Antioxidant Activity Of Ethanolic Extract Research Articles

Studies on the antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of Cassis alata using FT-IR, HPLC and GC-MS analysis

Studies on the antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of Cassis alata using FT-IR, HPLC and GC-MS analysis

Evaluation of antioxidant activities of ethanol extract from Ligusticum subjected to in-vitro gastrointestinal digestion

The Rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort, a traditional Chinese medicine, is widely used to treat cardiovascular diseases and attenuate oxidative stress. The main bioactive compounds including tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), polyphenols, ferulic acid have been reported to be responsible for these effects. This study was to evaluate the influence of Ligusticum chuanxiong extraction (LCE) in mimic gastrointestinal tract on antioxidant activity. The effects of gastric digestion group metabolic liquid on free radical scavenging followed as DPPH > ·O2− > ·OH, while the clearance effects of intestine digestion group expressed as ·O2−> ·OH > DPPH. Furthermore, the digested extraction promoted lower cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) with dose-response correlations. Gastrointestinal digestion increased the release of bound ferulic acids and polyphenols. Content of ferulic acid in gastric and intestinal metabolic solution increased from 6.07 mg/g to 9.33 mg/g and 14.17 mg/g. The free phenolic before and after digestion were 177.38 mg/g, 179.69 mg/g and 194.99 mg/g, respectively. The simulated gastrointestinal digestion of LCE promoted a significant increase in the free phenolic acids content, antioxidant activity and CAA.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN ARBENAN (Duchesnea indica (Jacks.) Focke) DENGAN METODE DPPH

Arbenan ( Duchesnea indica (Jacks.) Focke) is a plant belonging to Rosaceae family which server as an antioxidant, flavonoids. This research aimed to determine the antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of arbenan leaves using DPPH. The leaves were extracted using maceration method with a sample size of 300 gs dissolved using ethanol 70%, then obtained the viscous extract of 32,49 gs. The arrest of free radicals for each tested sample under the inhibition of DPPH. The tests were conducted at the 4 concentration series of 10, 20, 30, and 40 ppm by using methanol p.a by the addition of 0,5 mL with 3,5 mL DPPH of 30 ppm. Antioxidant activity absorbance was measured by a spectrophotometer at the wavelength of 515 nm and IC 50 value was calculated based on the absorbance data. The calculations showed that the Arbenan leaves have a very strong antioxidant activity with IC 50 value of 30,20 µg/mL.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN ARBENAN (Duchesnea indica (Jacks.) Focke) DENGAN METODE DPPH

Arbenan ( Duchesnea indica (Jacks.) Focke) is a plant belonging to Rosaceae family which server as an antioxidant, flavonoids. This research aimed to determine the antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of arbenan leaves using DPPH. The leaves were extracted using maceration method with a sample size of 300 gs dissolved using ethanol 70%, then obtained the viscous extract of 32,49 gs. The arrest of free radicals for each tested sample under the inhibition of DPPH. The tests were conducted at the 4 concentration series of 10, 20, 30, and 40 ppm by using methanol p.a by the addition of 0,5 mL with 3,5 mL DPPH of 30 ppm. Antioxidant activity absorbance was measured by a spectrophotometer at the wavelength of 515 nm and IC 50 value was calculated based on the absorbance data. The calculations showed that the Arbenan leaves have a very strong antioxidant activity with IC 50 value of 30,20 µg/mL.

Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction from basil leaf (Ocimum basilicum L.) by DPPH radical scavenging method

Basil leaf (Ocimum basilicum L.) contains various compounds such as flavonoid, alkaloid, phenol and essential oil, so it needs to be fractionated to find out the flavonoid compound with the greatest potential as an antioxidant. This research was aimed to know the chemical compound, antioxidant potential of ethanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction from basil leaf. The basil leaf was extracted by maceration using ethanol 70 %. The crude extract was fractionated with ethyl acetate. The ethanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction were screened of phytochemical content including identification of flavonoids, alkaloids and polyphenolics. The antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction were tested qualitatively with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and phosphomolybdate. Its antioxidant activity was determined quantitatively using DPPH radical scavenging method. Phytochemical screening test showed that ethanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction from basil leaf contain flavonoids, polyphenolics, and alkaloids. The qualitative analysis of antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction from basil leaf showed an antioxidant activity. The IC50 value of ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate fraction and quercetin were 1,374.00±6.20; 389.00±1.00; 2.10±0.01μg/mL, respectively. The research showed that antioxidant activity of the ethyl acetate fraction more potential than the ethanol extract of the basil leaf, but less than quercetin.

Evaluation of antibacterial, antioxidant and GC-MS analysis of ethanolic seed extract of Myristica dactyloides

In this present investigation we analysed the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of ethanol extract of Myristica dactyloides. The antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extract was evaluated by the agar well diffusion method against of E. coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Streptococcus sp, and Staphylococcus aureus at different concentrations. The antibacterial activity showed the result in a dose-dependent manner. The free radical scavenging was evaluated against DPPH, hydroxyl, and nitric oxide radicals. In DPPH, hydroxyl and nitric oxide scavenging assay showed the IC 50 value of the extract was found to be 20 μg/ml, 48.25 and 30 μg/ml, respectively. The plant can be considered as promising antioxidant properties with high potential value for drug development for various diseases.

UPLC/Q-TOF-MS profiling of phenolics from Canarium pimela leaves and its vasorelaxant and antioxidant activities

Canarium pimela K.D. Koenig, Burseraceae, have a long history of use in the Chinese traditional medicine treatment of various ailments including hypertension, and our research team has reported the anti-hypertensive activity and delineated the mechanism involved in the action. The following research aims to evaluate the vasorelaxant and antioxidant activities of ethanol extract from C. pimela leaves and to analyze its chemical composition by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS) that may correlate with their pharmacological activities. The results showed that pre-incubation of aortic rings with the extract (0.3, 1, 3, 10, 30 and 100mg/l) significantly inhibited the contractile response of the rings to norepinephrine-induced contraction (p<0.01or p<0.05). Crude ethanol extract and refined ethanol extract showed a highest inhibitory effect against 2,2dipheyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate scavenging activity (IC50 of crude ethanol extract=15.42±0.14μg/ml and IC50 of refined ethanol extract=5.72±0.31μg/ml) and 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid ammonium salt) (ABTS (IC50 of crude ethanol extract=3.24±0.18μg/ml and IC50 of refined ethanol extract=1.88±0.07μg/ml) scavenging activity, which was considerably higher than that reported for butylated hydroxytoluene and lower of that measured for ascorbic acid. Moreover, its chemical composition was analyzed by UPLC/Q-TOF-MS. Sixteen compounds including nine flavonoids, four tannins, two phenolic acids and one dianthrone were identified for the first time as constituents of this species. And of this, six major phenolic components were simultaneous quantitative analysis by HPLC-UV, chlorogenic acid is the major compounds in C. pimela leaves. These results indicate that the phenolic-rich extract of C. pimela leaves is a promising natural pharmaceutical for combating hypertension and oxidative stress.

Preliminary Phytochemical Screening, &lt;i&gt;In Vitro&lt;/i&gt; Antioxidant Activity, Topical and Oral Formulation of Extract of &lt;i&gt;Woodfordia fructicosa&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Gardenia gummifera&lt;/i&gt;

Woodfordia fructicosa and Gardenia gummifera are traditionally claimed to be useful in treatment of number of diseases. The main aim of this study was to evaluate preliminary phytochemical tests and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Woodfordia fructicosa flowers and Gardenia gummifera leaves and finally extracts were formulated in Gels and Suspensions. In vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH method. The different concentration (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 μg/ml) of standard and test samples were prepared. The anti-oxidant activity is exhibited in percentage inhibition. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of both the extracts increases with increasing concentration. The prepared gels were evaluated physical appearance, homogeneity, Grittiness, Spreadability and Viscosity. The prepared suspensions were evaluated organoleptic properties, pH and Sedimentation Volume.

THE ANTI-OXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF MAHOGANY (Sweitenia mahagoni Jacq.) SEEDS IN THE LIVER TISSUES OF DIABETIC EXPERIMENTAL RATS

The aim of this research was to analyze the anti-oxidant activities of ethanol extract of mahogany seeds on the liver tissues of diabetic experimental rats to overcome oxidative stress condition. This study used male Rattus norvegicus strain Sprague Dawley which were divided into 5 groups: (i) negative control group (K-), (ii) positive control group/diabetes mellitus (DM) (K+), (iii) DM group treated with 500 mg/kg BW ethanol extract of mahogany seeds (EM), (iv) DM group treated with acarbose (KO), and (v) non-DM group treated with 500 mg/kg BW ethanol extract of mahogany seed (KE). Alloxan with dose of 110 mg/kg BW was used to induce diabetes in rats. The treatments were conducted for 28 days. At the end of treatment, the liver tissues were collected and analyzed for malondialdehyde (MDA) content using thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) method and anti-oxidant cooper zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD) content using immunohistochemical technique. The result showed that level of MDA were significantly different (P&lt;0.05) in K-; K+; EM; KO; and KE with values were 0.81±0.17; 1.19±0.26; 1.10±0.04; 0.95±0.13; and 0.92±0.0 µmol/gram, respectively. The anti-oxidant content (Cu, Zn-SOD) of rat liver tissue in K+ lower than in K-, while anti-oxidant content in EM and KE were higher compared to K+. The study concluded that ethanol mahogany seeds extract decreased blood glucose levels and increased the anti-oxidant status in the liver tissues of diabetic rats.

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT AND FRACTION OF SALAK FRUIT SEEDS ( SALACCA ZALACCA (GAERTN.) VOSS. ) USING DPPH (2,2-DIPHENYL-1-PICRYLHYDRAZYL) METHOD

Salak seeds have been developed as a beverage, but there was still a little amount of research that focused on salak seeds. This research was conducted to find out the chemical compounds and the antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract and fraction of salak fruits seeds ( Salacca zalacca (Gaertn.) Voss. ) which have been grown extensively in Sleman Yogyakarta. Extraction was conducted using maceration, followed by fractionation using vacuum liquid chromatography. The identification of the chemical compounds contained in the ethanolic extract and fraction was performed by thin layer chromatography method, while the antioxidant activity was performed by DPPH method. Comparison of antioxidant activity was seen using IC 50 values. The results showed that ethanol extract and fraction contained phenol, flavonoid, and tannin. The largest antioxidant activity was found in F7 with an IC 50 value of 110.16 I¼g / ml.

초석잠 부위별 영양성분 및 항산화효과

This study was carried out to compare the major nutrient components and antioxidant activities of Stachys sieboldii Miq leaf and root powders. For proximate compositions, crude protein and crude fat contents of leaf powder were higher than those of root powder, whereas contents of crude ash and carbohydrates were lower in leaf powder. The content of glutamic acid was greater in amino acids of leaf and root powders, and contents of total amino acids and essential amino acids were higher in leaf powder compared with root powder. Root powder contained a higher level of total unsaturated fatty acids than leaf powder. Total contents of organic acids were higher in leaf powder; tartaric acid was the major organic acid in leaf powder, and malic acid was the major organic acid in root powder. The content of vitamin A was higher in leaf powder than in root powder. However, vitamin E content was higher in root powder than in leaf powder. Total mineral contents of leaf powder were higher than those of root powder, and mineral contents of leaf and root powders were in the order of K>Ca>Mg. Extract yields of leaf and root powders were 27.21% and 58.51%, respectively. Total polyphenols and total flavonoids of leaf extract were 236.35 mg/g and 1.90 mg/g, respectively, which were higher than those of root extract. The <TEX>$IC_{50}$</TEX> values of leaf and root ethanol extracts based on DPPH hydroxyl scavenging were 0.69 mg/mL and 5934.31 mg/mL, respectively, and antioxidative activities of ethanol extracts from all Stachys sieboldii Miq parts dose-dependently increased. These results suggest that Stachys sieboldii Miq can be recommended as an edible functional food material.

Variation in Total Polyphenolic Contents, DNA Protective Potential and Antioxidant Capacity from Aqueous and Ethanol Extracts in Different Plant Parts of Hypericum perforatum L.

Abstract: Background and Purpose: Hypericum perforatum belonging to the family Hypericaceae is a reputed medicinal plant including a wide ranges of important phytochemical components. Chlorogenic acid, rutin, hyperoside, quercitrin, quercetin, pseudohypericin, hypericin and hyperforin are of the major components. Crude extract and individual compounds of H. perforatum have been reported to exert antidepressant, antibiotic, and antitumoral activities. It is worthy to note that the quantity and efficacies of the crude extracts or individual compound are not constant, which are strongly influenced by different climatic conditions, harvesting times, harvested plant organs and post-harvest practices. Hence, numerous studies on H. perforatum collected from different parts of the World are carried out for their desired quality and biological efficacy. Methods: Wild collected plant materials were dried and preserved with a voucher specimen number and were extracted using maceration at room temperature for 24 h in dark. Subsequently, extracts were screened for their phenolic and flavonoid contents, plausible antioxidant activities using two methods namely DPPH radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays and DNA protective activities. Results: The highlights of the study were are listed as 1) the highest total phenolic content in ethanol extracts of leaf, ii) the highest total flavonoid content in flower, iii) DPPH scavenging activity in leaf (80.51 %), flower (63.42 %) and stem (48.20 %), iv) highest ferric reduction capacity in ethanol extracts of stem were determined. Also, potent DNA protection activity was observed even at the lowest concentration value (25μg/ml) of the extracts. Conclusion: The phenolic content and strong antioxidant activities of ethanol extracts of different parts of the plant are reported. All the extracts exhibited strong DNA protective activities in response to the UV radiation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Key words: Antioxidant, DNA protective activity, Flavonoid, Hypericum perforatum L., Phenolic.

Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity of Ethanol Extract of Psoralea corylifolia seeds

Flavonoids are a group of polyphenolic compounds, which are widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom. Flavonoids of different classes exhibited various pharmacological and biological activities. The present study was undertaken to investigate the total flavonoids and antioxidant effect of Psoralea corylifolia seeds. The ethanol extract of Psoralea corylifolia seeds were prepared and performed its phytochemical screening. The total flavonoids and polyphenol were investigated to quantify the presence of polyphenol compounds. The 2, 2- diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazil stable radical (DPPH) and Superoxide scavenging radical were used to determine extract antioxidant activity. The concentrations of flavonoids and polyphenol in ethanol extract of Psoralea corylifolia seeds were 60.63 QE. mg/gm and 74.35 GAE mg/gm respectively. The extract exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity with the lowest IC50 - value for DPPH and Superoxide scavenging. The IC50 value for DPPH and Superoxide scavenging were 166.61 μg/ml and 177.69 μg/ml respectively. The strongest antioxidant activity of ethanol extract could be due to the presence of flavonoids and phenols.

Total carotenoids and antioxidant activity of fillets and shells (in natura or cooked) of “Vila Franca” shrimp (Litopenaeus Schmitti) in different intervals of storage under freezing

ABSTRACT Shrimps are sources of carotenoids, astaxanthin is the predominant, responsible for their special and desirable properties, as well as for their instability under heat treatment during the domestic preparation, industrial processing or storage under freezing. These can cause discoloration and reduce the beneficial health properties. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of heat treatment and storage under freezing (0, 45 and 90 days) on the levels of total carotenoids and stability of the antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of fillets and shells, raw and cooked, of the white shrimp (“Vila Franca”) Litopenaeus schmitti (Burkenroad, 1938). The antioxidant ability of the extracts was evaluated using the radicals DPPH• (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl) and ABTS+• (2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulfonic acid), as well as by the iron reducing power (FRAP) test. The extracts of cooked or in natura shrimps (fillets and shells) represent dietary sources of carotenoids, displaying antioxidant activity through all the tested methods, after heat treatment and storage under freezing. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was superior to the one of ascorbic acid, mainly in the cooked fillet and shells. The samples of shrimp shells seemed a valuable source of carotenoids, whose antioxidant activity was verified even 90 days after freezing, and can be used in food products as functional natural supplement, adding value to this waste.

Effects of Gamma-Irradiation on the Antioxidant Potential of Traditional Bulgarian Teas

Food irradiation technologies are used to reduce the risk of food bome diseases by eliminating pathogenic microorganisms, prolonging shelf life and reducing storage losses by delaying ripening, germination or sprouting. However, application of irradiation in food technology can negatively influence the biologically active compounds in foods. In this research, the effect of gamma-irradiation on the antioxidant activity of Bulgarian teas was investigated. The aim of the study was to evaluate the total phenolic and tannin content and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of Bulgarian herbal teas before and after gamma-irradiation. Mursalski tea (Sideritis scardica), Mashterka tea (Thymus serpyllum), Good Night tea (tea mix), Staroplaninski tea (Balkan tea mix), Trakia tea (tea mix), and Mountain tea (Planinski tea mix) were selected for this study. Gamma-irradiation was applied at the absorbed dose of 5 kGy. Antioxidant activity of non- irradiated and irradiated teas was determined by measuring antiradical activity against DPPH' and ABTS and the ability to reduce ferrous ions. The highest total-phenolic content was found in Mursalski tea (268 mg/g), and the highest tannin content in Good Night tea (168 mg/g). FRAP, TEAC and DPPH assays revealed that the most active samples were Staroplaninski (2.78 mmol Fe (II)/g), Planinski (0.87 mmol Trolox/g) and Planinski (0.032 mg/mL), respectively. The radical scavenging activity of irradiated tea samples was maintained after gamma-irradiation. The most interesting extract from irradiated tea studied was Staroplaninski, which demonstrated a higher antioxidant potential in the irradiated sample compared with the non-irradiated sample.

Total phenolic content and in vitro evaluation of antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of Ganoderma amboinense

Background: Ganoderma amboinense is rich in fibers, minerals, and vitamins. This antler-shaped mushroom contains various antioxidant compounds called polyphenols and flavonoids. Antioxidants can counteract or deactivate free radicals in plants and animals by turning them into less reactive compounds. The methods of compound extraction are numerous and with different effects on the concentration of active compounds. Hence, selecting a correct extraction method becomes necessary. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this stuidy is to compare two extraction methods, namely, extraction by maceration and Soxhlet extraction, based on the total phenolic contents and the antioxidant activities of the ethanol extracts (96%) of G. amboinense. Materials and Methods: The ethanol extract was obtained from maceration and Soxhlet extraction. The total phenolic content of 96% ethanol extract of G. amboinense was determined using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry with Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, while the antioxidant activity was assessed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method. Results: Thin-layer chromatography produces ethanol extracts, from either maceration or Soxhlet extraction, that contain phenolic compounds. The total phenolic contents of the ethanol extracts from maceration and Soxhlet extraction are 26.72 ± 1.13 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g of extract and 23.27 ± 1.07 mg GAE/g of extract, respectively. The effective scavenging 50% values of gallic acid and ethanol extract are, respectively, 2.476 μg/ml and 197.6 μg/ml. Conclusion: Maceration produces ethanol extract of G. amboinense with higher total phenolic content than Soxhlet extraction. The research findings indicate that the ethanol extract has in vitro antioxidant activity.

Estimation of Total Flavonoids and Antioxidant Activity of Spilanthes acmella Leaves

Flavonoids are a group of polyphenolic compounds, which are widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom. Flavonoids of different classes exhibited various pharmacological and biological activities. The present study was undertaken to investigate the total flavonoids and antioxidant effect of Spilanthes acmella leaves. The ethanol extract of Spilanthes acmella leaves were prepared and performed its phytochemical screening. The total flavonoids and polyphenol were investigated to quantify the presence of polyphenol compounds. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazil stable radical (DPPH) and Superoxide scavenging radical were used to determine extract antioxidant activity. The concentrations of flavonoids polyphenol in ethanol extract of Spilanthes acmella were 72.14 QE mg/gm and 84.52 GAE mg/gm, respectively. The extract exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity, with the lowest IC50 ­value for DPPH and Superoxide scavenging. The IC50 ­value for DPPH and Superoxide scavenging were 134.11 µg/ml and 104.51 µg/ml, respectively. The strongest antioxidant activity of ethanol extract could be due to the presence of flavonoids and phenols.

수확시기별 까마중 전초의 성분, 항산화활성 및 항염증 활성

In this study, we investigated the variation in free sugars, amino acids, antioxidant activity, and anti-inflammatory activity of Solanum nigrum Linne based on harvest time. Major amino acids identified by HPLC analysis were proline, histidine, and serine. The highest content of total amino acids were found in S. nigrum aerial parts and roots harvested on July 10th and August 10th. Four kinds of free sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose) were detected in S. nigrum, and the free sugar content varied significantly with harvest time. The fructose content of S. nigrum decreased with as harvest time increased. The total polyphenol content of S. nigrum was highest in those harvested on August 30th. The antioxidant activity of ethanol extract from S. nigrum collected at different harvest times were measured by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. The anti-inflammatory activity of these extracts were assayed via nitric oxide suppression in C6 glioma cells with a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response. The anti-inflammatory activity and antioxidant effects were the highest in the extract from S. nigrum collected on August 30th. Good correlations were observed between antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in ethanol extract of S. nigrum roots harvested on August 30th.

Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Activities of Ethanolic Extract of Dried Flowers of Moringa oleifera in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats

Abstract This study was undertaken to determine the antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of oral administration of ethanolic extract of Moringa oleiferaflower on stretozotocin-induced diabetic rats at 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg b.w. Thirty (30) male experimental albino rats were grouped randomly into six groups: groups A, B, and F are the control, diabetic control and reference drug groups, while C-E received 100, 200, and 300mg/kg b.w of the extract, respectively. Blood samples and organs were collected to assay for blood glucose level and antioxidant enzymes. Levels of blood glucose, serum lipids and lipid peroxidation as well as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities were significantly reduced (p&lt;0.05) in STZ-induced diabetic rats orally administered ethanolic extract of M. oleifera flower. However, the body weight; catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were significantly increased (p &lt; 0.05) when compared with the controls. M. oleifera flower ethanolic extract administered orally therefore exhibited improved lipid metabolism, glucose-lowering potential and is hence beneficial in preventing diabetic complications as a result of lipid peroxidation and oxidative systems in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. It could thus be employed therapeutically in managing diabetes mellitus.

Chromatographic fingerprinting and free-radical scavenging activity of ethanol extracts of Muntingia calabura L. leaves and stems

ObjectiveTo determine the thin-layer chromatography (TLC) fingerprint profiles and to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts of Muntingia calabura (M. calabura) leaves and stems. MethodsThe leaves and stems were extracted using ethanol as solvent. The TLC separation of the phytochemical constituents of the leaf and ethanol extracts was carried out in ethyl acetate: n-hexane and chloroform: ethyl acetate mobile phase systems. Distinct spots were visualized under visible light, UV 254 nm, UV 366 nm and after spraying with vanillin-sulfuric acid. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free-radical scavenging assay was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the extracts. ResultsBoth the leaf and stem ethanol extracts at 4 mg/mL exhibited 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl inhibition of more than 90%, relative to gallic acid. The results of TLC showed that the degree of resolution between the constituent spots was comparable between the two mobile phase systems using the different visualization wavelengths. Under the 254 nm visualization, few spots were observed in leaf and stem extracts. Visualization at 366 nm yielded the greatest number of observable spots of various colors in both leaf and stem extracts. More spots were visualized upon post-derivatization with vanillin-sulfuric acid in the TLC chromatograms using chloroform: ethyl acetate mobile phase, compared to those in ethyl acetate: n-hexane mobile phase. ConclusionsM. calabura exhibited very high antioxidant activity in its leaves and stems ethanol extracts, both of which are used in traditional medicine. The TLC results demonstrated the presence of diverse secondary metabolites in the leaf and stem ethanol extracts, indicating that the antioxidant activity, including other bioactivities may be attributed to these phytochemical constituents. This paper has reported for the first time the TLC fingerprinting of M. calabura using visible light, UV 254 nm, UV 366 and post-derivatization with vanillin-spray to visualize separate spots on TLC plates.