Antioxidant Evaluation Research Articles

Exploring the essential oil from wild <i>Melaleuca leucadendra</i> with trans-caryophyllene as the predominant compound for its antioxidant properties

<i></i><i>Melaleuca leucadendra</i> L. is a well-known source of essential oil with diverse bioactivities, but variations in its chemical composition influence its antioxidant potential. T he chemical profile of the oil varies significantly depending on its botanical source. This study evaluates the chemical profile and antioxidant activity of <i>M. leucadendra</i> essential oil obtained from four locations in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Essential oils were extracted using steam and water distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH and ABTS assays. GC-MS analysis revealed that sesquiterpenes (56.66–86.57%) were the dominant constituents, followed by monoterpenes (1.95–31.87%) and minor compounds (11.45–13.30%). The major compounds identified in all samples were trans- caryophyllene, α-humulene, and (-)-β-elemene. Antioxidant evaluation showed that <i>M. leucadendra</i> essential oil exhibited stronger ABTS radical scavenging activity (44.1–74.5%) compared to DPPH, with IC<sub>50</sub> values below 50 µg.mL–¹, classifying it as a very strong antioxidant. The correlation between trans-caryophyllene, α-humulene, and high ABTS activity indicates that these compounds significantly contribute to antioxidant efficacy. The findings suggest that <i>M. leucadendra</i> essential oil is a promising natural antioxidant, with potential applications in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food preservation to mitigate oxidative stress. Future studies should explore additional antioxidant assays and in vivo evaluations to further validate its therapeutic potential.

Quick separation and enrichment of chlorogenic acid and its analogues by a high-efficient molecularly imprinted nanoparticles and evaluation of antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities.

Quick separation and enrichment of chlorogenic acid and its analogues by a high-efficient molecularly imprinted nanoparticles and evaluation of antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities.

Development and Characterization of a Kombucha-based Gel Enriched with Strawberry (Fragariavesca) and Ashoka Flower (Ixora coccinea L.): Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity against S. aureus and S. epidermidis

Kombucha is a fermented drink made from tea leaves and sugar involving symbiosis between yeast and acetic acid bacteria. Ashoka flowers (Ixora coccinea L.) are rich in antioxidants. Strawberries contain flavonoids that can inhibit bacterial growth due to disruption of the DNA process, damage to cell membranes and protein denaturation in bacteria. Examples of pathogenic bacteria include S. aureus and S. epidermidis which usually attack the skin. Researchers are interested in conducting research by making a gel preparation that actively inhibits bacterial growth. The study was conducted by making fermented kombucha tea with a combination of Strawberries and Ashoka Flowers, making a gel preparation, testing activity against S. aureus and S. epidermidis bacteria, and testing antioxidant activity using the FRAP method. The results showed that the Fermented Tea Gel (Kombucha) Combination of Strawberries and Ashoka Flowers has antibacterial activity against S. aureus bacteria in the strong category in Formula F3 (MIC 10.9 mm), and has antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis bacteria in the moderate category in Formula F3 (MIC 9.06 mm). And Formulation F3 has antioxidant activity in the very strong category. Conclusion on this research is Kombucha contains Phenol and Acid content that can destroy bacterial cell walls. And with the addition of Strawberries and Ashoka flowers that contain phenolic and flavonoid compounds add to the antibacterial and antioxidant activity of the gel.

Unveiling the antioxidant potential of new modified hyaluronan derivatives: Design, synthesis, characterization, antioxidant evaluation, and in-silico studies with molecular docking simulation.

Unveiling the antioxidant potential of new modified hyaluronan derivatives: Design, synthesis, characterization, antioxidant evaluation, and in-silico studies with molecular docking simulation.

Evaluation of Morphological Characteristics, Antioxidants, and Volatile Compounds of Selected New Yellow-fleshed Peach Cultivars

To further improve the self-fruiting ability, storability, and enhance flavor quality of the yellow-fleshed peach cultivar Jinhuangjin (JHJ), the Jinhuangjin 2 (JHJ 2) and Jinhuangjin 8 (JHJ 8) cultivars were bred via crossbreeding and bud selection, respectively, and derived from the JHJ cultivar. In this study, the main growth stages, morphological characteristics, contents of total phenolics and total flavonoids of ‘JHJ 2’ and ‘JHJ 8’ were compared with those of the maternal cultivar JHJ, and an analysis of the volatile compounds of ‘JHJ 2’ and ‘JHJ 8’ were conducted. The JHJ 2 cultivar matured relatively late and the harvest period was delayed until early September. The morphological characteristics of the JHJ 2 cultivar significantly differed from those of JHJ and JHJ 8 cultivars in terms of flower color, flower type, stigma position compared with anther, self-pollination ability, and angle at the leaf apex. The JHJ 8 cultivar had smaller flowers and leaves but larger fruits compared with those of the JHJ and JHJ 2 cultivars. The pulp of the JHJ 8 cultivar contained the highest amount of flavonoid and phenolics concentrations. According to the principal component analysis (PCA) of data based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, the contents of volatile compounds were most abundant in pulp of the JHJ 2 cultivar and highlighted the distinctions of the breeding selection (JHJ 2 and JHJ 8 cultivars) from the maternal JHJ cultivar. The present study aimed to provide insights into the characteristics of the newly developed JHJ 2 and JHJ 8 cultivars as well as antioxidants and contents of volatile compounds. The results of this study offer insights for improving the later-maturing yellow-fleshed peach cultivar.

Novel sulfonamide-based azo-metal complexes: Synthesis, characterization, theoretical studies, and In Vitro antioxidant and anticancer evaluation

Novel sulfonamide-based azo-metal complexes: Synthesis, characterization, theoretical studies, and In Vitro antioxidant and anticancer evaluation

Synthesis, Molecular Docking, Antimicrobial, and Antioxidant Evaluation of Novel Dithiazole and Thiazole Derivatives.

An efficient procedure was reported for the synthesis of novel hybrid dithiazoles 7 and thiazoles 15, in good yields, by applying hydrazonyl chlorides 4 with thiocarbohydrazone derivatives 3 and 12. The thiazole derivatives were evaluated for their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. According to the results, thiazoles revealed marked potency as antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. Thus, 7a's DPPH radical scavenging activity was excellent (38.19±0.33 and 14.37±0.4) at concentrations of 2.0 and 1.0 mg/mL, respectively. In addition, compound 3 exhibited activity against all bacterial strains tested, as evidenced by inhibition zones measuring that ranged from 8.5±0.43 mm for E. faecalis to 16.5±0.43 mm for S. mutans. The MIC results showed that compound 3 was effective against E. coli, S. aureus, E. faecalis, P. aeruginosa, and S. mutans at concentrations of 1.0, 1.0, 2.0, 1.0, and 1.0 mg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, molecular docking has shown lower binding energy with different types of interactions at the active sites of Dihydropteroate synthase, Sortase A, LasR, and penicillin-binding protein pockets, indicating that these compounds could inhibit the enzyme and cause promising antimicrobial effects.

Preliminary Phytochemical Screening, LC-MS, FT-IR and HPTLC Analyses, and Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Ethanolic Extracts of Crataeva nurvala Bark

Introduction: The bioactive constituents found in herbal medicines play a crucial role in their therapeutic effects. Crataeva nurvala is a well-known medicinal plant, traditionally used for the treatment of kidney and bladder-related ailments. In Ayurveda, its bark has been employed for over 3,000 years as a natural remedy for various kidney disorders. Objective: In this research article, the ethanolic bark extract of Crataeva nurvala was characterized through physical evaluation, preliminary phytochemical screening, LCMS, FT-IR, and HPTLC analyses, along with assessments of its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Methods: The extraction process was performed using petroleum ether, and 150g of weighed Crataeva nurvala powdered bark was carried out in a Soxhlet apparatus for 36 hours. The extraction was completed by putting one drop from a thimble onto a filter paper that exhibited no oil spots. The bark marcs were removed and allowed to dry before being individually exposed to a 24-hour hot extraction process using 90% ethanol in a soxhlet apparatus. The solvent was vaporized and concentrated to produce a dry residue after the extraction. Results: LC-MS analysis identified several major phytoconstituents in the ethanolic extract, including scoulerin, formononetin, L-carnosine, resveratrol, flavanone, quercetin, kaempferide, rhamnetin, daidzein, and isorhamnetin. FT-IR spectroscopy revealed characteristic peaks corresponding to various functional groups present in the extract. HPTLC studies confirmed the presence of active compounds, such as lupeol and gallic acid. Phytochemical screening of Crataeva nurvala bark extract further detected saponins, glycosides, alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, and tannins. This study also demonstrated notable antioxidant and antimicrobial activities associated with the plant extract. Conclusion: It can be concluded that Crataeva nurvala bark contains numerous bioactive compounds, making it a valuable plant for phytopharmaceutical applications. The ethanolic extracts of Crataeva nurvala bark demonstrated significant antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. For the first time, LC-MS and HPTLC analyses revealed high contents of L-anserine nitrate, resveratrol, flavanone, chlorogenic acid hemihydrate, quercetin, kaempferide, isorhamnetin, rhamnetin, gallic acid, and lupeol, which likely contribute to these biological effects. Additionally, the study suggests that the ethanolic extract may possess antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, and anti-obesity properties due to the presence of 16 phytochemical compounds identified by LC-MS. Fluorescent analysis of the bark powder showed characteristic coloration upon exposure to various chemical reagents, supporting the presence of diverse phytochemicals. Preliminary phytochemical screening further confirmed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, glycosides, and tannins in the ethanolic bark extract.

Phytochemical investigation and assessment of anti-arthritic activity of Dicanthium annulatum herbal plant extract in Wistar rats

This study focuses on the phytochemical screening, antioxidant evaluation, and anti-arthritic activity of the methanolic extract of Dichanthium annulatum (whole plant). The extraction process yielded 4.16%, and preliminary phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and carbohydrates. Quantitative estimation revealed a total phenolic content of 36.88 mg/g gallic acid equivalent and a total flavonoid content of 23.3 mg/g rutin equivalent. Antioxidant potential was assessed via the DPPH free radical scavenging assay, indicating moderate activity with an IC₅₀ value of 50.10 µg/mL. The anti-arthritic effect was evaluated in Wistar rats using the Freund’s Complete Adjuvant (FCA)-induced arthritis model. Oral administration of the extract (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) significantly reduced paw edema and improved hematological (RBC, WBC, Hb) and biochemical (ALP, AST, ALT, CRP) parameters. The results were comparable to the standard drug diclofenac sodium. These findings suggest that Dichanthium annulatum possesses significant anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic potential due to its bioactive constituents.

Assessment of the Phytochemicals, Antioxidant, and GC-MS Evaluation of Methanolic Leaf Extract of an Antidiabetic Plant, Cola millenii

The phytochemicals present in Cola millenii have been described in different reports as an effective anti-diabetic plant. This study evaluated the phytochemical contents and antioxidant potential of Cola millenii leaves. Using methanol, the phytochemicals in the leaves were extracted, and the methanol was distilled from the Cola millenii extract using a rotary evaporator. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined spectrophotometrically. Using the 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay, the in-vitro antioxidant potential of the extract was determined, respectively. The extract was also analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine the presence of volatile compounds. The results from this study showed a high total phenolic content (32.71.97mg/100g GAE), and the total flavonoid content in the extract had a concentration of (0.970.11 mg QE/g). The in-vitro antioxidant activity determined by DPPH showed an IC50 of 213.80 μg/mL compared to the standard Vitamin C, 1.87 μg/mL. The evaluation done by Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay showed an increase in % of reducing power with an increase in extract concentration. The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that the leaf extract possesses 25 different compounds. However, five of the compounds, namely n-Hexadecanoic acid, 6-Octadecenoic acid, Octadecanoic acid, Squalene, and Vitamin E, had higher concentrations of 32.53%, 32.85%, 3.87%, 7.71%, and 7.86%, respectively. The antioxidant activity property and presence of the identified phytochemicals in Cola milenii leaf extract from this study may be responsible for its anti-diabetic activity in herbal medicine and other pharmacological benefits.

Protective Effects of Aqueous Propolis Extract from the Artvin-Hatila Region of Türkiye Against Zinc Oxide-Induced Genotoxicity: Antimutagenic, Antioxidant, and Phytochemical Evaluation

This study investigated the protective effects of an aqueous propolis extract obtained from the Artvin-Hatila region of Türkiye against genotoxic stress induced by zinc oxide (ZnO) exposure in Allium cepa root meristem cells. Cytogenetic parameters such as mitotic index, chromosomal abnormalities, and micronucleus formation were evaluated. Antioxidant capacity was measured using DPPH, FRAP, and CUPRAC assays. The phenolic compound profile was determined via HPLC, and total phenolic and flavonoid contents were spectrophotometrically quantified. The results demonstrated that the 100 mg/L concentration of propolis significantly reduced ZnO-induced cytogenetic damage. At both lower and higher concentrations, this effect was diminished, and genotoxicity increased in some parameters. The findings suggest that the phenolic compounds in propolis may suppress ZnO-related genotoxic stress and, when applied within an appropriate dose range, contribute to maintaining cellular structural integrity in biological systems. These results indicate that propolis may represent a promising natural resource for the development of alternative protective strategies against environmental toxic agents.

Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Aqueous Extracts from Hymenochaetaceae Fungi Associated with Endemic Chilean Sclerophyll Forest Trees

In the search for safe and effective natural antioxidants, this study investigates the antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of aqueous extracts obtained from three fungi of the family Hymenochaetaceae: Inonotus sp., Fulvifomes sp., and Phylloporia boldo, all associated with endemic trees of the Chilean sclerophyll forest. Antioxidant capacity was assessed through DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays. Fulvifomes sp. exhibited the highest antioxidant activity across all methods, which was consistent with its elevated polyphenol content. P. boldo, on the other hand, had the highest protein concentration but comparatively lower antioxidant activity. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the WST-1 assay in the RTgill-W1 salmonid cell line, revealing that Inonotus sp. displayed the lowest cytotoxicity at both tested concentrations, suggesting it may be suitable for bioactive applications in aquaculture. In contrast, Fulvifomes sp. and P. boldo showed significant cytotoxic effects at higher concentrations. These findings highlight the potential of Inonotus sp. as a natural antioxidant with low cytotoxicity and encourages further exploration of native forest fungi as sources of functional bioactive compounds for food, nutraceutical, or aquaculture applications.

Phytochemical Profiling and Evaluation of Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities In vitro of Newbouldia laevis and Flueggea virosa Leaf Extracts

Traditional medicine use has surged over the past 20 years, with many people using it to treat various health issues. Ethnobotanical and pharmaceutical surveys revealed their application in many areas. Ethnobotanical and pharmaceutical surveys have revealed their application in many areas. Analyzing the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and quantifying the polyphenol, flavonoid, and tannin contents of the methanolic and hydroethanolic extracts from the leaves of Flueggea virosa and Newbouldia laevis.is the goal of this study. All extracts exhibited notable antioxidant activity. Among them, we noted that the hydroethanolic extract of F. virosa stood out by displaying the highest antioxidant performance, with values of 3.30 ± 0.05; 7.81 ± 0.54 and 18.72 ± 0.05 mMol AAE/mg according to the ABTS, APM, and DPPH methods, respectively. The quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds showed that extracts from F. virosa leaves were so rich in polyphenols (14328 and 22512 μg EAG/mg extract). From the study of anti-inflammatory activity, it was found that a good activity was obtained for all extracts in particular the hydroethanolic extract of N. laevis (IC50 = 0.87 ± 0.02 mg/mL). From these results, it is deduced that the content of phenolic compounds is very high for F. virosa and N. laevis in contrast to flavonoids and tannins that give them these anti-inflammatory and antioxidant powers. The study supports the use of these plants in traditional medicine.

EXPLORING THE ANTI-OXIDANT POTENCY OF NOVEL ISATIN SCHIFF BASE DERIVATIVES

The research details the synthesis, characterization, and antioxidant evaluation of five novel Schiff base derivatives of Isatin (A1–A5). Five derivatives (A1–A5) were synthesized via condensation reactions involving Isatin, p-phenylenediamine, and various aromatic aldehydes. Characterization was achieved through thin layer chromatography (TLC), melting point analysis, Fourier Transfer-Infrared Spectroscopy, 1H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and 13C-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Using a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, the antioxidant activity of these derivatives was assessed. The research emphasizes that the synthesized compounds exhibited statistically significant and biologically relevant antioxidant activities. These findings highlight the importance of specific substitution patterns on the Isatin scaffold in enhancing antioxidant efficacy. The work lays a foundation for further pharmacokinetic and structure-activity relationship studies and supports the potential of these Schiff base derivatives as promising candidates in the development of multifunctional therapeutic agents. Keywords: Isatin, Schiff Base, Antioxidant activity.

Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant evaluation of methanolic extracts from Lepidium sativum seeds and Averrhoa carambola fruits: A comparative analysis

This study compares the antioxidant potential and phytochemical composition of methanolic extracts from Lepidium sativum (seeds) and Averrhoa carambola (fruits), chosen due to their traditional medicinal uses and differing plant parts, to explore their potential health benefits. The total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content, and various in vitro antioxidant assays—including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, reducing power, superoxide dismutase (SOD) scavenger, and ferric thiocyanate tests—were evaluated. The results revealed that Lepidium sativum exhibited significantly higher TPC (270.34 mg/gm) and flavonoid content (85.05 mg/gm) compared to Averrhoa carambola (TPC: 49.04 mg/gm, flavonoids: 21.10 mg/gm). Additionally, Lepidium sativum consistently showed superior antioxidant efficacy across all assays, with higher inhibition percentages and lower inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) values for DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide dismutase scavenging. The pronounced antioxidant activity of Lepidium sativum, likely due to its enriched phenolic and flavonoid content, highlights its potential as a natural remedy for managing oxidative stress-related diseases and warrants further investigation into its therapeutic applications for oxidative damage management.

Antioxidant properties and reproductive health benefits of Opa eyin herbal concoction: <i>In vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> evaluation

There is an increased demand and consumption of aphrodisiac and reproductive-beneficial herbal mixtures in Nigeria. The empirical data to validate the perceived therapeutic properties of herbal concoctions like Opa eyin remains undocumented. Therefore, this study investigated the phytochemical composition and antioxidant properties of Opa eyin, a traditional herbal concoction used in South Western Nigeria. A total of 20 healthy male Wistar rats were assigned to 4 groups (n=5). The animals received graded doses of Opa in (0.20, 0.40, and 0.80 ml/kg body weight respectively) for 28 days. The animals were then sacrificed and the antioxidant evaluation of Opa eyin was carried out on the liver, kidney, and testes according to standard protocols. The data generated was subjected to statistical analysis in R statistical programming version 4.3.0. Phytochemical analysis revealed high levels of anthocyanins (109.91 mg/100 g), flavonoids (98.82 mg/100 g), steroids (58.39 mg/100 g), and alkaloids (56.55 mg/100 g), which are associated with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects. The concoction demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) in vitro antioxidant activity through DPPH radical scavenging, reducing power, and nitric oxide scavenging assays, exhibiting a dose-dependent response. In vivo experiments on Wistar rats revealed dose-dependent antioxidant effects in the liver, kidney, and testes. Opa eyin improved the reproductive health of the exposed animals, evidenced by reduced oxidative stress in the testes, suggesting potential benefits for fertility. These findings underscore its therapeutic potential and validate its traditional use, although further studies are needed to elucidate its long-term safety and efficacy.

In vitro evaluation of phytochemical, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties of Suaeda maritima

Halophytes adapted to saline environments are rich sources of bioactive compounds with notable pharmacological potential. Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort. a well-known halophyte, has been traditionally employed for its medicinal benefits. This study investigates the phytochemical composition and bioactive potential of S. maritima extracts obtained through sequential extraction using hexane, chloroform, methanol, and water. The primary objective is to assess the phytochemical constituents and evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities of these extracts. Among the different solvent extracts, the methanol extract exhibited the highest concentration of bioactive compounds. Quantitative analysis revealed that the methanol extract contained significant amounts of phenols (185.92 mg GAE g⁻1), flavonoids (453.84 mg QCE g⁻1), terpenoids (246.36 mg linalool Eq g⁻1), saponins (50.75 mg diosgenin Eq g⁻1), and steroids (96.74 mg stigmasterol Eq g⁻1). Antioxidant activity assessed via DPPH assay showed an IC50 of 165.72 µg mL⁻1 for methanol extract compared to ascorbic acid (115.06 µg mL⁻1). Anti-inflammatory activity measured through protein denaturation inhibition revealed an IC50 of 203.55 µg mL⁻1 for methanol extract compared to diclofenac sodium (169.33 µg mL⁻1). The in vitro cytotoxicity assay against A549 lung cancer cells demonstrated that the methanol extract exhibited significant activity, with an IC50 of 52.55 µg mL⁻1, compared to doxorubicin (38.84 µg mL⁻1). LC–MS/MS analysis identified twelve bioactive compounds in the methanol extract, including phenols, steroid derivatives, terpenoid derivatives, anthraquinones, glycoside esters, and flavonoids. In conclusion, the methanol extract of S. maritima exhibited notable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties, underscoring its promise as a rich source of novel bioactive compounds. Further studies should aim at isolating and identifying these active constituents and elucidating their mechanisms through detailed in vivo investigations to support the development of effective, natural therapeutic agents.

Exploring Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Tyrosinase Potentials and Phytochemical Profiling of Cannabis sativa Stems Byproducts

Cannabis sativa L. has been traditionally used for its therapeutic properties, particularly in treating various skin conditions. This study explores the in vitro anti-aging potential of five distinct parts of C. sativa L. (inflorescence, seed, leaf, stem, and root) by analyzing their bioactive compounds and biological activities. Ultrasound-assisted extraction was employed using ethyl acetate as an extracting solvent, followed by chemical characterization via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS/MS) analyses. The biological assessment included antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tyrosinase activities, and cytotoxicity evaluations. The inflorescence extract demonstrated the antioxidant activity, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 3,849.01 ± 5.25 µg/mL against DPPH radicals and 31.19 ± 0.96% inhibition of NO radicals at 1.25 mg/mL. Notably, the stem extract exhibited the highest anti-tyrosinase activity, with an IC50 value of 0.01 ± 0.00 mg/mL, and significantly inhibited 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) activity with an IC50 value of <0.024 µg/mL. All extracts showed no cytotoxicity on HaCaT cells at a concentration of 10 µg/mL, indicating their potential safety for dermatological applications. The stem extract was abundant in phytosterols, triterpenoids, diterpenoids, unsaturated fatty acids, and phenolic compounds, which likely contribute to its anti-inflammatory and anti-tyrosinase effects. These findings suggest that the stem, traditionally considered as waste, could be a valuable raw material for developing dermatological treatments with strong anti-inflammatory and skin-brightening effects.

Phospholipid/HP-β-CD Hybrid Nanosystems Amplify Neohesperidin Bioavailability via Dual Enhancement of Solubility and Stability

Neohesperidin (NH), a bioactive flavanone glycoside, exhibits multifaceted pharmacological properties including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, its clinical application is severely constrained by inherent physicochemical limitations such as poor aqueous solubility and instability under physiological conditions. To address these challenges, this study developed a dual-carrier nano-liposomal system through the synergistic integration of phospholipid complexation and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) inclusion technologies. Two formulations—NH-PC (phospholipid complex) and NH-PC-CD (phospholipid/HP-β-CD hybrid)—were fabricated via ultrasonication-assisted ethanol precipitation. Comprehensive characterization using FTIR and PXRD confirmed the amorphous dispersion of NH within lipid bilayers, with complete elimination of crystalline diffraction peaks, indicative of molecular-level interactions between NH’s hydroxyl groups and phospholipid polar moieties. The engineered nanosystems demonstrated remarkable solubility enhancement, achieving 321.77 μg/mL (NH-PC) and 318.75 μg/mL (NH-PC-CD), representing 2.01- and 1.99-fold increases over free NH. Encapsulation efficiencies exceeded 95% for both formulations, with sustained release profiles revealing 60.81% (NH-PC) and 80.78% (NH-PC-CD) cumulative release over 72 h, governed predominantly by non-Fickian diffusion kinetics. In vitro gastrointestinal simulations highlighted superior bioaccessibility for NH-PC-CD (66.35%) compared to NH-PC (58.52%) and free NH (20.85%), attributed to enhanced stability against enzymatic degradation. Storage stability assessments further validated the robustness of HP-β-CD-modified liposomes, with NH-PC-CD maintaining consistent particle size (<3% variation) and encapsulation efficiency (>92%) over 30 days. Antioxidant evaluations demonstrated concentration-dependent DPPH radical scavenging, wherein nanoencapsulation significantly amplified NH’s activity compared to its free form. This study establishes a paradigm for dual-functional nanocarriers, offering a scalable strategy to optimize the delivery of hydrophobic nutraceuticals while addressing critical challenges in bioavailability and physiological stability.

Evaluation of antioxidant and anticancer activities of a herbal formulation on breast cancer cell line (MCF-7)

Evaluation of antioxidant and anticancer activities of a herbal formulation on breast cancer cell line (MCF-7)