Antimicrobial Activity Of Methanol Extracts Research Articles

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF LEMON PEEL (CITRUS LIMON) EXTRACT

Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract from the peel of the fruit of Citrus Limon (Family-Rutaceae) in conjugation with phytochemical analysis.Methods: The methanolic extract from the peel of the fruit of Citrus Limon (Family-Rutaceae) was separated from fruits, shade dried, powdered and extracted using methanol, analysed for phytochemical constituents using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity of the plant extract was examined against 2 bacterial strains among one is Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and other is Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and 1 fungal strains (Candida albicans) using agar well diffusion method.Results: The present investigation shows the phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract of the fruits peel Citrus limon. Various phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponin, flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides and citric acids and tannins. The antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract of the plant showed significant result against all the of the test organisms.Conclusion: The present study concluded that methanolic extract of the peel of Citrus Limon contains the high presence of phytochemicals. The methanolic extract of the plant was found to possess promising antimicrobial activity when compared with the standards.

Methanolic Extract of Plumbago Zeylanica - A Remarkable Antibacterial Agent Against Many Human and Agricultural Pathogens

Objectives:The current investigation was carried out to determine the cytotoxic and the antimicrobial activities of methanolic extracts of Plumbago zeylanica.Methods:The stems, leaves, and whole plants were air dried and extracted with methanol by using a Soxhlet extractor for 72 hours at 55 - 60°C. The antimicrobial activities were determined from the zones of inhibition, which were measured by using the agar well diffusion method, and the cytotoxicity assays were performed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay method.Results:The methanolic extracts of the stem and the leaves of Plumbago zeylanica were tested against six bacterial species and nine fungal species, and both extracts showed antimicrobial activity in a dose-dependent manner. The leaf extract of Plumbago zeylanica showed maximum antimicrobial activity against both Staphylococcus aureus sub sp aureus and Fusarium oxysporum. The stem extract was found to be more antimicrobial against the Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the Penicillium expansum species. MTT assays were used to test the cytotoxicity of the whole plant extract in the HCT-116 and the K-562 cell lines, and that extract was shown to have weak cytotoxicity in both cell lines.Conclusion:In the present study, the methanolic stem extracts of Plumbago zeylanica were found to possess remarkable antibacterial activities against many human and agricultural pathogens. The extracts were also found to possess significant antifungal activities, but the antifungal activities were less than the antibacterial activities. Finally, the extracts were found to have weak cytotoxicities in the HCT-116 and the K-562 cell lines.

Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Phyllanthus niruri

phyllanthus niruri is an Indian herb used for various ailments by traditional healers. In this study carried out phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial investigation of methanolic extract of the leaves phyllanthus niruri against a panel of clinically significant bacterial and fungal strains. Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of Phenolic compounds, Saponins, Flavonoids, Terpenoids, Alkaloids, Tannins, Cardioglycosides, Steroids, Reducing Sugars, Anthraquinones and Resins. Susceptibility testing by disc diffusion assay revealed significant antimicrobial activity of methanol extract of leaves against Coney lunata and Salmonella typhi. The leaf extract exhibited better antimicrobial activity. The study findings provide supportive evidence for the use of phyllanthus niruri in traditional medicines.

Phenolics, Antioxidant Potentials, and Antimicrobial Activities of Six Wild Boletaceae Mushrooms

ABSTRACTSince mushrooms are important sources of bioactive compounds such as phenolic acids, their identification and quantification were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography resulting in total concentrations between 2.9161 ± 0.0829 mg/kg (Boletus fechtneri) and 51.4480 ± 1.0333 mg/kg (Boletus appendiculatus). The antioxidant properties of methanol extracts and corresponding hydrolysates were estimated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), total reducing power, ferric-reducing antioxidant power, cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity, and total phenolic content assays. The Xerocomus badius methanol extract showed the highest antioxidant potential, while among hydrolysates, the highest antioxidant potential was observed for Xerocomellus chrysenteron. The antimicrobial activities of methanol extracts of studied mushrooms against pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains were measured and the highest values were obtained for B. fechtneri and B. appendiculatus extracts against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Principal component analyses and agglomerative hierarchical clustering were used to display the correlation between the parameters and their relationships with the mushroom species.

Phytochemical Constituents, Thin Layer Chromatography and Antimicrobial Activity of Methanol Extract of the Stem and Leave of <i>Citrus Limon (L)</i>

<i>Citrus limon (L)</i> leaf and stem used traditionally for the treatment of diseases and infections was phytochemically and antimicrobially screened. And also Thin layer Chromatography (TLC) was carried out on the crude methanol extracts. The phytoconstituents were qualitatively determined. The phytochemical screening of the crude methanol extract revealed the presence of saponins, terpenes, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, carbohydrates, anthraquinones, alkaloids, volatile oils and glycosides. The result of the antimicrobial screening of the crude methanol extract of the leaf showed potent activity against Staphylococcus aureus, candida albicans and bacillus subtillis. However, the crude methanol extract of the stem only showed activity against Staphylococcus aureus. TLC analysis of the of the crude methanol extract of the leaf showed three (3) spots while that of the stem revealed two (2) spots.

Antimicrobial Activities of Some Medicinal Plants Against Multiresistants Microorganisms Causing Urogenital Tract Infections in Cameroon

Urogenital tract infections remain a serious global treat especially in women. The control of these infections is increasingly complicated due to development of resistance against available drugs. Therefore a perpetual search of new antimicrobial molecules is needed to face the challenge of microbial resistance. This study was initiated to screen the antimicrobial activities of methanol extracts of nine Cameroonian medicinal plants, used for the treatment of infectious diseases, against multiresistant pathogens isolated from urogenital infected patients. The plants included: <i>Cussonia arborea, Dissotis longipetala, Lonchocarpus sepium, Nauclea pobeguinii, Picralima nitida, Rumex abyssinicus, Rumex berqueatii, Sapium ellypticum, Psorospermum febrifigum,</i> They were tested on seven strains including six clinical isolates (<i>Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Providencia stuartii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus saprophiticus, Candida krusei</i>) and one reference strain <i>(E. coli JM109)</i>. Clinical strains were checked for their multiresistance using disc diffusion method. The antimicrobial activities were determined by agar well diffusion method. MICs were determined using microdilution assay. The phytochemical screening of plants was also done. All the bacteria strains were found to be multidrug-resistant (MDR) against at least 7 of the 12 antibiotics tested. Antimicrobial activities demonstrated that 6/9 (SE, DL, RA, RB, PN, LS) plants were active on at least six microorganisms. MICs ranged from 0.125 to 128mg/ml for crude extracts, from 0.5 to 0.16µg/ml for gentamicin and was 0,002mg/ml for fluconazole. One extract (NP) which showed limited results on agar, inhibited the growth of all the strains with MICs ranging from 1to 16mg/ml showing a limited activity of this extract on agar. We found that four extracts (SE, NP, RA, DL) have significant activities since they presented MICs ≤ 8mg/ml on at least 5 tested microorganism individually. Findings from phytochemical screening showed that most active extracts contain tannins, alkaloids and saponins which could be responsible of these activities.

Screening of Phytochemicals and Antibacterial Activity of Marine Red Alga Portieria hornemannii (Lyngbye) P. C. Silva

The evaluation of phytochemicals and antimicrobial activities of marine red alga Portieriahornemannii against bacterial pathogens have been established in the present investigation. The quantitative phytochemical screening of the methanol extract of P.hornemannii, showed a maximum number of natural products such as tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, terpenoids, etc. The antimicrobial activity of methanol extract of P.hornemannii showed the highest inhibition against Staphylococcusaureus (77.77%) and the chloroform extract showed the lowest activity against Pseudomonasaeruginosa by showing (52.63%) as evaluated by disc diffusion method. Our findings provide the evidence that the methanol extract of P. hornemannii possesses the good antimicrobial activity and hence, the alga proves to be an effective therapeutic agent.

ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF Tinospora crispa (putarwali) STEMS METHANOLIC EXTRACT

Apart from being the primary source of food to other living things, plants also have medicinal value to treat various kinds of diseases. In recent years, it has been proposed that the extract from plants may be used as natural antioxidants which can help to prevent the generation of carcinogens in human body. In addition, plants also have antimicrobial agents to inhibit the growth of pathogenic microbes. This study was intended to investigate the antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract of Tinospora crispa stems extracted using soxhlet extraction method. The antimicrobial properties of T. crispa stems extract were tested using disc diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Candida albicans IMR C S23/11 A and Saccharomyces cerevisiae IMR S 617/068. The antioxidant properties of the extract were investigated by using Total Phenolics Content (TPC), Total Flavonoids Content (TFC), DPPH free radical scavenging and b–carotene bleaching assays. The TPC value was 6.12 g GAE/100 g of dried extract while the TFC value was 55.58 g QE/100 g of dried extract. The IC50 of DPPH scavenging assay for the extract and ascorbic acid were 0.21 and 0.04 mg/mL, respectively. The average percentage of b–carotene bleaching assay was 38.3 % as compared to BHT, which was 45.1%. The disc diffusion method showed no inhibition zone against all the strains of microorganisms at all concentrations of the extracts (0.5, 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/disc).

Anticaries and antimicrobial activities of methanolic extract from leaves of Cleistocalyx operculatus L.

ObjectiveTo investigate antimicrobial activities of methanolic extract of leaves of Cleistocalyx operculatus L. (C. operculatus) grown in Vietnam. MethodsThe methanolic extract of C. operculatus leaves was phytochemically screened and tested for its antimicrobial activity against six Gram-positive bacteria (three of which were antibiotic multiresistant Staphylococcus spp.), two Gram-negative bacteria, and one fungal species using an agar diffusion method. Anticaries activity was tested using pH drop and biofilm assays formed in 96-well plastic plates. ResultsPhytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids and terpenes, in which flavonoid content was 6.8 mg/g dry material. Antibacterial activity of the C. operculatus extract was shown only against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Streptococcus mutans GS-5 (S. mutans), and three multiresistant bacteria being Staphylococcus epidermidis 847, Staphylococcus haemolyticus 535 and Staphylococcus aureus North German epidemic strain. Interestingly, methanolic extract of C. operculatus leaves exhibited the anticaries activity against S. mutans in terms of inhibition of acid production and biofilm formation. Activity of two key enzymes responsible for acidogenicity of S. mutans, F-ATPase and phosphotransferase system were inhibited by the extract with IC50 of 51.0 and 98.0 μg/mL, respectively. Cytotoxicity of the extract against keratinocytes was found only for higher concentrations [IC50 = (119.98 ± 4.63) μg/mL]. ConclusionsThe methanolic extract of C. operculatus leaves has the potential for development of antimicrobial preparations, especially anticaries products.

Anti-Proliferative and Antimicrobial Activity of Methanolic Extract and SPE Fractions of Artemisia spicigera

Objectives and Methods: This study was conducted to investigate in vitro, methanolic extract and methanol/water fractions obtained from the arial parts of Artemisia spicigera C. Koch (Asteraceae family) and for evaluation of their antiproliferative effects against HT-29, L-929 and A 549 cell lines by MTT assay at different concentrations (1, 10, 100, 1000 µg/mL). Furthermore, this study aimed to detect antimicrobial activities of the mentioned samples: two Gram-positive (Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus), two Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) and a fungi (Candida albicanse), using agar well diffusion method. Results: The IC50 values for antiproliferative activity of the methanolic extract, 20%, 40% and 60% SPE (solid phase extraction) fractions, found to be 345.91 ± 28.77, 442.44 ± 83.22, 220.19 ± 43.13 and 579.90 ± 153.19 μg/mL, respectively; in this case, the maximum inhibition percentage belonged to 40% SPE fraction (220.19 ± 43.13 μg/mL). The total methanolic extract of A. spicigera indicated inhibitory activity against Gram- positive strains, S. epidermidis and S. aureus, with MIC values of 150 mg/mL for both bacteria. Among SPE fractions, 20% was the only active one against Gram possitive species with MIC values of 35 mg/mL for both strains. Conclusions: This study revealed that methanolic extract of A. spicigera and its SPE fractions might be regarded as bioactive natural products, which deserves to be further identification and isolation of cytotoxic and antibacterial phytochemicals from them.

Anti-Proliferative and Antimicrobial Activity of Methanolic Extract and SPE Fractions of Artemisia spicigera

Objectives and Methods: This study was conducted to investigate in vitro, methanolic extract and methanol/water fractions obtained from the arial parts of Artemisia spicigera C. Koch (Asteraceae family) and for evaluation of their antiproliferative effects against HT-29, L-929 and A 549 cell lines by MTT assay at different concentrations (1, 10, 100, 1000 µg/mL). Furthermore, this study aimed to detect antimicrobial activities of the mentioned samples: two Gram-positive (Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus), two Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) and a fungi (Candida albicanse), using agar well diffusion method. Results: The IC50 values for antiproliferative activity of the methanolic extract, 20%, 40% and 60% SPE (solid phase extraction) fractions, found to be 345.91 ± 28.77, 442.44 ± 83.22, 220.19 ± 43.13 and 579.90 ± 153.19 μg/mL, respectively; in this case, the maximum inhibition percentage belonged to 40% SPE fraction (220.19 ± 43.13 μg/mL). The total methanolic extract of A. spicigera indicated inhibitory activity against Gram- positive strains, S. epidermidis and S. aureus, with MIC values of 150 mg/mL for both bacteria. Among SPE fractions, 20% was the only active one against Gram possitive species with MIC values of 35 mg/mL for both strains. Conclusions: This study revealed that methanolic extract of A. spicigera and its SPE fractions might be regarded as bioactive natural products, which deserves to be further identification and isolation of cytotoxic and antibacterial phytochemicals from them.

Evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of &lt;i&gt;Spergularia marina&lt;/i&gt; (L.) Griseb extract

Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb is a species from spergularia genus (Caryophyllaceae). This genus has some medicinal effects such as antidiabetic, antioxidant and diuretic effect. For many centuries people have been trying to alleviate and treat diseases with natural resources. Free radicals and oxidative agents cause disorders such as cardiovascular diseases, pulmonary diseases and rheumatoid arthritis. Synthetic antioxidants have toxic effects, so scientists are trying to find new antioxidants from natural resources such as plants. Nowadays plants are known as an important resource for treating different diseases such as: common cold, cough, diarrhea, bronchiolitis, respiratory infections, UTI, and skin lesions, because of this reasons, a lot of plants have been studied to make new drugs. Due to increasing drug resistant in microorganisms, it is necessary to find new compounds with antimicrobial properties. In this work, firstly the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of Methanolic extract and Chloroform, Ethyl acetate and Water fractions from Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb were calculated, and then the antioxidant activites of all samples were determined using three methods, DPPH radical scavenging, Reducing power and Ferrous Chelating activity assay. In this assays VitC, VitE, BHA, EDTA, rutin and gallic acid were used as reference compounds. The antimicrobial activities of Methanolic extract from all part of plant determined against standard strains include: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherchia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Salmonella enterica, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia Marssns and Candida albicans by disc diffusion method. In all antioxidant methods, Methanolic extract was showed the highest antioxidant activity and chloroform extract was the lowest antioxidant activity (aerial parts, seeds and all parts of plant). The results show methanolic extract of all parts of plant have any effect against above microorganisms. KeyWords : Spergularia marina ; caryophyllaceae; antioxidant; antimicrobial; DPPH; reducing power; ferrous chelating activit.

In vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Methanolic Extract from Varthemia iphionoides Leaves

&lt;p&gt;In the Mediterranean region, &lt;em&gt;Varthemia iphionoides&lt;/em&gt; is commonly used in folk medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. The present study described the antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract of &lt;em&gt;V.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;iphionoides&lt;/em&gt; leaves. The extract was assayed against a panel of pathogenic bacteria and fungi using agar well diffusion method. The antibacterial activity of the methanolic extract was investigated against six standard bacterial species and was found to exhibit high antibacterial activity. The most sensitive bacterium was &lt;em&gt;Klebsiella pneumoniae &lt;/em&gt;ATCC 13883 followed by &lt;em&gt;Proteus vulgaris&lt;/em&gt; ATCC 13315 and methicillin-resistant &lt;em&gt;Staphylococcus aureus&lt;/em&gt; ATCC 95047. The least sensitive bacterium to &lt;em&gt;V.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;iphionoides&lt;/em&gt; methanolic extract was &lt;em&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/em&gt; O157:H7 ATCC43895. Antifungal susceptibility of 13 fungal species was tested against &lt;em&gt;V.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;iphionoides&lt;/em&gt; methanolic extract. Among the fungal species studied, &lt;em&gt;Fusarium lini&lt;/em&gt; was the most sensitive and &lt;em&gt;Beauveria bassiana&lt;/em&gt; was the most resistant to the extract. Good antifungal activity has been displayed by the methanolic extract of &lt;em&gt;V.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;iphionoides&lt;/em&gt; against &lt;em&gt;Aspergillus brasiliensis&lt;/em&gt;,&lt;em&gt; Aspergillus niger&lt;/em&gt;, and &lt;em&gt;Aspergillus alliaceus&lt;/em&gt;,&lt;em&gt; Aspergillus flavus&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Cunninghamella echinulata&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Gibberella fujikuroi&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Macrophomina phaseolina&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Cephalosporum aphidicola&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Rhizoupus stolonifer&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Curvularia lunata&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Cunninghamella elegans&lt;/em&gt;. The observed antimicrobial potential of &lt;em&gt;V.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;iphionoides&lt;/em&gt; indicated that this plant possesses bioactive compounds that are able to combat pathogenic microorganisms and support its traditional use in the treatment of pathogen infection.&lt;/p&gt;

In Vitro Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic activities of Polygonum orientale (Bishkatali)

The aim of this present work is to investigate the antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of methanol extract of Polygonum orientale (Family: Polygonaceae). Antimicrobial activity of methanol extract of Polygonum orientale was tested by Disc Diffusion Method. Standard antibiotic discs of Kanamycin (30µg/disc) for bacterial species was used as standard and crude extracts were used at a concentration of (20mg/disc) and (40mg/disc) for leaves and (10mg/disc) and (20mg/disc) for shoot extracts. The methanol extracts of leaves and shoots showed mild activity against gram positive bacteria, gram negative bacteria and fungi. Most of the organisms were susceptible to the extract in various degrees. The extract showed highest zone of inhibition (13mm) against the Gram (+)ve Bacillus megateriumand and gram (-)ve Escherichia coli (zone of inhibition 10mm). Antioxidant property of the plant extracts against stable DPPH (1, 1-Dipheny1-2-picrydrazole) radical was investigated. Ascorbic acid was used as standard. The extract was found low in antioxidant property. The absorbance was taken at 517nm by UV Spectrophotometer. The IC50 values were found in leaf extract and shoot extract are (1244.58µg/ml and (1506µg/ml). For ascorbic acid IC50 value was (139.19µg/ml). Cytotoxic activity of the crude extract by using Brine Shrimp Lethality Bioassay. Vincristin sulphate was used as standard. LC50 value of leaf extract was found (6.85µg/ml) and (9.7104µg/ml) for the shoot extract. In conclusion, the extract of the experimental plants have mild antimicrobial, low antioxidant and good cytotoxic properties.

In vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts and their fractions from three Eryngium L. species

Summary Introduction: Due to increasing resistance against antibiotics and antifungal agents, crude plant extracts, fractions, and isolated pure compounds became a new interest as antimicrobial agents. Objectives: The antimicrobial activity of methanolic extracts and fractions of Eryngium planum L., E. campestre L., and E. maritimum L. was evaluated against selected bacteria, yeast and mould, and compared in tested Eryngium species and in their organs. Methods: The antimicrobial activity was studied with use of broth microdilution method. The antibacterial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and antifungal (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger) activity of selected extracts and fractions compared with the reference substance was expressed by Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal/Fungicidal Concentration (MBC/MFC). The extract and fraction compounds were identified on the basis of TLC examination. Results: The saponin-phenolic acid fractions of E. maritimum and E. planum and a saponin fraction of E. planum showed the highest activity against S. aureus (MIC = 1–2.5 mg·ml−1). The growth of C. albicans was inhibited by methanolic extract of E. planum cell suspension culture (MIC = 7.8 mg·ml−1). Conclusion: The antimicrobial activity depends on the Eryngium species, tested biomass, and microorganism.

Reverse Phase HPLC Profiling of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Sarcochlamys pulcherrima (Roxb.) Gaud.

The total phenolics content, total flavonoids content, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity of methanol extract and its derived fractions from Sarcochlamys pulcherrima (Roxb.) Gaud. were evaluated. The plant material was initially extracted with methanol. The fractionation was carried out using liquid-liquid extraction with hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water. The Folin-Ciocalteu assay was used to quantify total phenolics content, Aluminum Chloride assay to quantify total flavonoids content, DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine) and reducing power assay are to determine antioxidant activity. The ethyl acetate fraction was observed to contain high phenolic content (201.37 mg/g) followed by n-butanol fraction (197.76 mg/g), methanol extract (136.93mg), water fraction (55.05mg/g) and hexane fraction (36.94mg/g) respectively. The flavonoids content ranges from 109.48 mg/g to 8.63 mg/g dry extract. The highest antioxidant activity was found in n-butanol fraction (EC50 =14.69 µg/mL in DPPH and 162.65 µg/mL in reducing power). The antimicrobial activity of the samples was evaluated based on inhibition zone using agar-well diffusion assay and minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) values. Hexane fraction had no antimicrobial effect against test microorganisms. The zone of inhibitions ranged from 11 mm to 6 mm. The n-butanol fraction possessed the highest antimicrobial activity against E. coli among the four fractions with MIC value of 0.781mg/mL. In addition rutin, gallic acid, quercetin and kaempferol were quantified by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. In ethyl acetate and n-butanol fraction, observed large amount rutin (77.53 ± 7.57 mg/g; 77.45 ± 1.71 mg/g) and gallic acid (61.01 ± 2.34 mg/g; 22.75 ± 1.54 mg/g) as compared to the quercetin and kaempferol.Doley et al., International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, May 2016, 5(6): 49-54

Antimicrobial activity of methanolic extracts of selected marine macroalgae against some pathogenic microorganisms

Ehab Omer Abdalla, Mohammed Taha Abdalla Shigidi, Hassan Elsubki Khalid, Nahid Abdel Rahim Osman Department of Biological Oceanography, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, Red Sea University, Port Sudan, Sudan Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan Department of Development and Coastal Management, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, Red Sea University, Port Sudan, Sudan Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2016; 4(5): 364-367

Evaluation of Phytochemicals, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Hyophila involuta (Hook.) Jaeg. and Entodon plicatus C.Muell. (Bryophyta) from Rajasthan, India

Plants are the ultimate source of drugs against many communicable diseases since time immemorial. Multitudinous drugs have been obtained from countless plant species. However, invariably angiosperms were the preferred choice of most of the workers and other plant groups remain somewhat unexplored in this direction. Hence, the aim of the present study was to examine the phytochemicals, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of two such neglected mosses (bryophyta), Hyophila involuta (Hook.) Jaeg. and Entodon plicatus C. Muell. (Bryopsida). In preluded phytochemical analysis cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, anthroquinone, terpenoids, tannins, phenolic, proteins, fats and fixed oils were observed by using standard tests. It was found that E. plicatus contains more amount of phytochemicals than H. involuta. The antioxidant activity of both the plants was also determined according to standard protocols and appealing results were found. Comparative analysis was done for the activity of Catalase, Peroxidase, Ascorbate peroxidase, Glutathione reductase and Superoxide dismutase and interesting observations were made. Antimicrobial activity of methanolic extracts of both the plants was evaluated against Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus and Escherichia coli by using the Agar well diffusion method. Extract of H. involuta showed a greater inhibitory activity than Entodon plicatus. Bacillus spp. (gram+ve) were found more affected than E. coli (gram-ve).

In vitro antimicrobial and anti-proliferative activities of plant extracts from Spathodea campanulata, Ficus bubu, and Carica papaya

Context African medicinal plants represent a prominent source of new active substances. In this context, three plants were selected for biological investigations based on their traditional uses. Objective The antimicrobial and anti-proliferative features of three plants used for medicinal purpose were evaluated. Materials and methods The antimicrobial activities of methanol extracts of Ficus bubu Warb. (Moraceae) stem bark and leaves, of Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv. (Bignoniaceae) flowers, as well as those of Carica papaya Linn. (Caricaceae) latex, were determined using the microbroth dilution method against a set of bacteria and fungi pathogens including: Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, S. saprophyticus, S. epidermididis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhimurium, Candida albicans, and Trichophyton rubrum. The tested concentrations of extracts ranged from 2500.0 to 2.4 μg/mL and MIC values were evaluated after 24 h incubation at 37 °C. Subsequently, MTT assay was used to estimate anti-proliferative activity of these methanol extracts and of F. bubu latex on three human cancer cell lines (U373 glioblastoma, A549 NSCLC, and SKMEL-28 melanoma). Results The methanol extract of F. bubu stem bark exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity against C. albicans with a MIC value of 9.8 μg/mL, while the F. bubu latex and the methanol extract of F. bubu leaves induced significant anti-proliferative activity against lung (IC50 values of 10 and 14 μg/mL, respectively) and glioma (IC50 values of 13 and 16 μg/mL, respectively) cancer cells. Conclusion These results indicate that effective drugs could be derived from the three studied plants.

Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of Traditional Medicinal Plants from the Balkan Peninsula

Negative effects of available antibiotics and the constant development of bacterial resistance motivate a search for new antimicrobial agents. Aromatics plants have traditionally been used as antibacterial agents and are well accepted today as a source of antioxidants. The present study evaluated the antibacterial activities and antioxidant capacity of eight aromatic plants, indigenous to the flora of the Balkan Peninsula, which are used as medicinal plants in traditional medicine. The plants studied were Hyssopus officinalis, Angelica pancicii, Angelica sylvestris, Laserpitium latifolium, Achillea grandifolia, Achillea crithmifolia, Artemisia absinthium and Tanacetum parthenium. The antimicrobial activities of methanolic extracts of the plant tissues against 16 bacterial isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella sp., Proteus mirabilis, Acinetobacter sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Enterococcus faecalis were investigated using a microwell dilution assay. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracts ranged from 6.3 to 100mg mL-1, and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) ranged from 12.5 to 100mg mL-1. Antioxidant potential of the extracts was analyzed as contents of total phenols and flavonoids; radical scavenging activity by the ABTS+ and DPPH methods, and reducing power by the iron (III) to iron (II) reduction assay, and the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP). Results of antioxidative activities from the 4 methods demonstrated similar sequence of activity: A. crithmifolia>A. grandifolia>H. officinalis>A. absinthium>T. parthenium>L. latifolium>A. pancicii>A. sylvestris. The total content of polyphenols and flavonoids in the methanol extracts of the studied species positively correlated with their antioxidant properties, confirming their major role in antioxidant activity of these species.