Apex Locator Research Articles

Endodontic treatment during pregnancy: case series and literature review

ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to provide a scientific basis for conducting safe root canal treatment in pregnant women, illustrating with case reports treated in the extension project Maternal-Child Dental Care at the Federal University of Pelotas. The scientific bases address the main doubts of professionals when performing prenatal dental care: use of radiographic examination, local anesthetics, prescription of medications, among other essential factors in the care of pregnant women. The assisted pregnant women sought care with dental pain. In two cases symptomatic irreversible pulpitis was diagnosed, while a third was experiencing acute apical periodontitis. Endodontic procedures were performed under controlled and standardized conditions. The root canals were prepared in a single session, using mechanical instrumentation with reciprocating kinematics (Wave One® Gold Primary - Dentsply Sirona), and the root canal length was determined by an electronic apex locator FinePex (Schuster). Root canal filling was performed by the single cone technique with Wave One® gutta-percha points. After endodontic treatment, coronal sealing was performed with composite resin A2 Z350 XT (3M ESPE). The care related to the gestational condition is highlighted, and the patients remain under monitoring. It is concluded that the use of apical locators and mechanical instrumentation, using reciprocating files associated with the single cone obturation technique with a standardized cone for each system, represents advances for the accomplishment of endodontic treatment in pregnant patients due to the shorter clinical time and greater comfort of the procedure.

Comparative Evaluation of Using Cone Beam Computerized Tomography (CBCT) and Conventional Radiography Confirmed with Apex Locator for Working Length Determination in Curved Root Canals (Clinical Study)

Comparative Evaluation of Using Cone Beam Computerized Tomography (CBCT) and Conventional Radiography Confirmed with Apex Locator for Working Length Determination in Curved Root Canals (Clinical Study)

Design and working of "Vasundhara's model for elementary endodontic training": A novel preclinical endodontic model.

Context:This is a novel preclinical endodontic model “Vasundhara's model for elementary endodontic training,” featuring easy and convenient way for enhancing the skills of elementary endodontic procedures, simulating the clinical situation for endodontic teaching purposes. This article highlights the need, steps of fabrication of the model, and usage of the same for the universal benefit of the learners of endodontic techniques.Aims:The aim is to describe the design and usage of a novel preclinical endodontic model which is simple, convenient, easy to fabricate, and cost-effective.Settings and Design:Extracted teeth were selected and a pan radiograph was taken. Alginate was poured into metal jaws, followed by embedding of the teeth. Dental stone was then coated over the alginate. This assembly was then screwed to phantom head. A wire was attached to phantom head contacting the alginate for completing the circuit, forming an arc to which lip clip of apex locator could be attached.Conclusions:This novel cost-effective model for practicing preclinical endodontic techniques is simple, easy to design, and is a step forward toward mastering endodontic techniques.

AN In-vitro EVALUATION OF ACCURACY OF THREE ELECTRONIC APEX LOCATORS IN THE PRESENCE OF 3% SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE

The condition known as the variation of the apical foramen and asymmetrical root canal opening is identified when the main foramen of the root canal is not situated at the anatomical apex. Under these conditions, it is possible to determine the working length incorrectly, which might result in many issues that could compromise the effectiveness of the endodontic procedure. In this work, we examined the apical foramen detection accuracies of these three EALs in 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaClO).
 Materials and Procedures: To clean the teeth and remove organic material stuck to the exterior root surfaces, they were placed in a solution of 3% sodium hypochlorite for six hours. A #15, K-File was used to randomly choose teeth from 1 to 80 for measuring (Mani).
 Results: Three apex locators failed to detect the apical foramen in the presence of 3% sodium hypochlorite, according to Newman-Keuls multiple posthoc procedures. Dentaport ZX was 90% accurate in finding the apical foramen, Apex NRG was 87.5% accurate, and Propex II was 81.25% accurate within 0.5 mm of the acceptable therapeutic range.
 Conclusion: EALs may function on an electrical basis rather than the biological characteristics of the tissues involved, according to some research. In vitro models that have periodontium-like electrical resistance may thus provide useful information.

Accuracy of Working Length Determination In Primary Molar Teeth Using Three Different Methods: An Invitro Study

Background: An accurate working length plays a pivotal role for the success of treatment in endodontics. It involves a wide array of procedures. Aim: Use of digital radiovisiography (RVG), apex locator (EAL) and cone beam computed tomography technique (CBCT) to evaluate working length in primary teeth. Materials and Methods: This study included thirty extracted primary teeth having at least 2/3rd of root. Alginate was combined with 0.9% normal saline solution and teeth were inserted in it after access opening. Two qualified examiners recorded working length for all canals twice with RVG, EAL and CBCT. In control group, a Kerr- file from coronal reference to the apical foramen was used to visually determine the actual (AL) under stereomicroscope. Statistical analysis: Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland and Altman analysis were used to calculate the agreement on measurements of all methods using actual values of different methods. Results: Electronic working length measured with AL (0.0007) was statistically significant compared to RVG (1.9570) and CBCT (0.8440). Amongst all methods for determination of working length the ICC showed the highest reliability for EAL and least for RVG. Conclusion: In comparison to RVG and CBCT, the EALperformed the best for determining working length in primary teeth.

Management of Oblique Root Fracture Using Mineral Trioxide Aggregate: A Case Report

Management of Oblique Root Fracture Using Mineral Trioxide Aggregate: A Case Report

Effect of Simultaneous Working Length Control During Root Canal Preparation Versus Electronic Apex Locator on Postoperative Pain in Teeth with Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis (A Randomized Clinical Trial)

Effect of Simultaneous Working Length Control During Root Canal Preparation Versus Electronic Apex Locator on Postoperative Pain in Teeth with Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis (A Randomized Clinical Trial)

Improving of long-term follow-up after cystocele repair

IntroductionThe anterior vaginal wall is the most common site of repair compared with apex and posterior vaginal wall, and is also the site with the highest recurrence rate after surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anatomical location of apex in patients with cystocele staged 2–3 (POP-Q), to correct all anatomical defects and to improve cystocele repair results. Materials and methodsThis was a single-center prospective study of women with cystocele of stage 2–3 with and without apical prolapse who underwent combined surgical treatment. The authors performed combined surgical procedures in women with apical prolapse, including pectopexy. Clinical and anatomical follow-ups were carried out at least in 12 months. ResultsAll patients revealed good to excellent results, with a high rate of satisfaction. There were no significant differences in recurrence among women with and without apical prolapse. Of the 22 women after pectopexy, the only one had apical prolapse of grade 1. The median cystocele recurrence rate was 3.8% in group without apical prolapse (grade 1), and 4.5% (grade 1) in pectopexy group. Sexual matters, incontinence score and QoL were significantly improved in both groups. The main reason for cystocele low recurrence rate is defect-oriented multicompartment strategy in all cases including patients with and without apical defect. ConclusionPectopexy can be a good choice for prolapse surgery, including the positive effect in cases of lateral anterior wall defect. Using this strategy, it becomes possible to perform native tissue vaginal repair with encouraged long-term follow-ups.

Comparative clinical assessment of working length endo-motor apex locator versus radiographic method in endo-dontic therapy.

Introduction: The technological and therapeutic advancements suggests that, choosing an appropriate endodontic approach is the key parameter to mitigate over radiation exposure and locating precise root canal length.Objective: Current study aims to evaluate the comparative accuracy of working length apex locator versus radiographic apex locator in in endodontic therapy among patients belonging from Sindh, Pakistan.Methodology: Current four-month duration based cross-sectional study focusing endodontic therapeutic techniques was conducted at Bibi Aseefa Dental College Larkana Sindh Pakistan. 124 patients requiring non-surgical root canal therapy were included in the study for working length apex locator and radiographic apex locator techniques. Film positioner were used to assess the morphology and initial working length of tooth by radiographic apex locator technique. Whereas glide path and working length was achieved with #12/02 M3 – Pro Gold File (United Dental) with 00 reading in Endo-Matic apex locator. Further data analysis was achieved with SPSS Version 20 and Microsoft Office 2010 multiple tools.Results: Among 124 patients, 69 (55.6%) were males and 55 (44.4%) were females with mean age of 33.60±12.87 years. We found comparative accuracy of 77 % of working length apex locator in terms of apical limit determination. Whereas, in case of radiographic apex locators 70 % accuracy was recorded.Conclusion: Working length endomotor with built in apex locators provide satisfac-tory control of apical limit of endodontic treatment and better time saving option, however radiographic confirmations remain the confirmatory length measurement tool to identify the dimension of canal and path obtained by endodontic instru-ment.Keywords: EndoMatic, Electronic Apex Locators, Hybrid Endomotors, Radiograph, Working Length.

Implications of Diagnostic Drops on Scheimpflug Tomography: The Proper Order for Clinical Testing.

The purpose of this article was to study the impact of instillation of 1% fluorescein and mydriatics on measurements made by Scheimpflug imaging. This was a cross-sectional study of patients who had measurements of corneal shape (maximum keratometry and best fit sphere of anterior and posterior corneal surfaces), pachymetry (at the pupil center, corneal apex, and thinnest location), and anterior chamber parameters (depth, volume, and angle of anterior chamber and corneal volume) using the Pentacam HR before and after the instillation of fluorescein and mydriatics. Group A had baseline measurements that were repeated 1.5 hours after the instillation of 1% fluorescein and 0.8% tropicamide+ 5% phenylephrine eye drops. Group B had baseline measurements that were repeated 10 minutes after the instillation of 1% fluorescein, and group C had baseline measurements that were repeated 1.5 hours after the instillation of mydriatics. Overall, 131 eyes of 131 patients were studied: 87 in group A, 28 in group B, and 16 in group C. Significant differences and wide variations were noted in corneal pachymetry and anterior chamber parameters in all 3 groups. The highest magnitude and range of difference was observed in pachymetry at the pupil center (17 ± 53.5 μm) and in anterior chamber volume (26.7 ± 69.8 mm 3 ). Corneal shape measurements of anterior and posterior corneal surfaces were not significantly affected by either fluorescein or mydriatics. Pupillary dilation also affected the ability of the Pentacam to accurately trace the pupil margin in 19.5% of cases. For consistent and accurate measurements, it is important that Scheimpflug imaging be performed before other tests which may need the instillation of fluorescein or mydriatics.

Accuracy of Paper Point Technique for Final Working Length Measurement after Canal Preparation

Objective: The aim this study was to check the accuracy of paper point technique for final working length measurement after canal preparation. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial Place and Duration: Study was performed in department of operative dentistry, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences, Jamshoro for one year duration from January 2017 to December 2017. Methodology: This study was performed on 78 patients divided equally into two groups. In one group working length was established by using electronic apex locator while in second group working length was established by using electronic apex locator with paper point technique. To check the working length master apical gutta percha point (GP point) was inserted into canal and radiograph were taken by paralleling angle technique. Results: There were 34 (43.6%) males while 44 (56.4%) patients were females. Mean age of patients was 30.5±8.9 years. Mean tooth number was 28.8±11.0. Group A is concerned that was treated only with Electronic Apex Locator showed lesser number of acceptable length than group B. on the other hand, group B was treated with electronic apex locator and paper point technique showed higher acceptable length of respondents with a difference of 4 frequencies or 7% in excess. A less value of chi-square test showed relationship between observed and expected data; whereas, significance value indicated no significant difference between group A and B. Conclusion: Paper point technique is as reliable as other techniques for final working length measurement. Key Words: Electronic Apex Locator, Paper Point Technique, Endodontic Working Length

Comparative Evaluation of Working Length Using Conventional Radiographic Method, Radiovisiography, and Apex Locator in Single-rooted Permanent Teeth

Comparative Evaluation of Working Length Using Conventional Radiographic Method, Radiovisiography, and Apex Locator in Single-rooted Permanent Teeth

Development and initial validation of classification for severe spinal deformity based on X-ray features.

To develop a clinically feasible classification for severe spinal deformity based on X-ray features. A total of 223 consecutive severe spinal deformity cases who underwent corrective operation were enrolled from 2004 to 2015 retrospectively. Based on X-ray features, a novel classification was developed containing three components: curve types, curve angle and apex location. There were five curve types as follows: single scoliosis (SS), kyphoscoliosis (KS), angular deformity (AD), long curve (LC), and double curves (DC). Curve angle subsection on coronal and sagittal planes including A:90-109, B:110-129, C:130-149, D: > 150. Apex location means the exact level of apex located. Reliability of the classification was tested. The kappa values for inter-observer and intra-observer reliability of the curve types, curve angle, and apex level were larger than 0.80. X-ray classification for overall patients with severe spinal deformity showed that there were 101 SS cases, 47 KS, 46 AD, 19 LC and 10 DC. For the curve angle, there were grade A 123 cases, B 43, C 18, D 15 on coronal plane and grade A 38, B 17, C 16, and D 19 on sagittal plane. Apex location showed there were 27 patients at T7 or upper levels, 31 on T8, 58 on T9, 45 on T10, 18 on T11, and 44 at T12 or lower levels. A novel classification for severe spinal deformity was described based on X-ray morphology. A high value for inter-observer and intra-observer reliability was shown. Each subgroup has its particular influence on decision-making and prognostic prediction.

Evaluation of the effect of irrigants on the accuracy and repeatability of three electronic apex locators: an ex vivo study

Objective: To evaluate the effect of 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on the accuracy and repeatability of three Electronic Apex Locators (EALs). Methodology: Thirty one human teeth were connected to a platform, irrigated with 2.0% CHX, and obtained two readings, again irrigated with 2.5% NaOCl and obtained two more readings. The distance between the tip of the file and the apical constriction was measured. Repeatability was calculated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and repeatability coefficient (CR). Results: For CHX 2%, with the Mini Apex Locator, 25 of 31 electronic measurements were accurate (80.6%), 28 of 31 measurements for iPex (90.3%) and for Root ZX II 26 (83, 9%). For 2.5% NaOCl, with the Mini Apex Locator, 25 of the 31 measurements were accurate (80.6%), 28 of the 31 measurements for the iPex (90.3%) and for the Root ZX II, 24 (77, 4%). There were no differences between the two irrigants (p>0.05). The values ​​(ICC) were 0.975 and 0.994 for the Mini Apex Locator, 0.981 and 0.971 for the i Pex and 0.994 and 0.995 for the Root ZX II. When using CHX, the (CR) was 0.196 for the Mini Apex Locator, 0.152 for the iPex and 0.088 for the Root ZX II. When using 2.5% NaOCl, the (CR) was 0.088 for the Mini Apex Locator, 0.196 for the iPex and 0.088 for the Root ZX II. Conclusions: The use of 2% CHX and 2.5% NaOCl did not affect the accuracy and repeatability of the three devices.

Analysis of long-term structural failure after native tissue prolapse surgery: a 3D stress MRI-based study.

We sought to identify postoperative structural failure sites associated with long-term prolapse recurrence and their association with symptoms and satisfaction. Women who had a research MRI prior to native-tissue prolapse surgery were recruited for examination, 3D stress MRI, and questionnaires. Recurrence was defined by Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification System (POP-Q)Ba/Bp > 0 or C > -4. Measurements were performed at rest and maximum Valsalva ("strain") including vaginal length, apex location, urogenital hiatus (UGH), and levator hiatus (LH). Measures were compared between subjects and to women with normal support. Failure frequency was the proportion of women with measurements outside the normal range. Symptoms and satisfaction were measured using validated questionnaires. Thirty-one women participated 12.7years after surgery-58% with long-term success and 42% with recurrence. Failure site comparisons between success and failure were: impaired mid-vaginal paravaginal support (62% vs. 28%, p = 0.01), longer vaginal length (54% vs. 22%, p = 0.03), and enlarged urogenital hiatus (54% vs. 22%, p = 0.03). Apical paravaginal location had the lowest failure frequency (recurrence: 15% vs. success: 7%, p = 0.37). Patient satisfaction was high (recurrence: 5.0 vs. success: 5.0, p = 0.86). Women with bothersome bulge symptoms had a 33% larger UGH strain on POP-Q (p = 0.01), 8.7% larger resting UGH (p = 0.046), 11.5% larger straining LH (p = 0.01), and 9.3% larger resting LH (p = 0.01). Abnormal lowmid-vaginal paravaginal location (Level II), longvaginal length (Level II), and largeUGH (Level III) were associated with long-term prolapse recurrence. Patient satisfaction was high and unrelated to anatomical recurrence. Bothersome bulge symptoms were associated with hiatus enlargement.

Accuracy of electronic apex locator in the presence of different irrigating solutions

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the apex locator in the presence of different irrigating solutions. Materials and Methods: Thirty humans, single canal mandibular premolars were decoronated, and canal orifices were flared with Gates-Glidden drills. Working length (Gold standard [GS]) was measured under ×3.5 magnification by inserting a size 10 K file until the tip became visible and deducting 0.5 mm from this length. Teeth were embedded in an alginate mass. Electronic apex locator (EAL) measurements were made with Propex II, while different irrigants were placed in the root canals with 30G needle and groups were made based on the type of irrigating solution used i.e., Group I (3% NaOCl), Group II (5% NaOCl), Group III (2% Chlorhexidine), and Group IV (17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). Statistical analysis was performed. Results: Statistically insignificant differences were observed between the GS and EAL lengths among all the groups. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) only between Group III as compared to Group II and Group I. Conclusion: EAL can be used to accurately measure the working length, even in the presence of irrigating solutions. Of the irrigating solutions tested, least effect on the accuracy of EAL was seen with 2% chlorhexidine and the highest effect was seen with 5% NaOCl.

Automated in vivo detection and localization of posterior staphyloma in ultrasound b-modes

In high and pathologic myopia eyes, staphyloma, an outpouching of the eyewall, is associated with risks of permanent vision loss. Automated detection of staphyloma in ultrasound B-modes could assist clinicians in quickly identifying patients at risk. In this study, an algorithm to detect the presence of staphyloma and locate the staphyloma apex was developed. A 10 MHz ultrasound probe was used to acquire 127 B-modes, from 82 eyes and 52 patients. Sixty-one of the B-modes included staphyloma, as determined by an experienced ophthalmologist who also marked the staphyloma apex in each image where present. In each B-mode, the vitreoretinal boundary was automatically detected by a thresholding method. The local radius of curvature (K) was computed, and the ability of the standard deviation of K to detect staphyloma was evaluated by receiver-operating characteristic analysis. The staphyloma apex was automatically detected as the point on the vitreoretinal boundary furthest from the center of the transducer. The area under the curve using standard deviation of K for staphyloma detection was 0.927. The average error in detected staphyloma apex location was 1.34 ± 1.36 mm. These results demonstrate the potential of automated staphyloma detection and localization from ultrasound, which could assist in quick diagnosis of staphyloma.

Assessment of accuracy of three different generations of electronic apex locators in different environments of root canal system: An in vitro study

Background: Endodontic treatment encompasses cleaning, shaping, disinfection, and three-dimensional obturation of entire accurate length of root canal system. Hence, accurate determination of working length plays very important role for clinical success of endodontic treatment. Objectives: To assess the accuracy of three different generations of electronic apex locators (EALs) in different environments of root canal system. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was done in 60 single-rooted mandibular premolars for three months from 2021/12/21 to 2021/03/18 at Kantipur Dental College. Non-carious teeth were collected (excluded if more than one canal) by convenience sampling after ethical clearance. Access opening with occlusal reduction of cusp tips were performed. Before, electronic measurement of root canal length, reference length: Actual Length (AL) was recorded. Samples were divided into four groups with different environment (I = dry Canal; II = 3% NaOCl; III = 2% CHX; IV = blood Plasma) with 15 samples each. Electronic measurements were obtained using all three EALs: Rootor (fourth generation), Propex Pixi (fifth generation), and Apex ID (sixth generation). Recorded AL was compared with value obtained with EALs and their differences were tabulated with Microsoft Excel. Results: Accuracy in working length measurement by Rootor was 80%, 80%, 60%, 53.3%, Propex Pixi was 46.7%, 80%, 86.7%, and 100% and Apex ID was 100%, 93.3%, 86.7%, 100% in Group I, Group II, Group III, and Group IV respectively of AL. Conclusion: Accuracy of Rootor was high in dry canal, Propex Pixi in moist environment whereas, Apex ID in both dry canal and moist environment.

Comparison of the accuracy of three different electronic apex locators used in root canals enlarged in different apical diameters

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of three apex locators in enlarged teeth with different apical diameters using files that are compatible and incompatible with the apical diameters.
 Methodology: Sixty lower premolars were used in this study. The actual canal length was determined with a stereo microscope, and the teeth were divided into three different groups (G25, G40 and G50).
 The teeth in G25, G40 and G50 were enlarged in actual canal length with apical diameters of 0.25, 0.40 and 0.50 mm using hand files and Reciproc R25, R40, and R50, respectively. In the electronic measurements, a #15 hand file was used in each group, and #25, #40 and #50 hand files that were compatible with the apical diameters of the teeth in the groups were used. An alginate model was created with enlarged teeth. The electronic working length was determined for each tooth using Root ZX Mini, Raypex 6, and Propex Pixi electronic apex locators (EALs).
 Results: Electronic measurement results that were shorter by 0.50 mm or longer by 0.05 mm than the actual length were considered unsuccessful; otherwise, they were deemed successful. Analysis of variance was used to evaluate the accuracy of the EALs with different files in the same apical diameter. For the different apical diameters, the chi-square exact test was used to evaluate the accuracy effect of using files that were incompatible with each apical diameter. The level of significance was p > 0.05.
 In all the groups, the measured lengths were closer to the actual canal length with the use of #25, #40 and #50 hand files that were compatible with the apical diameters. However, there was no significant difference between the measurements with the #15 hand file (p > 0.05).
 According to the electronic measurement results made with the #15 hand file in teeth with 0.25, 0.40 and 0.50 apical diameters, the use of a file that was incompatible with the apical diameter did not have a significant effect on accuracy (p > 0.05).
 Conclusion: The use of a file that is compatible with the apical diameter of the tooth in the determination of the working length with measurement of EALs close to the actual canal length. The accuracy of EALs is not affected by the file size in electronic measurements with file sizes smaller than the apical diameter in teeth with apical diameters up to 0.50 mm.
 
 How to cite this article: Öz H, Adıgüzel Ö, Kaya S. Comparison of the accuracy of three different electronic apex locators used in root canals enlarged in different apical diameters. Int Dent Res 2021;11(Suppl.1):12-8. https://doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.2021.vol11.suppl1.3
 
 Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

Comparison of the accuracy of different electronic apex locators used in working length determination via changing of initial cleaning solutions

Aim: The aim of this study is to compare the accuracy of the Root ZX Mini, Raypex 6, E-Pex Pro, and Propex Pixi electronic apex locators by changing the initial cleaning solutions (NaOCl vs. EDTA).
 Methodology: Eighty mandibular premolar teeth were used. Radiographs were obtained from the mesio-distal and bucco-lingual angles for all teeth, and teeth with suspected external or internal root resorption and/or calcified canals were not included in the study. The true canal lengths of the teeth were determined with a precision of 0.01 mm with a stereomicroscope at x5 magnification by placing a #20 K-type canal file into the root canal. The samples were then embedded in freshly mixed alginate blocks up to the cemento-enamel junction. The coronal 1/3 was pre-enlarged with a Protaper SX instrument. Electronic apex finders (Root ZX Mini, Raypex 6, E-Pex Pro, Propex Pixi) specified on each tooth were used, and measurements were made by changing the initial solutions (NaOCl vs. EDTA). Distilled water was used between application of 5.25% NaOCl and 17% EDTA to prevent chemical interactions. Three measurements were taken for each tooth, and the average of these 3 measurements was taken as reference. The data obtained in this study were analyzed.
 Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the solutions in terms of the measurement values and actual length values found by each device (p>0.05). Although there were no statistically significant differences, the deviation from the actual measurement was greater when EDTA solution was used than when NaOCl solution was used. In addition, although the difference was not found to be statistically significant, the deviation from the actual measurement was found to be highest when the Root ZX mini device was used with NaOCl and EDTA solution.
 Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the difference in the initial washing solutions did not affect the EAL devices in making measurements close to the true length.
 
 How to cite this article: Tellioğlu Avcı GR, Kaya S Comparison of the accuracy of different electronic apex locators used in working length determination via changing of initial cleaning solutions. Int Dent Res 2021;11(Suppl.1):56-62. https://doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.2021.vol11.suppl1.9
 
 Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.