Antimicrobial Effect Of Extracts Research Articles

Insight into possible therapeutic applications of Ephedra transitoria: in-vitro biological, toxicological activities and GC-MS analysis of aerial parts’ extract

Most Arab nations have arid regions where Ephedra transitoria, a plant, flourishes. It has a variety of medical benefits. It belongs to the Ephedraceae family. The plant's aerial portions were procured from the Hail region of Saudi Arabia, methanol was used to extract bioactive phytochemicals with variable solubility in an efficient manner, and the resulting extract was tested on several cancer cell lines. The extract's cytotoxic potential was measured by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay method against standard vinblastine sulfate and for each cell line, the pertinent half maximal inhibitory concentration values were calculated. Additional apoptosis assays were conducted. Also, the antioxidant activity of plant extract was examined using 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and [2, 2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate)] methods compared to ascorbic acid standard. Also, antimicrobial effect of extract was evaluated on different gram positive and gram-negative bacteria by zone inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration assay methods. GC-MS analysis was further applied to identify major bioactive substances. Extract showed good cytotoxic activity against both lung and liver cancer cells with relevant half maximal inhibitory concentration values comparable to those of standard. Extract resulted in S-phase arrest, primarily via inducing apoptosis mediated through activating caspase-3, Bax, and p53 proteins. Plant extract showed good antibacterial activities against S. aureus, E. coli and B. subtilis. Also, it showed high antioxidant activity with relevant half maximal inhibitory concentration values comparable to those of standard. Some bioactive compounds were separated and identified by GC-MS analysis such as; ephedrine and quercetin. ephedra transitoria extract possess high cytotoxic activity against lung and liver cancer cells via S-phase arrest mediated by activation of apoptotic proteins. It also possesses high antioxidant and antibacterial activities.

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Ethanolic Extract of Lemon Verbena

Background and Objectives: Chemical preservatives are commonly used to prevent food from quick spoiling and oxidizing. Despite their effect in increasing shelf life of foods, these compounds can have side effects. Residues of chemical compounds in foods increase microbial resistance. This study aims to investigate the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora L.) ethanolic extract against some gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Methods: In this experimental study, The soaking method and ethanol solvent was used for extraction. Antioxidant activities of different concentrations of extract were assessed using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity test and compared with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) as a synthetic antioxidant. Antimicrobial effect of extract on Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria innocua, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhimurium was determined by disk diffusion and well diffusion methods and measuring minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Experimental data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 20 using analysis of variance and the mean values were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test. Results: The amounts of phenols and flavonoids in the ethanolic extract of were 96.47±0.35 mg of gallic acid/g of extract and 31.07±0.42 mg of quercetin/g of extract, respectively. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration of lemon verbena extract was 11.79±0.76 μg/mL, while it was 10.16±0.29 μg/mL for BHA. In both disk diffusion and well diffusion methods, with the increase of the concentration of extract, the inhibition zone diameter increased. The ethanolic extract of lemon verbena at the concentration of 12.5 mg/mL had no inhibitory effect on gram-negative bacteria growth. In both methods, the extract had the greatest effect on S. aureus. The MIC of ethanolic extract ranged from 8 to 128 mg/mL, depending on the type of bacteria (gram-positive or gram-negative). Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of lemon verbena has higher antimicrobial effects on gram-positive bacteria. Therefore, it can be used in food and pharmaceutical industries as a natural antimicrobial agent. Considering the increasing resistance of bacteria to chemical antibiotics, more studies on lemon verbena and its antibacterial compounds are needed for treating infections.

Antimicrobial effect of extract from root of Arctium tomentosum Mill. (woolly burdock) against several reference strains

Microorganisms are one of the main reasons for infectious diseases, however conditionally pathogenic ones are members of the normal human microbiome. Certain circumstances make them become pathogenic to organism. Treatment of microbial diseases majorly is carried out by antibiotics, using of which may lead to antibiotic resistance. Moreover it causes deficiency of gut microflora, subsequent dysbiosis and weakening of immunity. Thus, replacement of antibiotics by naturally derived medicinal drugs will be an optimal way of fighting pathogenic microorganisms. Since plants are rich in various biologically active compounds, extracts from them will exert antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant properties and etc. In this investigation extract from Arctium tomentosum Mill. obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction was studied for antimicrobial effect. Four reference microbial strains, including gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus), gram negative (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli) and fungi (Candida albicans) were treated. Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol and Nystatin were used for positive control. Procedure of antimicrobial assay was carried out by the method of two-fold serial dilutions in corresponding nutrient medium. As a result minimum bactericide and fungicide concentrations of the extract from A. tomentosum Mill. were determined. Against S. aureus it was 10.4 mg/ml and 41.7 mg/ml against S. epidermidis, while against E. coli it was 20.8 mg/ml. Minimum fungicidal concentration was 5.2 mg/ml. Also ranges of concentration of the studied extract that stop reproduction and development of selected microorganisms were determined. Thus concentration range of bacteriostatic activity for S. aureus was 2.6 – 5.2, while for S. epidermidis was 2.6 – 20.8 mg/ml. Bacteriostatic activity of the studied extract against E.coli was not observed, however concentration range of fungistatic activity was 1.3 – 2.6 mg/ml. Obtained results show that extract from Arctium tomentosum Mill. has antimicrobial activity, so it can serve as a base for formation of phytopreparate for the treatment of diseases with microbial origin.

Untargeted Metabolomics Used to Describe the Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Effects of Extracts from Pleurotus spp. Mycelium Grown in Different Culture Media.

Pleurotus species isolated in vitro were studied to determine the effect of different media on their production of secondary metabolites, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activity. The different metabolites among Pleurotus samples covered a total of 58 pathways. Comparisons were made between the metabolic profiles of Pleurotus spp. mycelia grown in two substrates: Potato-dextrose-agar-PDA, used as control (S1), and PDA enriched with 0.5 % of wheat straw (S2). The main finding was that the metabolic pathways are strongly influenced by the chemical composition of the growth substrate. The antibacterial effects were particularly evident against Escherichia coli, whereas Arthroderma curreyi (CCF 5207) and Trichophyton rubrum (CCF 4933) were the dermatophytes more sensitive to the mushroom extracts. The present study supports more in-depth investigations, aimed at evaluating the influence of growth substrate on Pleurotus spp. antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.

Anti-bacterial effect of white tea extract on Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus salivarius

Due to the increasing frequency of drug-resistant strains among different types of microorganisms, the finding of antimicrobial and antifungal compounds of natural substances, which certainly has fewer side effects, has long been of interest to researchers. Therefore, the aim of this investigation was to study the effect of white tea extract on reducing Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus salivarius . White tea was prepared in powder form and then its hydroalcoholic extract of it was prepared. The antimicrobial effects of extracts on S. mutans and S. salivarius were performed using well diffusion and broth microdilution methods. All experiments were performed in triplet replications. Antibacterial susceptibility testing revealed that white tea extract at concentration of 500 µg/ml had a remarkable antibacterial activity against S. mutans , and S. salivarius with a zone of inhibition, 25±1 mm and 30±1, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the both tested strains were estimated 31.25 µg/ml. Moreover, the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of white tea extract were estimated 62.5 µg/ml against both streptococci. Considering the inhibitory power of the white tea extract on the gram-positive bacteria of S . salivarius and mutans , it can be concluded that this plant can be used in various industries, including the pharmaceutical and sanitary industry and it can also improve oral health as S. mutans and salvarius are the most important bacteria causing decays.

Study of Potential Application of Cyanobacteria Leptolyngbya Valderiana in Skin Cosmeceuticals

Skin is the outermost cover and first line of defense of the human body. Skin cosmeceuticals are therapeutic agents used to maintain flawless skin and prevent skin disorders. Considering the ill effects of synthetic active agents, natural metabolites are preferred for skincare. Cyanobacterium was known to produce various secondary metabolites with therapeutic potential. This study focuses on screening whole-cell extract of Leptolyngbya valderiana for skincare. Isolation and identification of cyanobacteria were made. The whole-cell extract of Leptolyngbya valderiana was studied for its metabolite profile, mainly for proteins, carbohydrate, and lipid content. Screening of whole-cell extract was carried out for its (2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) (ABTS) radical scavenging ability and UV absorption potential. The antimicrobial effect of extracts was determined by agar cup and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method using salicylic acid as a standard. Skin whitening potential was determined using tyrosinase inhibition assay. Leptolyngbya valderiana was isolated from the tree bark and selected for further study. The extract of Leptolyngbya valderiana was found to have 25.22% proteins, 36.65 % carbohydrates and 35.97% lipids. The extract was found to have antioxidant potential with 96.55% ABTS radical scavenging potential. Antimicrobial potency of the extract against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Propionibacterium acne MTCC 1351, Candida albicans ATCC 10231 was equivalent to salicylic acid. The test extract was found to inhibit the tyrosinase enzyme by 43.46%. The test extract is rich in proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. The extract has significant antioxidant potential, antimicrobial efficiency, ability to absorb ultraviolet B and ultraviolet A region, tyrosinase inhibition potential indicative photoprotective, and skin whitening potential. The isolate Leptolyngbya valderiana has a promising potential for skin cosmeceuticals.

Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Effects of Aqueous Extract of Lythrum Salicaria

Introduction: The spread of drug-resistant pathogenic strains and the increase of free radicals in food sources are major health problems worldwide. The side effects of chemical drugs have led the researchers to use natural products. In this study, the antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of leaf extract of Lythrum Salicaria have been investigated. Methods: This research was a basic experimental study. The aqueous extract of Lythrum Salicaria leaf was prepared by maceration method. Antimicrobial effects of the extract were evaluated by disk diffusion method. The antioxidant properties of extract were determined by DPPH and iron reducing power methods. In addition, the amounts of phenol, flavonoid and flavonol were assayed by Folin-ciocalteu and Aluminum chloride methods, respectively. Data were compared by analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS version 16 software. Results: All of the studied strains were sensitive to the aqueous extract of Lythrum Salicaria leaf except E. coli. The mean zones of inhibition were due to the extracts on the tested bacteria obtained in ranging from 12.67 to 24.67 mm. Statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between the mean diameters of growth inhibition zone and increased extract concentrations (P < 0.001). The total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and total flavonol content values of extract were determined as 36.53 ± 1.27 mg gallic acid per gram extract, 5.2 ± 0.4 mg quercetin per gram extract and 20.8 ± 0.95 quercetin per gram extract, respectively. Conclusion: Extract of Lythrum Salicaria can be a good alternative to common antibiotics resistant. The acceptable antioxidant effects of the Lythrum Salicaria extract can be introduced it as an inhibitor of diabetes and cancer.

Antiproliferative and Antimicrobial Activity of Anthocyanins from Berry Fruits after Their Isolation and Freeze-Drying

Natural phytonutrients in foods, including anthocyanins, can play an important role in human health. Anthocyanins have been reported to cause many various useful effects, such as reducing cancer cell proliferation, regulating blood pressure, preventing tumor formation, and preventing diabetes. In this study, we aimed to reveal the qualitative anthocyanin content, antiproliferative and antimicrobial effects of different extracts derived from Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium corymbosum, Sambucus nigra and Aronia melanocarpa. The anthocyanin content of the plants mentioned in the study was characterized after the freeze-drying process. MTT assay was chosen to determine the antiproliferative effect of extracts on colorectal cancer cells. Antimicrobial effects of extracts were studied on typical and clinical strains of five different bacteria. As a result, it was determined that the anthocyanin content in the extracts obtained by the freeze-drying method was acceptable, and some extracts were found to have a strong antiproliferative effect on colorectal cancer cells and have an antibacterial effect on typical and clinical strains. Conclusionally, it has been shown that anthocyanins, which are reported to have many beneficial effects, are very promising when prepared with a relatively new method, and this study is a pioneer study for possible future pharmacological and in vivo studies.

Antibacterial properties of thalloid liverworts Marchantia polymorpha L., Conocephalum conicum (L.) Dum. and Pellia endiviifolia (Dicks.) Dumort

The antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of three thalloid liverworts, Marchantia polymorpha, Conocephalum conicum and Pellia endiviifolia and bis-bibenzyl marchantin A, the most dominant compound in the methanol extract of M. polymorpha, have been investigated in this research. 1H-NMR spectroscopy revealed that the M. polymorpha and P. endiviifolia extracts of liverwort contain terpenes, oils, sugars and bis-bibenzyls, while these specific macrocyclic compounds were absent in the C. conicum extract. The antimicrobial potential was tested on eight bacterial strains. Antimicrobial effects of extracts and marchantin A were observed against Gram-positive bacteria, while they showed no effect against Gram-negative bacteria in both methods used ? well diffusion and broth microdilution.

Determination of the antibacterial activity of flavonoids from callus Scutellaria galericulata L. for the development of a functional curd product

The antimicrobial effect of extracts from callus of the common skullcap with the prospect of using in the recipe of a functional curd product for therapeutic and preventive action is studied. It is known that plants of the genus skullcap contain phenolic compounds that cause antimicrobial action, the most common among them are flavonoids-baykalin, scutellarein, hydrolyzed to glucuronic acid and aglycones-baykalein and scutellarein, vogonin, etc. the Study of antimicrobial activity was carried out in accordance with the requirements of The state Pharmacopoeia XI edition. Antimicrobial activity was determined in relation to 15 test cultures by diffusion in agar. The method is based on the assessment of inhibition of growth of test cultures of microorganisms by certain concentrations of the test object. Rod-shaped bacteria (Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serracia marcescens, Escherichia coli, Morganella morganii, Hafnia alvei, Bacillus cereus), coccus microflora (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecium), different strains of fungi of the genus Candida (Candida non-albicans № 136, 138, 142, 144). The result was evaluated according to the following criteria: “-“ – growth of the test culture (there is no antibacterial effect); “+” – no growth (the antibacterial effect is pronounced); “±” – inhibition of growth (bacteriostatic action).

In Vitro Antimicrobial effects of Extracts from Leaves of Medicinal Herbs and Native Brazilian Plants

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of crude and lyophilized extracts of leaves from sweet passion fruit (Passiflora alata), araçá (Psidium cattleianum), rosemary (Rosamrinus officinalis) and oregano (Origanum vulgare) on planktonic cells of Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Sweet passion fruit showed no inhibitory effect against the micro-organisms tested. However, crude and lyophilized extracts from Araçá had the highest (P < 0.05) antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 0.39 and 0.35 mg/ml, respectively. MIC values against S. aureus for lyophilized extracts from rosemary and crude extracts from oregano were 0.57 and 0.65 mg/ml, respectively. None of the extracts demonstrated effective results against A. parasiticus, although araçá and oregano extracts had the lowest (P < 0.05) MIC values when compared with the other extracts. This preliminary screening study indicated that araçá, rosemary and oregano are interesting alternatives as antimicrobial agents in food substrates, although further studies are needed to develop commercial formulations based on field trials.

Antibacterial activities, phytochemical analysis and chemical composition Makhlaseh extracts against the growth of some pathogenic strain causing poisoning and infection

The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activities and phytochemical analysis of extracts against the growth of some pathogenic strain causing poisoning and infection (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri). Makhlaseh components were identified via gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Total phenolic content (TPC), alkaloids, tannins and saponins were determined. Antioxidant activity was determined calorimetrically for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity. Antimicrobial effect of extracts was evaluated by five methods, pour plate, well diffusion, disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Camphor was the major compound of Makhlaseh. The TPC of aqueous and ethanolic Makhlaseh extracts was equal to 79.45 ± 1.15 and 115.26 ± 1.23 μg GAE/mg, respectively. The antioxidant activity (IC50) test of aqueous and ethanolic Makhlaseh extracts showed 315.50 ± 1.12 and 118.35 ± 1.08 μg/ml, respectively. MIC of the aqueous extract of Makhlaseh for Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus pyogenes were 32, 32, 16, 16, 8 and 8 mg/ml, respectively, and the MIC of the ethanolic extract were 16, 16, 16, 8, 4, and 4 mg/ml, respectively. The MBCs of the Makhlaseh extracts varied from 4 mg/ml to 128 mg/ml. Increasing concentration of Makhlaseh extracts had a significant effect (p ≤ 0.05) on inhibition zone diameter. In conclusion, using Makhlaseh extracts as a natural antibacterial composite in vitro have significant antibacterial ability over the studied strains.

PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION, GC-MS PROFILE AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF A MEDICINAL PLANT RUTA GRAVEOLENS L. FROM ETHIOPIA

Objective: This study was designed to screen the phytochemicals present in various solvents extracts of Ruta graveolens (Rue) and furthermore to investigate their antimicrobial activity.Methods: The leaves, stems and seeds of Rue were extracted using four different solvents viz. ethanolic, methanolic, chloroform, and aqueous of varying polarity. The phytochemical screening was carried out qualitatively and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis was performed to identify major phytoconstituents present in the methanolic leaf extract. The antimicrobial effect of extracts was evaluated against six microbial strains namely Bacillus subtillis, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis and Micrococcus luteus with disc diffusion method.Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of various secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins and carotenoid. The methanolic leaf extract showed the presence of both tannin and phenolic contents in the higher amount, whereas aqueous extract displayed in the least amount. GC-MS analysis of methanolic leaf extract revealed the presence of approximately 26 phytochemical constituents. The antimicrobial assay revealed that B. subtilis showed a high zone of inhibition (20 mm) at 200 mg/ml of methanolic extract. However, E. coli and C. tropicalis did not show any zone of inhibition against each solvent extract.Conclusion: In conclusion, secondary metabolites present in the extracts have biological activities which warrant further to evaluate in vivo pharmacological studies.

In Vitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Alimentary Canal Extracts from the Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier Larvae.

The invasive red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is considered one of the world's most devastating insect pests to palm trees. It was observed that larvae of this pest are able to inhibit microbial growth on the rearing media when they start feeding and this observation has led us to study the effect of red palm weevils on various microbial species. The antimicrobial effect of extracts from different parts of the alimentary canal on Gram positive bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus), Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp.), Candida albicans, and Penicillium sp. was tested using the agar well diffusion method. All extracts inhibited the tested microbial species. Foregut extracts had the greatest zones of growth inhibition. Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Penicillium sp. were significantly sensitive to the extracts and had the largest growth inhibition zones. It is concluded that the gut extracts contain potent antimicrobial activity and may provide a new source of antimicrobial peptides.

Antifungal Effect of the Aqueous and Ethanolic Avicennia marina Extracts on Alternaria citri and Penicillium digitatum

Background: Plants have a great potential for producing new drugs of great benefit to mankind. There are many approaches to the search for new biologically active principles in higher plants. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine antifungal effect of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Avicenniamarina on Penicilliumdigitatum and Alternariacitri in vitro. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, antimicrobial effects of extract were determined by screening antimicrobial activity and disk agar diffusion test in 20, 40, 60 and 80 mg/mL concentration of the extract against P. digitatum and A. citri. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were determined by incorporating various concentrations of extracts in Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) in tubes against P. digitatum and A. citri. The data were analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS-17. Results: The results indicate that extracts of A. marina mostly had been effective on P. digitatum and have the least impact on A. citri. The results show that the ethanol extract of mangrove leaf with antimicrobial activity method in 2 mg/mL, were inhibited the growth of P. digitatum and A. citri. In disk agar diffusion test the mentioned extract were shown inhibition effect on pathogen molds growth (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Ethanolic extract compared to the aqueous extract was more effective and has a greater inhibition effect. The results of this study showed that the extract of A. marina has antifungal properties that justify their traditional use as medicinal plants.

In Vitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial Effect of Extracts of Medicinal Plant’s Leaves

Abstract In ancient and modern epoch, aerial parts of herbal plants have been broadly used for the treatment of primary health care and variety of ailment across the world depends on geographical cultivation. Now a day’s researcher focuses their attention to explore the plants having broad spectrum therapeutic activity. On the basis of medicinal plant activity surveillance, the core goal step of current study is to evaluate the susceptible antimicrobial activity of crude 50% hydro alcoholic extract of leaves of different folk medicinal plant i.e Ocimum basilicum L., Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf., Olea europaea L., Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. against different clinical isolates (Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcu epidermidis, Salmonella typhi and Candida albican) of microbial disease so as to trip up on the other alternatives and overcome the upcoming era of increasing microbial resistance. These isolates were collected from different hospitals and pathological laboratories of Karachi, Pakistan. Extract were obtain by soaking the leaves in 50% methanol and then vacuum dried through Rotavapor while the antimicrobial activity were evaluated by well diffusion method. Overall outcome of current study endorse that among selected herbs, Olea europea possessed broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. Further investigation is needed to develop formulation from the same plant. It’s timely need to explore the antimicrobial activity of other herbs also.

Antimicrobial Effect of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Satureja Bachtiarica on Some Pathogenic Bacteria in Vitro

Background:: Essences and extracts of herbs, possess a variety level of biological activities, in addition the antimicrobial activities of a large number of these have been proved. With regard to the biologically active compounds and traditional use of the Satureja bachtiarica, it seems that this plant has significant antimicrobial effects. Objectives:: The aim of this study is to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of S. bachtiarica against Enterobacter aerogenes, Bacillus subtilis and Listeria innocua of the important food pathogen. Materials and Methods:: In this experimental study, antimicrobial effect of extracts was evaluated by two methods, Collins method and disk agar diffusion method on Enterobacter aerogenes ATTC 13048, Listeria innocua ATTC 33090 and Bacillus subtilis PTCC 1720. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) determined using a dilution method. Statistical analysis was carried out by analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique. Results:: All ethanolic extract concentrations had an inhibitory effect on the disk agar diffusion method. In Collins method ethanolic extract, prevented the growth of both strains on medium. The MBC of ethanolic extract of S. bachtiarica for B. subtilis and L. innocua was 16 and 32 mg/mL respectively, and for E. aerogenes was 64 mg/mL. But the MBC of aqueous extract of S. bachtiarica for B. subtilis and L. innocua was 32 and 64 mg/mL, respectively and for E. aerogenes was 128 mg/mL. Conclusions:: The S. bachtiarica extract showed the more effective impact on the growth of B. subtilis PTCC 1720 and L. innocua ATTC 33090 than E. aerogenes ATTC 13048 (P < 0.05). The results indicated that ethanolic extract of S. bachtiarica had maximum effect on Gram positive bacteria B. subtilis PTCC 1720 and L. innocua ATTC 33090.

Antimicrobial effect of Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC) containing aqueous and ethanolic Eucalyptus camaldulensis L. leaves extract against Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus epidermidis

Oil from the eucalyptus tree ( Eucalyptus camaldulensis L.) is used today in many over the counter cough and cold products, to relieve congestion. Eucalyptus oil is also used in creams and ointments to relieve muscle and joint pain, and in some mouthwashes. In this study Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves extracted with water and ethanol 96°and the antimicrobial effects of extracts were evaluated by “using the method of Collins” and “disk agar diffusion method”. Antimicrobial properties of Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC) films containing 20, 40, 60, and 80 mg/ml concentration of the extract studied against on Streptococcus pyogenes PTCC 1447, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PTCC 1310 and Staphylococcus epidermidis PTCC 1435. The results showed that aqueous and alcoholic extract were quite effective in 2000 μg/ml concentration on Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus epidermidis and have inhibition effect, while both extracts have no certain antimicrobial effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of ethanolic extract of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves were performed for each microorganism. Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) for bacteria was performed using the dilution method. The edible films containing mangrove extract presented more effective impact on the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes than Pseudomonas aeruginosa (p<0.05). The result indicates extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves have the greatest effect on gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes . As a result, aqueous and ethanloic extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves, have been strong antimicrobial activity against many food pathogen bacteria

Evaluation of the antimicrobial effects of extract of Zataria multiflora against oral Streptococci

Dental caries is the most common chronic disease which involve the civilized humankind and is designated as the “disease of the civilization”. Oral Streptococci such as S. sanguis, S. salivarius and S. mutans have a very important role to play in the process of plaque formation. In order to inhibit and control caries process, the growth of such Streptococci must be reined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-microbial effects of Zataria multiflora on the mentioned streptococci. The MIC and MBC of Z. multiflora were determined by change of number of bacteria in the presence of different concentrations of Z. multiflora in differernt times. The results showed that MIC values for S. sanguis, S. salivarius and S. mutans were 15%, 20% and 10%. MBC values were 25%, 20% and >25%, respectivly. Reduction of number of bacteria in the present of different concentrations of extract, were depended with the concentration and time. With increasing of concentration and time, the eficacy of extract on the living bacteria, were increased. Multiflora is native in Iran and with more study and research on the antimicrobial effects of this medicinal herb, probably, we can use it for producing a drug (mouthwash).

Antimicrobial effect of extracts from Chinese chive, cinnamon, and corni fructus.

Extracts were prepared from Chinese chive (Allium tuberosum), cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia), and corni fructus (Cornus officinalis) and used to evaluate their antimicrobial activity on common foodborne microorganisms, alone and in combination. The mixed extract, consisting of three extracts in equal volumes, showed an entire antimicrobial spectrum and had excellent stability to heat, pH, and storage. The mixed extract exhibited better inhibition on growth of Escherichia coli than potassium sorbate at 2-5 mg/mL. The mixed extract inhibited the growth of Pichia membranaefaciens at levels as low as 2 mg/mL. When the mixed extract was used in foods, the expected antimicrobial effect in orange juice, pork, and milk was observed. After gel filtration chromatography, each extract was partially purified into fractions, and one fraction in each extract showed enhanced antimicrobial activity. Overall, the mixed extract was of promising potential for incorporation into various food products for which a natural antimicrobial additive is desired.