Conium maculatum L. (1753) is a toxic biennial plant in the Apiaceae family. It is native to Europe and North Africa and is listed as an invasive species in China. Its 153,090 bp chloroplast genome has 132 genes (37 tRNA genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 87 protein-coding genes), structured into 2 IRs (25,087 bp), one LSC (85,716 bp) and one SSC(17,200 bp), with 37.52% GC content. Phylogenetically, it is closest to Angelica sinensis, Trachydium subnudum, Glehnia littoralis, Heracleum hemsleyanum, Peucedanum praeruptorum, and Saposhnikovia divaricata. These findings support genetic preservation of the species and Coniumphylogenetic study.

Family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) is a unique family in the flowering plants due to its characteristic inflorescences and fruits besides the distinctive chemistry reflected in odor, flavor and even toxicity of many of its members. Plants of the family Apiaceae are usually used medicinally as a cure for gastrointestinal complaints, cardiovascular ailments, they are also used as antispasmodics, sedatives and a source of resins, gum resins, flavouring agents, flavonoids, coumarins , foods and even poisons. Subfamily Apioideae comprises numerous members reputed for their high content of coumarins, flavonoids and volatile oils. One member belonging to this subfamily were chosen as a subject for the present work, viz. Apium. Taxonomy, phytochemicals and biological activities of genus Apium were listed here.

Anti-colitic effects of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. juice via ERK/p38 and NF-κB signaling modulation and the characterization of a key marker compound.

Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi), a member of the Apiaceae family, contains high levels of thymol, carvacrol, terpinene, phlandrene, and other oxygenated monoterpenes responsible for its pharmacological properties. Seed extracts exhibit potent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, and S. aureus. Ajwain demonstrates strong antioxidant potential associated with carotenoids and flavonoids, and its essential oil exerts broad-spectrum fungitoxicity against Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium spp. The plant also shows anthelmintic activity through ATPase interference and stimulation of gut peristalsis. In aquaculture, supplementation of ajwain extract (1–2%) significantly improves rainbow trout growth indices (SGR, FCR, BWI), lysozyme activity, and survival rate. Additional studies show enhanced feed utilization and immunity in Nile tilapia and broilers. These findings support the use of ajwain as a natural growth promoter, immunostimulant, and antimicrobial agent in animal production systems.

Taxonomic Significance of Anatomical Characters in Some Species of Apiaceae Family in Iraq

Seed spices from the Apiaceae family, including cumin, coriander, fennel, dill, ajwain, and others, hold immense significance in global agriculture, cuisine, and health. India leads the world in their production, with Rajasthan and Gujarat as key cultivating states. These spices are not only culinary staples but also rich in essential oils and bioactive compounds with antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory properties, contributing to their rising demand in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetic sectors. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of Apiaceae seed spices, covering their botanical classification, morphology, reproductive biology, and agronomic practices. It also delves into stress physiology, genetic diversity, and modern breeding strategies, including the use of molecular markers. Furthermore, the review highlights their phytochemical profiles and documented health benefits. Despite significant progress, challenges remain, such as the need for improved genomic tools, better stress resilience, and efficient post-harvest handling. Future research must integrate traditional knowledge with biotechnology to unlock the full agricultural and therapeutic potential of these underutilized but economically valuable crops.

Selinum is an important genus in the Apiaceae family, known for its essential oil-bearing medicinal properties. Selinum vaginatum C. B. Clarke and Ligusticopsis wallichiana (DC.) Pimenov & Kljuykov (Syn. Selinum wallichianum (DC.) Raizada & H. O. Saxena and Selinum tenuifolium Wall. ex DC.) are the two important species found in Himachal Pradesh, India. The primary objective of this review is to present an updated report on the phytochemistry, traditional knowledge, and pharmacological profile of two species of the genus Selinum that are found in the Western Himalayas. The genus Selinum is commonly referred to as Bhutakeshi or Bhootkeshi. Strong evidence supports Selinum's claims for its traditional ethnomedical importance and is used to treat cardiovascular diseases, asthma, toothache, mental disorders and diabetes. It is also used as an insect repellent and in magico-religious practices. The plant has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anticonvulsant, and antimicrobial activities. The plant is rich in phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids that contribute to its bioactivities. This review outlines the important phytochemicals, traditional uses, and potential pharmacological properties of Selinum species. Further investigation is needed to elucidate the mechanistic importance of its bioactive components in drug development processes and to investigate the therapeutic potential at the clinicallevel.

Elwendia persica is a highly valued aromatic medicinal herb in the Apiaceae family, and it is traditionally used in culinary and flavouring applications. However, its phytochemical profile, particularly regarding non-volatile bioactive compounds, remains underexplored. In this study, the bioactive compounds of Elwendia persica seeds were investigated using mass spectrometry (MS)-based phytochemical analysis. A total of thirty-two previously unreported compounds belonging to the class of organic acids (02), phenolic acid derivatives (13), sugars (02), amino acids (04), flavonoids (06), coumarins (03), terpenoids (01), and quinoline derivatives (01) were tentatively identified and characterised in Elwendia persica seeds using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS). These findings highlight the significant bioactive potential of Elwendia persica seeds, offering valuable preclinical insights and affirming their importance as a renewable source of nutraceutical compounds for herbal medicine, food products, pharmaceuticals, and nutraceutical applications.

Comparative analysis of root anatomy, phytochemicals and gene expression in bolted and unbolted Saposhnikovia divaricata.

Structural analysis of polysaccharides of the genus Angelica and an overview of their biological activity.

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) is a valuable medicinal plant from the Apiaceae family, cultivated for its essential oil, seeds, and leaves, which are used in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetics industries. This study tested the hypothesis that plant growth regulators (PGRs) positively modulate the morphological, physiological, and phytochemical properties of fennel. To test this hypothesis, a factorial experiment was carried out with foliar applications of four plant growth regulators, including salicylic acid (SA: 1 and 2 mM), gibberellic acid (GA: 0.25 and 0.5 mM), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA: 5 and 10 mM), and sodium nitroprusside (SNP: 1.25 and 2.5 mM). The results showed that SNP2.5 and GA0.5 treatments achieved the greatest improvement in growth and morphological traits. For the SNP2.5 treatment, morphological traits exhibited percentage changes ranging from 36.5 to 198.6%. SNP2.5 and SA2 treatments resulted in the highest values for physiological traits. The SNP2.5 treatment caused significant increases in flavonoid and phenolic contents, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and chlorophyll and carotenoid levels, with increases ranging from about 39% to 231% compared to the control. Meanwhile, SA (1 and 2 mM) and GA0.25 had superior effects on phytochemical traits, including essential oil yield and secondary metabolites. GABA10 also positively influenced all traits, though to a lesser extent than other treatments. Control plants consistently exhibited the lowest values across all traits. Metabolite analysis using GC-MS identified a total of 150 compounds, among which 41 showed significant differences among treatments. Notably, six major metabolites accounted for about 70% of the total metabolite content, including apiol (0.742–1.299), camphene hydrate (0.407–0.708), cis-anethole (0.328–0.975), estragole (0.916–1.059), phenyl acetate (5.005–9.705), and limonene (3.902–1.647) respectively for SA1 and SA2. Among these, cis-anethole (40–75%) and limonene (6.5–19%) were identified as the predominant components in the essential oil of the leaves. These findings suggest that certain plant growth regulators, especially SNP and SA, can be used as effective agricultural tools for improving the growth and phytochemical quality of fennel.

Global developmental delay is a term used when children are significantly delayed in two or more areas of development. It can be diagnosed when a child is delayed in one or more milestones, categorized into motor skills, speech, cognitive skills, and social and emotional development. Homoeopathy has a role in treating this kind of diseases where maternal history plays an important role in treatment and validation of medicine. Oenanthe Crocata from Umbelliferae family has an indication in GDD where the cause from maternal part.

Bee pollen as a natural product has gained popularity in recent years and is increasingly being used as a food and dietary supplement. This work aims to characterize, the botanical origin, nutritional value, total phenolic content, and microbiological quality of this beehive product. Palynological analyses of 28 pollen samples by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) identified a total of 75 pollen types from 25 families and 64 genera, most of them belonging to Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Rosaceae, Brassicaceae and Apiaceae families. Physicochemical parameters were determined, and data showed that pH, moisture, and ash content values ranged from 4.7 to 5.4, 2.1% to 3.2%, and 1.8% to 2.1%, respectively. Total carbohydrate, lipid, and protein contents in these samples varied from 67.7% to 75.8%, 2.1% to 8.9%, and 16.4% to 24.6%, respectively. Total phenolic content was between 6 and 11.5 mg GAE/g pollen. Microbiological quality was assessed using the plate count method, and the aerobic mesophilic plate count (APC) of pollen samples ranged from 1.2 × 102 to 6 × 103 cfu/g. The results of this study could play an important role in the quality control of bee pollen, and help improve the commercial value of this product.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-28500-w.

The genus Leiotulus Ehrenb., included within the Apiaceae family, has a limited geographical distribution. It has a fairly complex nomenclatural history as it has been considered as a synonym for Malabaila Hoffm. Leiotulus aureus (Sm.) Pimenov & Ostr., native To East Mediterranean area, is a plant utilised in the Turkish ethnomedicine. This is the first report regarding the chemical composition of the essential oil from aerial parts of this plant, collected in North Macedonia. The essential oil (La) was characterised by large amounts of phenylpropanoids (50.0%) and esters (33.5%), being myristicin (42.8%) and octyl butyrate (32.0%) the main oil constituents. A comparison with previously published results regarding essential oils of genus Leiotulus was discussed. Furthermore, reviews of the use of the Leiotulus species in the popular medicine, as well as of the chemical composition of their essential oils have been carried out.

<i>In silico</i> molecular docking analysis of potential antilipidemic bioactive constituents of <i>Coriandrum sativum</i> root extract using GC-MS

ABSTRACTThe Umbelliferae family, consisting of annual or perennial herbs and rarely shrubs, takes up a place in our country's flora with 97 genera, and the Ferulago genus is represented by 28 species. Ferulago trachycarpa is a wild species traditionally used in human nutrition due to its sedative, digestive, carminative, and aphrodisiac properties. The purpose of this study was to determine the nutritional value of a plant sampled in Antalya Province, Alanya District, Gökbel Plateau during the pre‐flowering period. The microelement, energy, carbohydrate, fat, total ash, water, and crude cellulose values were investigated. Evaluating the results, the energy value for a 100‐g fresh sample was 73.51 kcal, the water content was 68.35%, the ash amount was 6.79%, the protein amount was 2.59%, the fat amount was 0.71%, the carbohydrate amount was 14.19%, and the fiber amount was 7.37%. When looking at the contents of the microelements, iron was detected at 1.85 mg/100 g, phosphorus at 28.69 mg/100 g, calcium at 2031.96 mg/100 g, magnesium at 68.57 mg/100 g, and potassium at 140.06 mg/100 g, but sodium and zinc were not detected. The amount of total ash suggests a mineral composition comprising potassium, calcium, and iron as the main elements. The present study inferred that Ferulago trachycarpa would serve as a beneficial source of protein and energy, as well as micronutrients in the form of a leafy vegetable for human consumption. Therefore, agricultural domestication for the commercial production of the Ferulago trachycarpa species needs to be investigated to serve commercial production as a functional food.

The genus Eryngium, belonging to the Umbelliferae family, comprises flowering plants with various pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic properties. However, many of these activities lack scientific evaluation. This study aimed to characterize the metabolites and evaluate the antihelmintic, antibacterial, and antibiofilm activities of a methanolic extract derived from the aerial parts of Eryngium billardieri. Metabolite characterization was conducted using LC-MS combined with a computer-assisted structure elucidation method. The extract was tested against six fungi, six Gram-positive bacteria, and nine Gram-negative bacteria, and a non-parasitic nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans). A total of thirty-three compounds were identified, with the major constituents including isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside, phytolaccagenin, terpinolene, 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, palmitic acid, isobornyl formate, isorhamnetin, and 1,4-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethenyl)-octahydroazulene. Across all tested concentrations, Gram-positive bacteria demonstrated greater sensitivity compared to Gram-negative bacteria, with Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus showing the highest sensitivity (IC50 values of 57.47 µg/mL and 105.8 µg/mL, respectively). Among Gram-negative strains, only Brevundimonas diminuta exhibited sensitivity. In antifungal tests, six of seven yeast strains displayed sensitivity to the extract, with Candida parapsilosis and Candida albicans being particularly susceptible (IC50 values of 11.29 µg/mL and 63.29 µg/mL, respectively). The antibiofilm analysis demonstrated inhibitory effects within 24 hours after biofilm formation, with an IC50 of 6.3 µg/mL. Additionally, the antihelmintic assay revealed a mean inhibition rate of 97.7 ± 1.5 at 2.0 µg/mL. The results demonstrate that the extract effectively inhibited the tested bacteria, particularly against yeast strains. While the extract showed promising activity against a model nematode, further research is imperative to validate its anthelmintic efficacy against parasitic nematodes.

Dill (Anethum graveolens) is an herbal plant from the Apiaceae family often used as an effective remedy for several ailments. This study aimed to investigate the potential protective effect of dill against the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obese rats. For 12 weeks, rats were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to induce obesity. In the treatment group, the extract of dill leaves (100 mg/kg) was administered by gavage. Then, blood and liver samples were harvested for further investigations. Feeding HFD caused increased body mass index, abdominal circumference, adiposity index, weight gain, serum glucose, lipids, insulin, leptin, and insulin resistance. HFD-fed rats also showed increased hepatic triglycerides, fatty acid synthase, cytochrome P2E1, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, serum marker enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP, and GGT), and liver weight, with decreased antioxidants including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione. Besides, a significant elevation of hepatic interleukins 1β and 6,tumor necrosis factor-α, nuclear factor-kappa B, Kupfer cell markers (CD68 and CD163), fibronectin, andcollagen type 1, along with an increase of transforming growth factor-β1 expression, was observed. Histological changes presented by hepatocytes, including ballooning, inflammatory cell aggregation, and deposition of collagen fibers, have also been detected. Co-administration of dill with HFD succeeded in reducing weight gain, hepatic triglyceride accumulation, oxidative reactions, inflammation, fibrosis, and liver structural injury. Dill extract could be approved as a promising therapeutic approach with multiple benefits for the management of obesity and associated steatohepatitis.

Coriandrum sativum L. and Carum carvi L. of the Apiaceae family are among the most cultivated plants, as they have been used for a long time as spices and essential oil (EO) bearing plants. The aim. The aim from of this work is to examine the composition of EOs from commercial samples of C. sativum originating from 6 countries and C. carvi EOs from 2 countries, to establish the variability of the content of their components and to identify possible chemotypes of this species. Materials and methods. The EOs were hydrodistilled from the dried fruits of C. carvi and C. sativum, and their chemical composition was determined using GC/MS. Samples were obtained from retail pharmacies in 6 different countries. Research results. In the samples of coriander EOs, 50 compounds were detected. The dominant group of compounds is acyclic monoterpenoids, ranging from 67.3% (Turkey) to 84.2% (Czech Republic). The dominant component is linalool (61.6% – 77.9%). According to the content of the dominant major and minor components, it has been established for the first time that the studied samples of linalool-chemotypes can be divided into several sub-chemotypes. It has been noted for the first time that phenolic monoterpenoids were found in samples from subtropical and tropical countries. There is a strong negative correlation between the content of linalool and α-pinene (-0.891); linalool and γ-terpinene (-0.895). In the samples of C. carvi EOs, 28 compounds were detected. Both studied samples of caraway fruits contain the maximum amount of carvone (54.6% – 66.8%), followed by the content of limonene (19.9% – 30.1%). The EO of the caraway studied samples consists almost entirely of monocyclic monoterpenoids. Conclusions. The results of our study of coriander fruits essential oil from six countries allowed us to establish its linalool chemotype, which is divided into five subtypes depending on the secondary compounds, that is novelty for research on possible chemotypes of coriander fruit essential oil. The studied samples of coriander fruits EO do not fully comply with the requirements of the ISO 3516:1997 standard; the content of linalool (Turkey) is slightly below the lower limit in accordance with the requirements. The studied samples of caraway EO slightly exceed the limits of the content of the dominant component carvone (Georgia) and contain significantly less limonene (India) in accordance with the requirements of the ISO 8896-2016 standard

Background: Prangos platychlaena Boiss. and Cachrys scabra (Fenzl) Meikle are two distinct genera from the Apiaceae family that grow naturally in the Halgurd Mountains of Iraqi Kurdistan. These genera are traditionally used in medicine and as food flavoring agents across the world, particularly in the Middle East. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of essential oils (EOs) obtained from two endemic plants of Iraqi Kurdistan, P. platychlaena and C. scabra. Methods: The antioxidant and antibacterial activities of EOs extracted by steam distillation from the leaves and flowers of P. platychlaena and C. scabra collected from the Halgurd Mountains were evaluated. Results: Overall, the EOs exhibited stronger inhibitory effects against ABTS radicals than against DPPH radicals. Cachrys scabra flower essential oil (CSFEO) and leaf essential oil (CSLEO) showed the weakest radical scavenging activity, with IC50 values of 25.34 ± 0.73 mg/mL and 25.09 ± 1.31 mg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the EOs from both plants demonstrated good antibacterial efficacy against all tested microorganisms, except Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27852), which was not affected by any of the EOs. The growth inhibition zones (GIZ) of sensitive strains ranged from 10 ± 0.5 mm to 20 ± 1.8 mm. Conclusions: The EOs of P. platychlaena and C. scabra possess antioxidant activity capable of scavenging DPPH and ABTS radicals and exhibit antibacterial effects against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. These findings suggest that these EOs may serve as promising natural preservatives for use in the pharmaceutical and food industries.