Antiplaque Agents Research Articles

Comparative Analysis of Turmeric and Chlorhexidine Mouthwashes as Anti-plaque and Anti-gingivitis Agents: An Observational Study.

Mouthwashes are highly efficacious chemical agents for managing plaque and gingivitis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of turmeric (TM) and chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash as anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis agents. This retrospective, observational study was conducted on the clinical case records of 60 patients with gingival and plaque scores of ≥ 1, who were treated with TM mouthwash as group 1 and CHX mouthwash as group 2 for a period of two months. Indices such as plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI) were noted at baseline (T0) and at the end of two months of mouthwash use (T1). The data were subjected to statistical analysis. Both groups were effective in reducing all indices from T0 to T1; however, group 2 was more effective than group 1 in reducing plaque scores at T1. The results were statistically significant (p<0.05), whereas there was no significant difference in the gingival scores at T1 between both groups (p>0.05). Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) revealed no significant differences between the groups in gingival and plaque scores over time. Wilks' Lambda test revealed that the treatment groups had a statistically significant impact on the overall treatment outcomes. Although both CHX and TM mouthwashes were equally effective as anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis agents, TM mouthwash is recommended in cases where prolonged use is required, such as in orthodontic patients.

Effect of Cranberry Extract on Dental Plaque: A Systematic Review

Objectives: Cranberry extracts have been shown to disrupt the formation of biofilms of oral bacteria, and bacterial adherence. The present review aims to analyze the effect of various forms of cranberry extracts on the composition and quantity of dental plaque. The objectives of the review were to determine whether cranberry extracts can be used as a safe and effective alternative for anti-plaque agents. Material and Methods: A systematic search was performed in the following databases: MEDLINE (Ovid), PubMed, PubMed Central, Web of Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIEXPANDED), and Google Scholar using the key terms “Cranberry” AND “Plaque” OR “Biofilm” without any restriction for the time of publication to identify the articles published in the English language. Only in vivo or ex vivo randomized clinical trials were included in the review. Results: A total of only seven in vivo studies were found, the earliest of which was conducted in the year 2004. Out of these, three studies were randomized clinical trials, three were in vivo studies, and one study was ex vivo. The data pertaining to the study designs, cranberry extract formulations, and the conclusive findings drawn by the authors are comprehensively summarized in the present review. Conclusion: Cranberry has proven to be an effective, safe, and feasible technique for reducing dental plaque as compared to various existing anti-microbial agents such as chlorhexidine. Our review highlights the need for comparing various formulations, concentrations, and methods of delivering the cranberry extracts which can be resolved by further research.

EVALUATING THE EFFICACY OF 38% SDF VS 5% NAF VS APF GEL IN ARRESTING DENTAL CARIES AND REDUCING BACTERIAL ACTIVITY: AN IN-VIVO STUDY

Background: The study was formulated to compare the efficacy of 38% SDF as a caries arresting agent as well as antibacterial and antiplaque agent in vivo with 5% sodium fluoride varnish (NaF) and 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel. Study Design: Total of 74 children aged 6-9 years (boys = 34, girls = 40) who had active caries with dmfs/DMFS score equal to or more than 1 were included in the study for a period of 12 months. Children were divided into three different groups-Group 1: 38%SDF Group 2: 5% fluoride varnish and Group 3: 1.23% APF gel. Fluoride application was done at baseline, 6th month and 12th month. Saliva collection was done at baseline, after 72 hrs, 6th month and12thmonth.Tryptone-yeastcysteine-sucrose-bacitracin agar (TYCSB) was used inoculate salivary Streptococcus mutans and incubated at 37°C for 72 hrs.The colony characteristics were studied and number of colony forming units of Streptococcus mutans (CFU/ml) of saliva were counted using digital colony counter.All subjects were evaluated for caries arrest status and plaque score (Silness&amp;Loe index)at 6th and 12thmonthas well as Streptococcus mutans counts in saliva at 72 h, 6th and 12thmonth. Results: Significant reduction was found in caries arrest status plaque score as well as S. mutans counts in Group 1 as compared with Groups 2 and 3. Conclusion: In vivo application of SDF is effective in controlling progression of caries, decreases plaque score and S. mutans counts in saliva as compared to fluoride varnish and APF gel.

Effectiveness of Moringa oleifera Mouthwash in Young Adults as an Anti Plaque Agent – An Interventional Study

Background: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the oral cavity’s supportive structures, including gums and surrounding bone. Herbal mouthwashes have phytopharmacological agents such as Moringa oleifera (MO), and the use of herbal mouthwash has increased. Moringa mouthwash has potential for oral health due to its biocompatibility and anti-inflammatory effect. This study compares the effect of chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) and moringa mouthwash on plaque and its reduction. Methodology: The in vitro tests included the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration using broth dilution and agar diffusion. This interventional study included 25 individuals with more than 1 plaque score. The study was conducted for 2 months with a washout period of 2 weeks between the use of both mouthwashes. The Quigley–Hein Plaque Index of the study subjects was recorded at the designated baseline and after 28 days of use throughout the study period. The statistical test used was the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and the level of significance was considered to be &lt;0.05. Results: The results showed that the reduction in the mean plaque scores from baseline to day 28 was statistically significant in the moringa-based mouthwash. Similarly, the index scores showed a statistically significant reduction following the use of the moringa-based mouthwash when compared with the gold-standard chlorhexidine mouthwash with P = 0.00. The comparison showed that MO offered the same improvement as CHX. Conclusion: The current study aimed to provide an insight role of MO mouthwash as a possible adjunctive oral hygiene aid and its inhibitory effect on plaque reduction when compared to CHX.

Antimicrobial efficacy of antiplaque agents of common toothpastes against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus oralis: An in vitro study

Background: This study was designed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of common gum protection and antiplaque toothpastes against Porphyromonas gingivalis ( P. gingivalis ) and Streptococcus oralis ( S. oralis ) as important periodontal pathogens. Materials and Methods: This experimental study investigated the antimicrobial activity of 15 commonly used toothpastes from different companies on the two common types of periopathogens, S. oralis and P. gingivalis . The antimicrobial activity of toothpaste was evaluated at three concentrations of 100%, 50%, and 25% and analyzed by agar well diffusion plate method and zone of inhibition. The obtained data were compared and statistically analyzed by SPSS software using one-way ANOVA and the least significant difference post hoc tests (α = 0.05). Results: One-way ANOVA showed that the mean diameter of the two-bacterial zone of inhibition was significantly different at 100%, 50%, and 25% concentrations of toothpastes ( P &lt; 0.001). In general, the mean diameter of the zone of inhibition was greater at 100% concentration than the other two concentrations in all toothpastes. The highest zone of inhibition of the S. oralis was in the toothpastes containing tin. Further, the highest zone of inhibition of P. gingivalis was found in the triclosan-containing toothpastes. Conclusion: Toothpastes containing triclosan had the most antimicrobial activity against P. gingivalis . Moreover, toothpastes containing tin compounds had the most antimicrobial effect against S. oralis .

The commercially available oral rinse vs. curcumin photosensitizers in an artificial mouth model mimicking their use after meals on early colonizers single species biofilm: An in vitro study.

Commercially available oral rinses contain active ingredients with concentration that is claimed by manufacturers to be effective as antiplaque agent. To date there has been no mention of the effect of oral rinse on the adherence of early plaque colonizers in plaque formation and the concentration to be used before/after meals. The chief aim of the study was to evaluate microbial retention on the salivary pellicle on treatment with oral rinses (CHX & EO)/PS (mimicking after meals use of mouth wash/PS). Noordini's Artifical Mouth model was used for developing the single species biofilm with early microbial colonizers of oral biofilm (A. viscosus, Strep. mitis and Strep. sanguinis respectively). The microbial retention on use of oral rinses comprising of CHX and EO as an active ingredients respectively was compared with Curcumin PS. For evaluating the microbial retention, the pellicle with microbial inoculation was developed on the glass beads in the mouth model. Subsequently the respective single specie biofilm was exposed to the mouth wash and PS after inoculation. It mimicked as use of mouth wash/PS after meals. The bacterial count in the dental biofilm was evaluated on serial dilution (CFU/ml). Sterile deionized water was used as a negative control. For qualitative analysis, Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to evaluate the microbial count. From the data it was observed that for the treatment of single species experimental biofilm with commercially available mouth rinses (CHX & EO) and PS (curcumin), there was significant retention for S.mitis, S.sanguinis and A.viscosus. There was no significant difference observed between PS and CHX treated single species biofilm. Whereas a significant difference was observed between EO treated biofilms and CHX/PS treated biofilms (p⩽ 0.05). It can be concluded from the results that curcumin PS and CHX should not be used after meals whereas EO containing mouth rinse can be used to maintain the oral mocroflora.

Assessment of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Anti-biofilm Activity of Plectranthus Amboinicus Solvent Extract against Pure Strains of Putative Periodontal Pathogens: An In-vitro Study

Introduction: Antiseptic agents used in periodontics as anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis agents are primarily chemical substances such as Bis-biguanide derivatives (chlorhexidine) or essential oils. Herbal derivatives have gained prominence in the recent past due to their activity against putative periodontal pathogens; however, only a few have achieved commercialisation. This study focusses on determining the efficacy of an extract from a widely available herb, Indian mintPlectranthus Amboinicus Methanolic extract (PAM), which has known anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties against periodontal pathogens in-vitro. Aim: To assess the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and anti-biofilm property of PAM solvent extract against pure strains of putative periodontal pathogens, namely Porphyromonas gingivalis (American Type Culture Collection-ATCC 33277), Fusobacterium nucleatum (ATCC 25586), and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (ATCC 43718). Materials and Methods: The extract of PA was prepared using methanol and a Soxhlet extractor. An in-vitro analysis of the MIC and anti-biofilm efficacy of the extract was performed against standard strains of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Fusobacterium nucleatum using the broth dilution method and microtitre-crystal violet assay, respectively. The MIC activity of the PAM extracts was compared with Chlorhexidine as a standard. Results: The MIC value of P. amboinicus extract was nearly similar to Chlorhexidine as assessed by the broth dilution method. The MIC of P. amboinicus extract for A.a and P.g was 0.4 ug/mL, F.n was 0.8 ug/mL, and the Chlorhexidine values against all three periodontal pathogens were 0.2 ug/mL. The anti-biofilm activity of The extract of PAMwas evaluated using the microtitrecrystal violet assay, and the Optical Density (OD) values were reduced after exposure to the extract, with a significant reduction (p&lt;0.001) of the biofilm-forming bacteria observed. Conclusion: The methanol extract of PAM demonstrated a noteworthy MIC, exhibiting effectiveness at a low concentration of 0.4 μg/mL against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in three repeated trials. Moreover, this extract displayed significant inhibitory effects on the biofilm formation of periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Fusobacterium nucleatum (Pg, Aa, Fn), suggesting its potential as an alternative to conventional chemical anti-microbials.

Exploring the Antibacterial Potential of Konjac Glucomannan in Periodontitis: Animal and In Vitro Studies.

Background and Objectives: Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease in the supporting tissues of the teeth caused by specific microorganisms or groups of microorganisms. P. gingivalis bacterium is the keystone pathogen in periodontitis, so even at low concentrations, it has a considerable influence on the oral community. Antimicrobials and antiplaque agents can be used as adjunctive therapy for periodontitis treatment. Konjac glucomannan (KGM), as a natural polysaccharide, has flavonoid (3,5-diacetyltambulin) and triterpenoids (ambylon) compounds that show antibacterial activity. This research aims to analyze the antibacterial activity of KGM on animal and in vitro periodontitis models. Materials and Methods: The animal study divided 48 mice into four groups (control, KGM, periodontitis, KGM + periodontitis). Mice were given an intervention substance by oral gavage from day 1 to day 14, periodontitis was induced on day 7, and decapitation was performed on day 14. Samples from the right maxillary jaw of mice were used for histological preparations and morphometrics analysis. In vitro studies were carried out by adding several concentrations of KGM (25, 50, and 100 μg/mL) into a planktonic P. gingivalis and P. gingivalis biofilm. Results: In the animal model, KGM could prevent alveolar bone loss in the periodontitis mice model, both in histologic and morphometrics assessments. In vitro, KGM had antibacterial activity against P. gingivalis with better bacteriostatic (15-23%) than bactericidal (11-20%) ability, proven by its ability to inhibit P. gingivalis proliferation. Conclusions: KGM can be considered to have the potential as an antibacterial agent to prevent periodontitis. The prevention of periodontitis may improve patient well-being and human quality of life.

Anti-microbial efficiency of gaseous ozone's combined use with fluoride and chlorhexidine on time-related oral biofilm: an in situ study on pediatric patients.

Oral biofilm formation is the main reason for both caries progression and soft tissue diseases. Preventing the formation and promotion of biofilm has been known as the first attempt to prevent the development of caries and soft tissue problems in the oral cavity. The present study aimed to assess the effect of ozone and its combined use with chlorhexidine (CHX) and fluoride on the complex biofilm formation of pediatric patients under in situ conditions. Extracted bovine teeth were sterilized and cut into 2 × 3 mm2 sections. The samples were placed in removable maxillary plates and 10 healthy individuals (6 boys, 4 girls; aged 7-14 years) were asked to wear these plates for 6, 24 and 48 hours. Afterwards, the tooth samples were removed, and anti-plaque agents were applied to the time-related plaque formation. Plaque thickness and viable bacterial percentages were detected by confocal laser scanning microscopy. All materials used in the study decreased the plaque formation and the percentage of viable microorganisms compared with the control group (physiological saline). In 6- and 24-hour biofilm evaluations, ozone-CHX was the most effective group in decreasing the plaque thickness (P > 0.05). Ozone-CHX and Ozone-Fluoride groups were found to be better in 48-hour biofilm assessments in caries-free group (P > 0.05). Ozone-CHX group showed a better inhibitory effect on the viability of microorganisms in 6-, 24- and 48-hour biofilm formations (P < 0.05). Although CHX has been known as the gold standard for inhibiting the oral biofilm formation, according to the results of the study, gaseous ozone and its combined use with CHX have shown better results in reducing the biofilm thickness and viable bacterial percentages of in situ formed time-related biofilm formation in pediatric patients. The use of gaseous ozone can be preferred in clinical conditions in pediatric patients instead of the CHX agents.

Effect of herbal mouthwashes from Nimba (Azardirachta indica A. Juss) and curry leaves (Murraya Koenigii (L.) Spreng.) on dental plaque, Streptococcus mutans count, and gingival health in school-going children: An open-label, randomized trial

Abstract Background: Herbal drugs have been used since ancient times; oral rinse of Nimba (Azardirachta indica A. Juss, locally known as the Neem) and curry leaves (Murraya Koenigii (L.) Spreng., locally known as the Meethi Neem) is one of them for maintaining better oral hygiene. Aim: The study aimed at determining the effect of indigenously prepared two herbal and 0.2% chlorhexidine (control group) mouthwashes on dental plaque, Streptococcus mutans count and gingival health in school-going children. Material and methods: Trial design was parallel with an allocation ratio of 1:1:1. Total 120 included children aged 8–14 years were randomized into three groups, namely, Neem leaves (n = 40), curry leaves (n = 40), and chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash (n = 40) group. At the baseline examination, plaque and gingival scores were recorded and plaque samples were taken for S. mutans count estimation. The data were entered into Microsoft Excel and analysis was performed using statistical software “SPSS-22.” Descriptive statistics and analysis of variance were applied for evaluation. Tukey’s post hoc test was used to evaluate the difference between the pairs of mouthwashes. Results: Statistically significant differences were found between CHX and Neem and curry leaves in plaque index, S. mutans count, and gingival index at 14 and 21 days from baseline. Neem and curry leaves were equally effective as CHX. Conclusion: Neem and curry leaves mouthwashes are equally effective as antiplaque and anti-gingivitis agents as that of CHX mouthwash.

Various applications of chlorhexidine as an antimicrobial agent in dentistry: A review

Chlorhexidine is a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent, which has been into used in the dental practice as a major anti plaque agent. Chlorhexidine not only shows the property of substantivity, but due to its broad spectrum of antimicrobial property, it is used in various oral diseases. Different uses of chlorhexidine are, prime most is as a major antiplaque agent, it can be used as a root canal irrigant during the process of root canal treatment, it can be used in the prevention of the dental caries as it results in the suppression of the streptococcus mutans in the oral cavity. It helps in the prevention of the secondary infection from the apthous ulcers as well as from the alveolar osteitis, it can also be prescribed to the patient suffering from denture stomatitis, show promising results also as an anti fungal agent. The use of chlorhexidine mouth wash is not recommended for long term use, as it results in discoloration, so to over come this disadvantage of the chlorhexidine a new formulation with properties of anti discoloration is preferred in case for long term use of the chlorhexidine, and this new system with property of anti discoloration shows promising results in every manner.

Comparative efficacy of topical povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine gel on dental plaque regrowth in toddlers: A randomized controlled trial.

This study aimed to compare and evaluate the efficacy of topical use of povidone-iodine (PVP-I) solution and chlorhexidine (CHX) gel on dental plaque regrowth after 3 and 7 days in toddlers aged 24-36 months. A randomized controlled trial that included 45 healthy toddlers aged 24-36 months, who were randomly assigned to three groups. The first group received a placebo (distilled water (DW)) (negative control). The second group received topical CHX gel (0.2% w/v) (positive control). The third group received topical PVP-I solution (10% w/v). Plaque accumulation was measured at the baseline (t0 ), after 3 days (t1 ) and after 7 days (t2 ) using the Turesky-modified Quigley-Hein plaque index (TMQHPI). Oral hygiene practices were prohibited during the trial period. The trial ID is ACTRN12623000567628. In the DW group, the mean of the TMQHPI score was 1.89 ± 0.67 at t0 and decreased to 1.45 ± 0.66 at t1 (p = .028). Similarly, in the CHX group, the mean of the TMQHPI score was 1.83 ± 1.06 at t0 and decreased to 1.02 ± 0.99 at t1 (p = .033). Regarding the PVP-I group, the mean of the TMQHPI score went from 1.84 ± 0.85 to 1.01 ± 0.61 at t1 and then increased to 1.57 ± 0.74 at t2 . Those changes were statistically significant (p = .001) and (p = .002), respectively. No statistically significant difference was noted between TMQHPI scores at t0 (p = .789). Regarding t1 and t2 , no statistically significant difference was found between the three groups (p > .05). CHX and PVP-I efficacy lasted only for 3 days, and PVP-I was not superior to CHX in terms of plaque control in toddlers. However, further studies are needed to determine the long-term efficacy of these antiplaque agents in toddlers.

Chlorhexidine Mouthwash in Dentistry

Chlorhexidine is a mouthwash used by dentist and the public for its anti-bacterial properties. It is used in dentistry for many years as an excellent anti-plaque agent to prevent the development of periodontal diseases. Chlorhexidine not only exhibits special property of substantivity, it also possesses a broad antimicrobial spectrum which makes its use in wide variety of oral diseases and conditions. It is often used as an ingredient in various mouth washes designed to reduce plaque and oral disease. It has been shown to have an immediate bactericidal and long-term bacteriostatic effect due to adsorption on the enamel surface covered with the pellicle. It’s used in almost all the fields of dentistry in various forms such as mouth –washes, sprays, gels and restorative materials. The usual dose is 10- 15 ml of undiluted chlorhexidine gluconate oral rinse, swished in the mouth for 30 seconds, and expectorated.

A Cross-Sectional Study to Evaluate Dental Professionals' Knowledge of Antiplaque Mouth Rinse Agents and their Application in Periodontal Practice.

Mouth rinse agents reduce inflammation and microbial burden, improving periodontal clinical parameters. Yet, improper clinical use of these compounds might have several deleterious repercussions. Given the lack of research on the knowledge and application of antiplaque mouth rinse agents, this research was conducted. The research is an electronic survey wherein responses were gathered for ten items with predetermined answers in addition to covariate data. The questions were conceived to illuminate the level of knowledge possessed by dental professionals and their utilization pattern in periodontal practice. The data gathered underwent quantitative statistical analysis. Participants in the study included 100 dental professionals from various disciplines, all of whom agreed that mouth rinses are a vital adjuvant in periodontal therapy. Most acknowledged being aware of the various mouth rinse agents, but their knowledge and application of mouth rinses were largely confined to chlorhexidine gluconate, with little consideration being given to alternative antiplaque agents. Little knowledge exists among dental professionals regarding mouth rinse agents and their appropriate application. Dental schools, clinical advisory organizations, and other establishments could educate dental professionals on the specific guidelines for utilizing antiplaque mouth rinses in a dental context, especially as an adjunct to periodontal therapy.

Characterization of Cocoa Bean Husk Extract Particles and its Comparison as a Mouthrinse with Different Vehicles in Children aged 7-12 Years.

Assessing the efficacy of cocoa bean husk extract (CBHE) particles with different vehicles as a mouthrinse in children aged 7-12 years in comparison to chlorhexidine (CHX) and sodium fluoride (NaF) mouthrinse. A total of 80 children aged 7-12 years residing at a residential school/orphanage in Bengaluru city were selected and randomly allocated into five groups-group I: 0.1% CBHE with distilled water (DW); group II: 0.1% CBHE with Ringer's lactate (RL); group III: 0.12% CHX; group IV: 0.1% CBHE with normal saline (NS); and group V: 0.05% NaF. A Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) was recorded, salivary pH was assessed, and unstimulated saliva samples were collected at baseline (BL) after 30 minutes of rinsing on day 7 and day 14. These saliva samples were subjected to microbiological analysis, and all the data from five groups at four different time intervals was tabulated and statistically evaluated. Nearly 0.1% CBHE with NS as vehicle showed maximum antibacterial properties among all the groups at all time intervals. The addition of RL to CBHE provided better anti-plaque efficacy than 0.1% CBHE with DW and 0.12% CHX mouthwash. All three combinations of 0.1% CBHE and 0.12% CHX mouthwash proved to be better anti-plaque agents than 0.05% NaF. Improving the preparation of CBHE mouthwash by using NS, RL, and with the addition of saccharin sodium also improved the patient's compliance. Thus, preparing chocolate/CBHE mouthwash with NS or RL instead of plain DW increased the salivary pH, anti-plaque efficacy, and antibacterial property by reducing Streptococcus mutans growth. Cocoa bean husk extract (CBHE) mouthwash is a better anticariogenic and nonalcoholic mouthwash compared to CHX and NaF, which can be safely used in children as a routine oral rinse and also for those with gingivitis and high-risk of caries. Kibriya S, Srinivasan I, Setty JV, et al. Characterization of Cocoa Bean Husk Extract Particles and its Comparison as a Mouthrinse with Different Vehicles in Children aged 7-12 Years. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(1):54-59.

Determination of Antibacterial Activity of Cacia Nilotica against Porphyromonas Gingivalis and Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans: An in vitro study

Introduction: Periodontal disease is the most common bacterial disease of the mankind affecting more than 10% of the world’s population. There are various synthetic drugs used now a days to treat periodontal diseases which causes harmful side effects on prolonged use. Development of Multi Drug Resistance (MDR) by bacteria to antibiotics has also become an alarming threat. Hence it is inevitable to develop an innovative and alternative strategy that ensures safety, efficacy, cost effectiveness and easy availability. One such strategy is to explore the enormous wealth of medicinal plants. Objective: To determine the anti – bacterial activity of Acacia nilotica against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and to impart the significance of herbs in routine life and to identify an alternate natural and safe remedy to periodontal disease. Methods: Extract of “A.nilotica” [powder form] was obtained and was certified to be free from bacteria, yeast/mould by manufacturer after microbial analysis. A.actinomycetemcomitans and P.gingivalis, had been sub cultured from maintained frozen stock. Antibacterial activity of these bacteria against extracts of A.nilotica was determined using disk diffusion method and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration was recorded. Result: A. nilotica showed antibacterial activity for both aqueous and ethanol extracts of which ethanol extracts was more effective than that of aqueous extract. Conclusion: A.nilotica exerts antimicrobial activity against A.actinomycetemcomitans and P.gingivalis. These plant extracts have the potential to be used as antiplaque agents and can be used as an alternate phytotherapeutic for the commercial periodontal drugs available now which are synthetic and causing side effects.

Comparative Evaluation of Effectiveness of Triphala and Chlorhexidine in One Stage Full Mouth Disinfection Treatment of Stage-II and III Periodontitis in Type-II Diabetes Mellitus Patients- A Research Protocol

Introduction: The idea of Full-Mouth Disinfection (FMD) was presented in the early 1990s, the traditional method of treating periodontal disease, quadrant by quadrant over several visits. The FMD method has been recommended with a number of changes over time. Triphala, Ayurvedic medicinal herbal formulations is also useful in dentistry as antiplaque, antimicrobial, antioxidant, analgesic, antipyretic and antiinflammatory agent. As Chlorhexidine (CHX) is used from past years for full mouth disinfection, there is need to evaluate the efficacy of CHX as well as Triphala in diabetic mellitus patients. Need of the study: As CHX has been used for years to disinfect the entire mouth, a study comparing the effectiveness of CHX and Triphala in individuals with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) for full mouth disinfection will be done. Aim: To evaluate and compare the efficacy of triphala and CHX in the treatment of Stage-II and III periodontitis with one stage complete mouth disinfection in Type-IIDM patients. Materials and Methods: This experimental study will be done in Sharad Pawar dental College, department of Periodontics after obtaining the ethical clearance during September 2021 to September 2022. About 24 type 2 diabetic subjects with StageII and Stage-III periodontitis, will be randomly divided into test Group-And control group with 12 in each group. In Group-A, Full mouth disinfection will be done using CHX and in Group-B full mouth disinfection will be done using Triphala. After full mouth subgingival scaling and root planning, patient will brush the dorsum of the tongue for one minute with gel, the mouth will be rinsed two times with mouthwash for one minute, the pharynx will be cleaned with a spray, and all periodontal pockets will be irrigated (thrice within 10 minutes) with a gel. Clinical parameters will be evaluated at baseline and six months. The clinical parameters are Probing Pocket Depth (PPD), Plaque Index (PI), Clinical Attachment Level (CAL), Papillary Bleeding Index (PBI). Paired t-test will be used to compare data within group for before and after treatment and unpaired t-test will be used to compare between the groups.

Role and common types of herbal medicine used for oral health in the Middle-East

Herbal therapies are used worldwide to treat health conditions. In Middle Eastern countries, since ancient generations, herbal medicine has been used for oral health because of cultural and religious norms. Antiseptic, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant, antiviral agents, and analgesic derived from plants are of widespread interest in dentistry. The properties of herbal medicine are used to treat toothache, gum inflammation, canker sores, halitosis, gingivitis, and periodontitis, as well as tooth decay. The popular herbs and spices used in treating dental disorders in Middle Eastern countries are cloves, miswak, thyme, green tea, peppermint, rosemary, olive oil, myrrh, anise, sesame, ginger, and garlic. Based on the available evidence from research demonstrating the antibacterial, antimicrobial, analgesic, and antiplaque effects of these herbs used in Middle Eastern countries, they could still be useful as an alternative treatment for gingivitis, periodontal diseases, or antiplaque agents. However, more clinical data is required to ascertain the benefits of herbal medicine for oral tissues and the prevention of oral diseases.

Comparative evaluation of the antimicrobial efficacy of herbal mouthwash versus chlorhexidine mouthwash

Abstract Context: Chlorhexidine is considered as the "gold standard" anti-plaque agent over last three to four decades. Due to disadvantages of chlorhexidine, now a days an alternative is advisable, which is free from all the disadvantages of chlorhexidine. Aim and Objective: The study aims at finding herbal alternatives to chemical mouthwashes to avoid harmful side-effects and improve patient compliance and over all oral health. Materials and Methods: 160 dental students, 18 – 25 years of age were selected for this study from Santosh Dental College and Hospital, Ghaziabad. The study were divided randomly into two groups. Group -1 was advised to rinse with herbal mouthwash. Group-2 was advised to rinse with 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash. Result: Lesser side-effects were observed with herbal mouth-wash as comparison with Chlorhexidine mouth-wash and also these two mouthwashes shown equal effectiveness. Conclusion: The present study summarized that, Herbal mouthwashes have proved to be excellent antiplaque agents. In the present study, it is concluded that the herbal mouthwashes are equally good antimicrobial agents compared to CHX mouthwash with lesser side-effects and equally effective as well.

Effect of Calendula officinalis Linn in Oral health- A Review

Calendula officinalis L., a member of the Asteraceae family, is often known as English Marigold or Pot Marigold. Marigold is an annual or perennial herb traditionally used to treat wounds, ulcers, herpes, scars, skin damage, frostbite, and blood purification. It is mainly used to treat disorders as an anti-diabetic, anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activity because of its numerous biological properties. This plant has a high concentration of medicinally active substances such as carotenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids and sterols, quinines, volatile oil, and amino acids. The plant extract, as well as the pure compound derived from it, has been shown to have a variety of pharmacological properties, including anti-cytotoxic, hepatoprotective, and spasmolytic effects, among others. It is used to treat oral mucositis, angular cheilitis, periodontal bone loss, leukoplakia and also used as a root canal irrigant, intracanal medicament, and anti-plaque agent in dentistry. It also helps to heal and manage microbial plaque in gingivitis and periodontitis, boosting immunity. The most significant obstacle and concern is the lack of knowledge regarding the effects of C.officinalis on oral tissues, their mechanisms of action, and their adverse effects. Hence, this review has explored the various medicinal properties of C.officinalis useful in the multiple fields of dentistry.