval was 8h, the permeability coefficient, water absorption, dry density, unconfined compression strength and calcium carbonate content reached 1.79E-04m/s, 18.88%, 1.67g/cm3, 0.90MPa and 3.49%, respectively. The scanning pictures show the calcium carbonate precipitation effectively bonded sand particles. The apparent pore content and the average pore diameter under the 8h of the time interval was 12.66% and 43.690 μm respectively, which was smaller than that of the others.

Permeability anisotropy and relative permeability in sediments from the National Gas Hydrate Program Expedition 02, offshore India

Gas and water permeability through hydrate-bearing sediments essentially governs the economic feasibility of gas production from gas hydrate deposits. Characterizing a reservoir's permeability can be difficult because even collocated permeability measurements can vary by 4–5 orders of magnitude, due partly to differences between how various testing methods inherently measure permeability in different directions and at different scales. This study uses a customized flow anisotropy cell to investigate geomechanical and hydrological properties of hydrate-bearing sediments focusing on permeability anisotropy (i.e., horizontal, kh, to vertical, kv, permeability ratio) and relative permeability. Two cores recovered during India's National Gas Hydrate Program Expedition 02 (NGHP-02) are tested in this study. Near in situ effective vertical stress, ∼ 2 MPa, the permeability anisotropy is approximately kh/kv = 1.86 for the “seal core” (from a fine-grained non-reservoir overburden sedimentary section) and kh/kv = 4.24 for the gas hydrate reservoir core with tetrahydrofuran (THF) hydrate saturation Sh = 0.8. Permeability anisotropy increases exponentially with effective vertical stress, as described by kh/kv = α(σv/MPa)β, with α = 1.6, β = 0.22 for seal sediment and α = 3, β = 0.5 for THF hydrate-bearing sediment. Results imply the measured permeability from permeameter tests with vertical flow may underestimate the reservoir's flow performance, which is mainly horizontal (radial) toward a vertical well. Hydrate in sediment increases the gas-entry pressure and residual water saturation, but decreases the water retention curve's shape factor (m), resulting in a steeper curve. Distributions of available pore space sizes for flow in sediment with and without THF hydrate (Sh = 0.8) follow a log-normal distribution. Hydrate formation decreases the apparent mean pore size from ∼10 μm to ∼2 μm, without evidently changing the pore size distribution's standard deviation. Gas hydrate dissociation increases effective permeability and relative permeability to gas.

Pore properties of Orai1 calcium channel dimers and their activation by the STIM1 ER calcium sensor

Store-operated Ca2+ entry signals are mediated by plasma membrane Orai channels activated through intermembrane coupling with Ca2+-sensing STIM proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The nature of this elaborate Orai-gating mechanism has remained enigmatic. Based on the Drosophila Orai structure, mammalian Orai1 channels are hexamers comprising three dimeric subunit pairs. We utilized concatenated Orai1 dimers to probe the function of key domains within the channel pore and gating regions. The Orai1-E106Q selectivity-filter mutant, widely considered a dominant pore blocker, was surprisingly nondominant within concatenated heterodimers with Orai1-WT. The Orai1-E106Q/WT heterodimer formed STIM1-activated nonselective cation channels with significantly enlarged apparent pore diameter. Other Glu-106 substitutions entirely blocked the function of heterodimers with Orai1-WT. The hydrophobic pore-lining mutation V102C, which constitutively opens channels, was suppressed by Orai1-WT in the heterodimer. In contrast, the naturally occurring R91W pore-lining mutation associated with human immunodeficiency was completely dominant-negative over Orai-WT in heterodimers. Heterodimers containing the inhibitory K85E mutation extending outward from the pore helix gave an interesting partial effect on both channel activation and STIM1 binding, indicating an important allosteric link between the cytosolic Orai1 domains. The Orai1 C-terminal STIM1-binding domain mutation L273D powerfully blocked STIM1-induced channel activation. The Orai1-L273D/WT heterodimer had drastically impaired STIM1-induced channel gating but, unexpectedly, retained full STIM1 binding. This reveals the critical role of Leu-273 in transducing the STIM1-binding signal into the allosteric conformational change that initiates channel gating. Overall, our results provide important new insights into the role of key functional domains that mediate STIM1-induced gating of the Orai1 channel.

Characterization of modified zeolite as microbial immobilization media on POME anaerobic digestion

As the world’s biggest palm oil producer, Indonesia generates also huge amount of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) wastewater and causes serious problem in environment. In conventional method, POME was converted into biogas using lagoon system which required extensive land area. Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactor (AFBR) proposes more effective biogas producing with smaller land area. In the proposed system, a immobilization media would be main factor for enhancing productivity. This research studied on characterization of Lampung natural zeolite as immobilization media in the AFBR system for POME treatment. Various activation method such as physical and chemical were attempted to create more suitable material which has larger surface area, pore size distribution as well as excellent surface structures. The physical method was applied by heating up the material till 400°C while HCl was used on the chemical activation. Based on the result, the chemical activation increased the surface area significantly into 71 m2/g compared to physical as well as original zeolite. The strong acid material was quite effective to enforce the impurities within zeolite pore structure compared to heating up the material. According to distribution data, the Lampung zeolite owned the pore size with the range of 3 – 5 μm which was mesopore material. The pore size was appropriate for immobilization media as it was smaller than size of biogas microbial. The XRD patterns verified that chemical activation could maintain the zeolite structure as the original. Obviously, the SEM photograph showed apparent structure and pore size on the modified zeolite using chemical method. The testing of modified zeolite on the batch system was done to evaluate the characterization process. The modified zeolite using chemical process resulted fast reduction of COD and stabilized the volatile fatty acid as the intermediate product of anaerobic digestion, especially in the beginning of the process. Therefore, the chemical activation process was most suitable to produce the immobilization media from Lampung natural zeolite for POME waste treatment

Water adsorption and its impact on the pore structure characteristics of shale clay

Abstract Water is considered ubiquitous within the shale reservoirs and mainly stored in the hydrophilic clay minerals. The water distribution characteristics and its effect on pore structure are important for the gas-in-place of shale systems. In this work, water vapor adsorption on montmorillonite (Mt), kaolinite (Kaol) and illite (Il) were performed to investigate the behaviors of water adsorption on shale clay. Subsequently, the moisture-equilibrated samples were conducted with N2 gas-adsorption techniques to investigate the effect of adsorbed water on pore structure characteristics, such as apparent pore size distribution (APSD), N2 BET specific surface area (N2-BET SSA) and pore volume (PV). The results show that the water uptake isotherms of our samples have the sigmoidal-shaped profiles and GAB model provides a good fit for the adsorption behavior. In addition, The APSD curves under different relative humidity (RH) conditions have validated the condensation effect and indicated that the small pores (approximately smaller than 5 nm) are blocked by the capillary water and will disappear on the APSD curves at RH of 98% while the large nanopores (> 5 nm) are covered with water film, these effects will lead dramatically decrease of N2-BET SSA. Taking Mt and Il samples as the examples, the N2-BET SSA has declined to 33.51% and 33.66% compared with the dry conditions when Sw approaches to 50%. Meanwhile, these effects also indicate that the gas storage for clay minerals is massively overestimating under dry condition, the contribution to methane adsorption might be negligible in the actual shale reservoir.

Quantitative description of shale pore structure using image analysis and determination of controls on shape, size and orientation complexity

Pore structure characteristics are important aspects of shale reservoirs. Shale samples were collected from the Taiyuan and Shanxi Formations from the WX-1 well in the Qinshui basin, Shanxi, China. Pore morphology was analyzed using argon ion polishing scanning electron microscopy (Ar-SEM) and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM). Subsequently, the structural pore features in the images were quantitatively characterized using the pores (Particles) and cracks analysis system (PCAS) method. The results show that the sample pores are primarily organic pores, intergranular pores, and intragranular pores, and the pore sizes are concentrated at less than 100 nm. In addition, the following rules are determined: first, with the pixel accuracy (PA) increase on the same pore, the pore edge becomes smooth, the degree of pore orientations (DPO) improves, and the apparent pore structure complexity (APSC) decreases. In addition, when the pore edge roughness increases and the DPO decreases, this effect becomes larger to change PA. Second, when the pore shape tends to be “round,” the edge becomes smooth, and APSC decreases; when the pore tends to be “narrow,” the edge becomes rough, and the APSC increases. Third, with the increase of depth, the pore size and DPO first increase and then decrease, and the APSC decreases gradually; with the increase of maturity, the pore size first decreases and then increases. Conversely, the APSC first increases and then decreases when the turning point occurs in the high-mature to over-mature stages of the transition, and the DPO improves.

Influence of magnesium aluminate spinel powder content on cement clinker corrosion and adherence properties of lightweight periclase-spinel refractories

The effect of the amount of magnesium aluminate spinel powder (MASP) in lightweight periclase-spinel refractories on the cement clinker corrosion and adherence properties was investigated by the static crucible test and sandwich test. The results showed that MASP addition significantly affected the cement clinker corrosion resistance and adherence properties although it had little effect on the apparent porosity and pore size of refractories. The spinel in the refractories reacted with the cement clinker rather than periclase to generate the glass phase. Its amount and viscosity increased from 0 to 13wt% MASP addition in refractories, which brought the benefit to the adherence strength. However, the excessive glass phase deteriorated the corrosion and penetration resistances of refractories as MASP was added up to 19wt%. So, the addition amount from 9 to 13wt% MASP into periclase-spinel refractories balanced the cement clinker resistance and adherence strength.

A durable and highly selective PbO/HZSM-5 catalyst for methanol to propylene (MTP) conversion

A series of MOx/HZSM-5 catalysts (MOx: PbO, Sb2O3 and Bi2O3) for the catalytic conversion of methanol to propylene were prepared by a wet impregnation method using M(NO3)x (M: Pb, Sb and Bi). The catalytic reactions were carried out at 470 °C, a weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 4 h−1, p = 0.1 MPa, and a MeOH/H2O molar ratio of 1 in a fixed-bed reactor. The results indicated that the propylene/ethylene (P/E) ratio increased when Pb, Bi, and Sb were introduced into HZSM-5, which resulted in a reduction of the apparent pore size, the number and strength of the strong acid sites in the HZSM-5. Under the optimized conditions, the 2% PbO/HZSM-5 catalyst exhibited excellent catalytic performance with a propylene selectivity of 46.05%, an average P/E ratio of 8.80 and a catalyst life of more than 445 h.

Influence of nonwoven fabric pore sizes on water vapor resistance

The influence of nonwoven fabric pores using the Brunauer–Emmet–Teller method, dry sieving and capillary flow porometry on water vapor resistance were investigated. For a better understanding of the nonwoven thickness impact on pores and water vapor resistance (and therefore the influence on comfort), two types of samples were investigated: nonwoven fabric bonded with the needling and nonwoven fabric additionally bonded with the calendering process. Water vapor resistance increased with increasing nonwoven fabric thickness, whereby it ranged from 11.33 to 15.62 m2 Pa W−1 for the non-calendered samples and it ranged from 5.19 to 9.85 m2 Pa W−1 for the calendered ones. Water vapor resistance showed a good linear correlation with the specific surface area, pore volume, apparent opening size and mean flow pore diameter.

Point Mutants of ATP-Gated P2X Receptors Cast Doubt on the Inclusiveness of the Reservoir Theory of Apparent Pore Dilation

Point Mutants of ATP-Gated P2X Receptors Cast Doubt on the Inclusiveness of the Reservoir Theory of Apparent Pore Dilation