Antimicrobial Activity Of Endophytic Fungi Research Articles

Diversity and Antimicrobial Activity of Endophytic Fungi Associated with Houttuynia cordata Thunb

The study focused on the endophytic fungi associated with Houttuynia cordata Thunb., also known as Fish mint, from four districts of Assam, India. This plant is widely used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments such as dysentery, cold, fever, mumps, etc. The investigation aimed to isolate and identify these fungi from healthy plant tissues and to assess their antimicrobial properties. Sixty-one endophytic fungal isolates were obtained from the leaf, stem, and root tissues of H. cordata. The highest fungal population was recorded in samples from North Lakhimpur district, followed by Nagaon and Kamrup (M) districts. Among the isolated fungi, one particular strain of Trichoderma obtained from Nagaon district showed significant antifungal activity against six test fungal pathogens in vitro. The fungal species was further identified as Trichoderma virens strain MBDM1 through 28S rDNA sequence analysis and molecular phylogeny. The ethyl acetate extract of T. virens was analyzed using GC-MS, revealing the presence of six fungicidal metabolites: 1-H-benzotriazol, Trans,cis-1,7-dimethylspiro[4.5]decane, 2H-Pyrane-2-one-tetrahydro-6-pentyl 4-nitro-, 8-decanoic acid, Thiazolo[3,2-a]benzimidazol-3(2H)- one and Cyclotrisiloxane hexamethyl. These compounds are likely responsible for the antifungal activity against the test fungal pathogens.. KEYWORDS :Antifungal activity, Antimicrobial metabolites, Endophytic fungi, Houttuynia cordata, Trichoderma

Eksplorasi dan uji aktivitas antimikroba jamur endofit dari daun mangga kasturi (Mangifera casturi Kosterm.) terhadap Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Candida albicans ATCC 10231 dan Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923

The kasturi mango (Mangifera casturi Kosterm.) is categorized as an endangered plant in situ or Extinct in the Wild according to the IUCN Red List Categories, This also puts under threat the existence of endophytic fungi in these plants. This study aimed to isolate, characterize, and assay the antimicrobial activity of endophytic fungi from mango leaves toward Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. The fungi were screened for antimicrobial activity using the agar diffusion method. Antimicrobial activity was assessed by measuring the inhibition zone produced by endophytes against the pathogenic microbes. A total of 23 isolates belonging to 4 genera and 1 group of fungi were successfully isolated. Fungi belonging to the genus Aspergillus with a total of 13 isolates were dominant compared to Penicillium, Cladosporium, Syncephalastrum, and the Mycelia sterilia group. All isolates were able to inhibit the growth of S. aureus with the inhibition zone ranging from 13-23 mm, which is higher than Ampicillin 10 µg/ml. The endophytic fungi obtained were more effective at inhibiting the growth of S. aureus than E. coli, but lacked the ability to inhibit C. albicans.

Characterization and antimicrobial activity of endophytic fungi from medicinal plant Agave americana.

Endophytic microorganisms associated with medicinal plants are of particular interest as they are a potential source of new bioactive chemicals effective against novel emerging and drug-resistant pathogens. Agave americana is a tropical medicinal plant with antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer properties. We studied the biodiversity of fungal endophytes of A. americana and their antimicrobial production potential. Isolated endophytic fungi were classified into 32 morphotypes (15 from stem and 17 from leaf) based on their cultural and morphological characteristics. Among the fungal crude extracts tested, 82% of isolates from the leaves and 80% of the isolates from the stem showed antibacterial activity against the bacterial strains (Escherichia coli ATTC 25902, Staphylococcus aureus ATTC 14775, and Bacillus subtilis NRRL 5109) tested. Extracts from four fungal isolates from leaves showed antifungal activity against at least one of the fungal strains (Candida albicans ATTC 10231 and Aspergillus fumigatus NRRL 5109) tested. Crude extracts of seven fungal isolates showed a zone of inhibition of more than 11 mm at 10 mgml-1 against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria tested. Penicillium, Colletotrichum, Curvularia, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, and Pleurotus are the main endophytes responsible for bioactive potential. These results indicate that A. americana harbors endophytes capable of producing antimicrobial metabolites.

Diversity of endophytic fungi from medicinal plant Oxalis latifolia and their antimicrobial potential against selected human pathogens

Diversity of endophytic fungi from medicinal plant Oxalis latifolia and their antimicrobial potential against selected human pathogens

Anti-multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and anti-dermatophyte activities of secondary metabolites of the endophytic fungus Penicillium brevicompactum ANT13 associated with the Algerian endemic plant Abies numidica

This study aims to identify and assess the antimicrobial activity of endophytic fungi found in the endemic plant Abies numidica. Among all isolates, the ANT13 isolate demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity in the preliminary screening, particularly Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Candida albicans ATCC 1024, with inhibition zones of 22 and 21.5mm, respectively. Based on its morphological and molecular features, this isolate was identified as Penicillium brevicompactum. The maximum activity was observed in the ethyl acetate extract, followed by the dichloromethane extract; however, the n-hexane extract exhibited no activity. The ethyl acetate extract demonstrated very significant activity against the five strains of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus used, with average zones of inhibition ranging from 21 to 26mm, in contrast to more resistant Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 49452 and Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876. The ethyl acetate extractwas also very active against dermatophytes, where the zones of inhibition for Candida albicans, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, and Epidermophyton floccosum were 23.5, 31, 43, 47, and 53.5mm, respectively. The MIC values for dermatophytes ranged between 100 and 3200µg/mL. The wild isolate of Penicillium brevicompactum ANT13 discovered as an endophyte in Abies numidica may be a distinctive source of novel compounds and drug discovery to trait dermatophytes and multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections.

LC–MS/MS and GC–MS based phytochemical perspectives and antimicrobial effects of endophytic fungus Chaetomium ovatoascomatis isolated from Euphorbia milii

The antimicrobial activity of endophytic fungi isolated from Euphorbia milii was evaluated against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, unicellular yeast, and filamentous fungi. Chaetomium ovatoascomatis NRC was identified morphologically and genetically as the most active strain. The total ethyl acetate extract of C. ovatoascomatis NRC demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative; Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteric, and fungi; Aspergillus niger with MIC of 62.5 ug/ml. Whereas n-hexane fraction demonstrated broader activity against Gram-positive; Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus cereus, Gram-negative; Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteric, fungi; Candida albicans and F. solani. LC–MS/MS analysis of ethyl acetate strain extract and GC–MS analysis of the n-hexane fraction were used to identify the metabolites of the strain extract. LC–MS/MS determined three major metabolites with potential antimicrobial activities including grevilline B, aflatoxin G2 and apigenin. GC–MS analysis of n-hexane fraction tentatively identified 30 compounds, where 9,12-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester was the major compound.

Antimicrobial activity of endophytic fungi associated with halophytic species Salsola vermiculata

Antimicrobial activity of endophytic fungi associated with halophytic species Salsola vermiculata

Antimicrobial Activities and Molecular Signature of Endophytic Fungi of Wild Plant, Saudi Arabia

Endophytic fungi, which have been reported in numerous plant species, are essential components of the wild plants’ community and contribute significantly to natural ecosystems' diversity. The study aims to evaluate and characterize, at the molecular level, the diversity and antimicrobial activities of endophytic fungi from wild plants in Taif, Saudi Arabia. Fungal endophytes were isolated from leaves and stems of plants, including Juniperus excelsa, Ziziphus spina-christi, Aacacia gerradii, Rumex nervosus, Lavandula dentate, Hypoestes forskaolii, Ficus palmata, Eucalyptus smithii and Conyza bonariensis collected from Taif, Saudi Arabia. About 25 different species belonging to 16 genera were recovered. The ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the collected endophytic isolates were sequenced. The most prevalent fungi were identified as Hypocopra, Aspergillus, Coniothyrium, Chaetomium, Bipolaris, Dothideomycetes, Penicillium, Phoma, Mucor, Readeriella, Leptosphaerulina, Neodidymelliopsis, and Thielavia. Seven of the endophytic fungi isolates exhibited vigorous antimicrobial activity to some microbial pathogens tested. Fungal sp. has the highest inhibition against the human pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococeus faecium and Streptococcus agalactiae

ANTIMICROBIAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF EXTRACTS PRODUCED BY ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI ISOLATED FROM THE ROOT OF Lawsonia inermis ANTIMICROBIAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF EXTRACTS PRODUCED BY ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI ISOLATED FROM THE ROOT OF Lawsonia inermis

Endophytic fungi produced a secondary metabolite similar to their host plant; therefore it can be used as a source of producing active metabolites which lead in drug discoveries. The present study evaluate the antimicrobial activity of endophytic fungi from Lawsonia inermis and isolation of bioactive compounds for new antimicrobial agent. Fresh plant root materials were used for the isolation process, Aspergillus niger was identified as the species present on the plant. The screening of fungal for biological active secondary metabolites was carried out on malt broth fermentation. The broth filtrate was extracted with ethyl acetate and partitioned using a separating funnel. Disc diffusion methods of an antimicrobial sensitivity test at 100μg/disc, 50μg/disc, 25μg/disc 12.5μg/disc was adopted in testing the bioactivity of the extract against two clinical bacterial isolates of staphylococcus Aureus, Escheria coli and two clinical fungal isolates of Candida Albican and Aspergillus Flavus using disc diffution techniques. The extract were further subjected to phytochemical screening to detect the presence of secondary metabolites using standard procedures. The sensitivity test results showed that all the tested isolates are sensitive to extract at 12.5µg/disc as follows: Staphylococcus Aureus (10mm) , Escheria coli (11mm) , Candida Albican (7mm) and Aspergillus Flavus (8mm) . The result of phytochemical screening indicates the presence of alkaloids, cardical glycosides ,resins , saponins ,tannins , triterpenoids .The bioassay from the ethyl acecate fraction (HR) of the metabolite using column chromatography ,lead to the isolation of three pure compounds. The results of the antimicrobial activity of the isolated compounds indicated that (HR-102) was more potent against candida albican (11mm) at 12.5μg/disc followed by staphylococcus aureus (10mm) at 12.5μg/disc, escheria coli (9mm) at 12.5μg/disc, aspergillus flavus (8mm) at 12.5μg/disc. This signifies the potency for the development of therapeutic agent against pathogenic microorganisms. phytochemical screening of the three extracts fraction revealed the presence of alkaloids , steroids ,resins , triterpenoids .

Antimicrobial activity of endophytic fungi isolated from different plant parts of Curcuma mangga Valeton and Zijp

The endophytic fungi isolated from different plant parts including leaf, stem and rhizome of Curcuma mangga were screened for antimicrobial activity by employing agar plug diffusion assay and disc diffusion assay for primary screening and secondary screening, respectively. A total of 127 endophytic fungi that were successfully isolated from various plant parts were cultured to examine their antimicrobial activities. Qualitative screening using agar plug diffusion assay revealed that 118 isolates (92.9%) showed antimicrobial activity against at least on one test microorganisms and suggested that the rhizome part exhibited the highest percentage of antiyeast (58.3%) and antifungal (91.7%) activities compared to leaf and stem parts. Quantitative screening using disc diffusion assay indicated that ethyl acetate extract from fermentative broth (extracellular compound) demonstrated better antimicrobial activity compared to methanol extract derived from fungal biomass (intracellular compound) against all the four classes of pathogenic microorganisms tested (Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, yeast and fungi). The future of endophytic fungus study is very promising as it possesses hidden potential to be developed as natural antimicrobial agent.

English

The growing levels of antimicrobial resistance have triggered interest in the search for alternative compounds to wage the war against it. Plants have been shown to harbor endophytic fungi that produce bioactive idiolites, which have potential lead compounds in the development of new drugs. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of endophytic fungi isolated from leaves of Dacryodes edulis. Endophytic fungi associated with healthy leaves of D. edulis were isolated using standard methods. The fungi were subjected to solid-state fermentation on rice media at 28°C for 21 days and the idiolites extracted using ethylacetate. The extracts of the endophytic fungi were evaluated for antimicrobial properties using agar well diffusion method against selected human pathogens. The endophytic fungi isolates were also characterized using macroscopy and microscopy (photomicrograph). A total of six (6) endophytic fungi (LB2, LB3, MR1, MR2, MR3, and MR4) were isolated from leaves of D. edulis. The extracts of isolated endophytic fungi displayed varying antimicrobial activities, with inhibition zone diameters ranging from 4 to 12 mm. The MR3 extract was the most effective metabolite and showed broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. Endophytic fungi isolated from the leaves of D. edulis have antimicrobial activity and could be a hopeful source antimicrobial agent.   Key words: Endophytic fungi, antimicrobial, idiolites, Dacryodes edulis.

Antimicrobial activity of endophytic fungi from Andalas (Morus macroura Miq.) plant

Many of recent study were conducted to find and investigate new antimicrobial substance to overcome the bacterial resistance problem. We can explore antimicrobial substance from medicine plant including Andalas (Morus macroura Miq.), but this plant is an endangered species. So, we can use endophytic fungi from this plant since they were known have the ability to produce similar antimicrobial compound. The aim of this study is to find some endophytic fungi from Andalas plant that have the ability to inhibit pathogen growth. Part (roots and leaves) of Andalas plant sample are from Andaleh village, Tanah Datar district, West Sumatera. Part of plant surface sterilization was using NaOCl 0.5%. Isolation of endophytic fungi from Andaleh plant was using PDA containing Chloramphenichol 500mg/l. Antimicrobial activity assay was conducted by agar dilution method. This study using 3 microbial agent i.e. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. We found 19 pure isolates of endophytic fungi from roots sample meanwhile 9 pure isolates from leaves. Most of those endophytic fungi (24 of 28 isolates) have the ability to inhibit E.coli and S. aureus growth, but none of them have the same ability to inhibit C. albicans. The highest average inhibition zone against E. coli was 47.1 mm and 51.7 mm against S. aureus. Meanwhile the lowest average inhibition zone against E.coli and S. aureus was 13.6 mm. Based on this study, we can conclude that endophytic fungi from Andalas plant are potential source to develop antimicrobial agent.

Diversity and antimicrobial activity of endophytic fungi from Combretum sp. collected in monsoon from three regions

Aerial tissues of the woody lianas- Combretum sp. was selected and assessed for study of endophytic fungal diversity from three forest areas of West Medinipur and Jhargram districts of West Bengal. In monsoon study it was observed that out of 225 various tissue segments ,165 segments had been colonized by endophytic fungi Combretum roxburghii and 209 endophytic isolates were isolated from them. Average colonization frequency (CF)was 73.32 percent. Highest CF was in plant of Belpahari (76%) and in petiole (82.66%). Out of isolated fungal genera Pestalotiopsis sp. was highest in number. Diplodia sp., Beltrania sp., Chaetomium sp., Fusarium sp., Arthrinium sp. were also greater in number. Dominance index was highest in Belpahari (0.1547). Simpson’s diversity was maximum in Godapiasal (0.8693) and Shannon-Wiener index was also highest (2.152) in plant of Godapiasal. Highest diversity of endophytic fungi was in plants of Chilkigarh. Isolated endophytic fungi were Lasiodiplodia sp., Diplodia sp., Fusarium sp., Chaetomium sp., Arthrinium sp., Aspergillus sp., Pestalotiopsis sp. etc. Simpson’s diversity and Shannon-Wiener index were maximum in plants of Godapiasal. The study of antimicrobial activity of isolated fungal endophytes indicated that few plugs showed antimicrobial activity against few pathogenic bacteria. Among all isolates tested only seven showed antimicrobial activity. Aspergillus sp. and one unidentified fungi showed the antimicrobial activity against three bacteria i. e., Bacillus cereus, Escherechia coli and Vibrio cholera and maximum inhibition zone was observed against E. coli, diameter of inhibition zone is 1.4 cm. Other fungi showed less antimicrobial activity. Diameter of zone of inhibition varied (0.7 – 1.4) and this variation might be due to the difference of bioactive compound produced or the varied concentrations or amount degree of same compound.

Identification and antimicrobial activity test of endophytic fungi from water hyacinth petiole (Eichhornia crassipes) against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

Endophytic fungi have bioactive compounds in the form of secondary metabolites that come from reciprocal relationships with their host plants. Microorganisms such as endophytic fungi has important role in the production of bioactive compounds in the field of biotechnology. The main goal of this study was to find out the antimicrobial activity of endophytic fungi from water hyacinth petiole against E. coli and S. aureus. The endophytic fungi were cultured from petiole of water hyacinth on PDA for 4-5 days at 30ºC. The fungi isolates that have grown were purified and used to test of antimicrobial activity. The method used for antimicrobial test is overlay and disc diffusion agar test. There were 8 endophytic fungi isolated, a total of 4 endophytic fungi identified. Overlay test of the results showed only three isolates had antimicrobial activity i.e Aspergillus sp. Trichophyton sp. and Penicillium sp. Disk diffusion test of the results showed that Penicillium sp. had strong antimicrobial activity with inhibition zones 13.6 ± 1.4 mm (E. coli) and 7.5 ± 1.1 mm (S. aureus). Meanwhile, Aspergillus sp. produced antimicrobial activity with inhibition zones 2.5 ± 0.2 mm and Trichophyton sp. of 2.8 ± 0.7 mm against E. coli bacteria.

Molecular identification and antimicrobial activity of endophytic fungi isolated from Heritiera fomes (Buch. -Ham), a mangrove plant of the Sundarbans

BackgroundEndophytic fungi play a vital role in plant defense system by secreting various antimicrobial agents. To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the endophytic fungi of the mangrove plant Heritiera fomes (Buch. -Ham), plants were collected from the Sundarbans, Bangladesh. The endophytic fungi were subsequently isolated and identified.ResultsFifty-five endophytic fungi were isolated from the leaves, root, and bark of H. fomes (Buch. -Ham). Genomic DNA was extracted for PCR (polymerase chain reaction) by specific primers to multiply ITS region and sequences were determined. Nucleotide sequence data were submitted to the Genbank and accession number for each fungal strain was obtained. Antimicrobial activity of the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and methanolic extracts of eleven species from both fermentation and mycelium, respectively, were analyzed by microtiter plate-based antimicrobial assay incorporating resazurin as an indicator of cell growth against two Gram-positive bacteria namely Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 12981 and Micrococcus luteus NCTC 7508, two Gram-negative bacteria namely Escherichia coli NCTC 12241 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC 12903, and a fungus Candida albicans ATCC 90028. All the endophytic fungal extracts exhibited antimicrobial activities against more than one-tested pathogenic microbial strains. Overall, methanolic extracts showed greater activity than EtOAc extracts. Pseudopestalotiopsis camelliae-sinensis, Pestalotiopsis microspora, and Penicillium copticola were the most active endophytic fungal strains and exhibited strong inhibitory activity against the microorganisms under investigation and their MIC values ranged from 0.0024 to 5.0 mg/mL. Methanolic extracts of both P. camelliae-sinensis and P. microspora showed the highest antibacterial activity (MIC value of 0.0024 mg/mL) against P. aeruginosa NCTC 12903.ConclusionThis study showed that the isolated and identified endophytic fungi from H. fomes (Buch. -Ham) could be potential sources of antimicrobial agents.

Antimicrobial activities of endophytic fungi residing in Aloe vera against diabetic wound pathogens

Antimicrobial activities of endophytic fungi residing in Aloe vera against diabetic wound pathogens

Antitumor and antimicrobial activities of endophytic fungi obtained from Egyptian Urospermum picroides

Background: Urospermum picroidesis an invasive medicinal plant well established in North cost, Egypt. Endophytic fungi of this medicinal plant in Egypt is poorly known. Aim: The present study aimed to estimate the biological activities of endophytic fungi from Egyptian U.picroides. Materials and Mthods: Two endophytic fungi were isolated from U.picroides and identified as Fusarium oxysporum and Phoma herbarum based on phylogenetic analysis. Results: Ethyl acetate extracts of F. oxysporum and P. herbarum gave high antioxidant activities (26.2 and 51.7%, respectively). Moreover, they showed highly antitumor activities with some significant morphological changes of characteristic apoptosis accompanied by up regulation of both p53 and Bax for F.oxysporum and P.herbarum extracts (1.55, 2.14 for p53 and 1.24, 2.2 for Bax, respectively) with down regulation of Bcl-2 (0.18 and 0.16, respectively). Ethyl acetate extract of F.oxysporum (EAFE) showed highest antimicrobial activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes (70 mm), while ethyl acetate extract of P.herbarum (EAPE) showed highest antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus (37 mm) and Candida albicans (35 mm). Scanning electron microscope micrographs showed major abnormalities for tested microorganisms after treatment with (EAFE and EAPE) resulting in complete alternation in their morphology. GC-MS results showed 30 biological active compounds for both extracts. The most significant proportion in EAFE was Diisooctyl phthalate with relative levels (74.9%), while Benzoic acid, 3, 5-bis (1, 1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy- was the most active compound in EAPE (61.7%). Conclusion: These results proposed that ethyl acetate extracts of endophytic fungi from Egyptian U.picroides showed to be promising novel antioxidant, antitumor agents and antimicrobial with further phytochemical studies.

Diversity and Antimicrobial Activity of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Chloranthus japonicus Sieb in Qinling Mountains, China.

The plant Chloranthus japonicus Sieb is known for its anticancer properties and mainly distributed in China, Japan, and Korea. In this study, we firstly investigated the diversity and antimicrobial activity of the culturable endophytic fungi from C. japonicus. A total of 332 fungal colonies were successfully isolated from 555 tissue segments of the medicinal plant C. japonicus collected from Qinling Mountains, China. One hundred and thirty representative morphotype strains were identified according to ITS rDNA sequence analyses and were grouped into three phyla (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Mucoromycota), five classes (Dothideomycetes, Sordariomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, Agaricomycetes, Mucoromycetes), and at least 30 genera. Colletotrichum (RA, 60.54%) was the most abundant genus, followed by Aspergillus (RA, 11.75%) and Diaporthe (RA, 9.34%). The Species Richness Index (S, 56) and the Shannon-Wiener Index (H′, 2.7076) indicated that C. japonicus harbored abundant fungal resources. Thirteen out of 130 endophytic fungal ethyl acetate extracts exhibited inhibitory activities against at least one pathogenic bacterium or fungus. Among of these, F8158, which was identified as Trichoderma cf. harzianum, exhibited good antagonistic capacities (the percent inhibition of mycelial growth ranged from 47.72~88.18) for different pathogens and has a potential application in biological control. In addition, it is noteworthy that the strain F8157 (Thanatephorus cucumeris, an opportunistic pathogen) showed antibacterial and antifungal activity, which is reported firstly in this study, and should be investigated further. Taken together, these results indicated that the endophytic fungi from C. japonicus may be of potential interest in screening bio-control agents and discovering of new bioactive compounds.

The isolation, identification and antimicrobial activities of endophytic fungi from Azadirachta indica

Endophytic microorganisms are the storehouse of novel secondary metabolites that can serve as an excellent source of drugs for different ailment. In this study, we isolated endophytic fungi associated with Azadirachta indica collected from Agulu, Awka, Anambra State, South Eastern Nigeria, identified some of their bioactive secondary metabolites and evaluated their antimicrobial properties. The endophytic fungi were isolated following standard method and the pure culture of the isolates identified morphologically and molecularly. The fungi were subjected to solid-state fermentation on rice medium and the metabolites were extracted using ethyl acetate. The fungal crude extracts were screened for antimicrobial activity. The extracts were further subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography-diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) analysis for the identification of the bioactive compounds. A total of four endophytic fungi identified as Aureobasidium sp. (AIL1), Sodaria sp. (AIL3), Aspergillus sp. (AIS1) and Penicillium sp. (AIS2) were isolated from the Azadirachta indica. The crude extracts at 1 mg/mL, showed varying degrees of antimicrobial activity against the test fungi and bacteria Iinhibtion zone diameter (IZD) ranged from 2 to 11 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the fungal extracts ranged from 0.0625 to 0.25 mg/mL. The HPLC-DAD analysis revealed the presence Glucobrassicin, Ferulic acid, 4-methoxybenzaldehyde, 12-Hydroxy-16-scalaren, 12-O-deacetyl-12-epi-scalarin, Ixoside, Citreodrimene F, and Cytosporin D, some of which has been reported to have shown antimicrobial activity. Azadirachta indica possess sundry groups of fungal endophytes that contain secondary metabolites with interesting antimicrobial properties that could be explored in drug discovery.

The isolation, identification and antimicrobial activities of endophytic fungi from Azadirachta indica

The isolation, identification and antimicrobial activities of endophytic fungi from Azadirachta indica