Vasopressin Levels Research Articles

Endolymphatic Sac Drainage Surgery and Plasma Stress Hormone Vasopressin Levels in Meniere's Disease.

Meniere's disease is a common inner ear disorder accompanied by vertigo attacks and fluctuating hearing loss that some believe is due to a stressful lifestyle. To elucidate the scientific relationship in neuro-endocrinology between Meniere's disease and stress, we examined the surgical results of endolymphatic sac drainage surgery and changes in stress-induced plasma arginine-vasopressin levels. We enrolled 100 intractable Meniere's patients and examined surgical results and plasma vasopressin levels. Fifty-four chronic otitis media patients who underwent tympano-mastoidectomy formed a control group. We assessed surgical results during a 2-year follow-up period, including vertigo and hearing loss. We examined plasma vasopressin levels just before surgery and 1 week, 1 year, and 2 years after surgery. In patients with intractable Meniere's disease, plasma vasopressin levels were significantly reduced 1 week after surgery compared to the decrease observed in chronic otitis media patients after tympano-mastoidectomy. In intractable Meniere's disease, long-lasting low plasma vasopressin levels after surgery were associated with significantly good surgical results. In recurrent Meniere's disease, a gradual plasma vasopressin level elevation was observed after surgery, followed by recurrent vertigo attacks and sensorineural hearing loss. It is suggested that long-lasting high levels of plasma vasopressin could have adverse effects on inner ear water metabolism and the subsequent Meniere's disease symptoms. Effective treatments for Meniere's disease might be best based on the maintenance of low plasma vasopressin levels.

Effects of Electrolyte Supplements on Body Water Homeostasis and Exercise Performance during Exhaustive Exercise

This study aimed to compare the physiologic effects of regular water consumption to those of electrolyte drink consumption in exercise capacity and recovery after exhaustive exercise. The participants were 10 healthy young men who exercised on a treadmill before and after receiving regular water and an electrolyte drink (3RINK) four weeks later. A 250-mL fluid volume was ingested 30 min before exercise and immediately after. Body composition, water metabolizing hormones, and body electrolytes were analyzed at rest (R), immediately after exercise (P0), and 1 h after exercise (P1). Moreover, serum lactic acid levels were measured to determine recovery. Total body water, intracellular, and extracellular water levels were higher after consuming 3RINK at P0 than at R. There was no interaction effect between the types of fluids and antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, and renin levels. Hematocrit levels showed an interaction effect between the type of fluid and period. Sodium levels were significantly different between the different types of fluids at P0 and P1. Finally, an interaction effect was noted between each type of fluid and serum lactate levels. Thus, 3RINK intake before and after exhaustive exercise increased body capacity to retain water, improved exercise ability, and reduced exercise-related fatigue.

Peak Lag Between Plasma Vasopressin and Urine Aquaporin-2 Following Cardiac Surgery.

Tolvaptan, a vasopressin type-2 receptor antagonist, is utilized to ameliorate fluid retention following cardiac surgery. However, the optimal timing of tolvaptan administration considering novel biomarkers remains unknown. We prospectively included patients who underwent cardiac surgery between 2016 and 2020. We measured perioperative trends of free water reabsorption mediators including plasma arginine vasopressin and urine aquaporin-2. A total of 20 patients (68 [60, 75] years old, 18 men) were included. Urine volume decreased gradually after the initial 3 hours following cardiac surgery. The plasma arginine vasopressin level increased significantly with a peak at postoperative 6 hours, whereas the urine aquaporin-2 level increased later with a delayed peak at postoperative 12 hours. As a result, urine aquaporin-2 relative to the plasma arginine vasopressin level, which represents the activity of the collecting ducts and indicates predicted responses to tolvaptan, was a minimum at postoperative 6 hours. Tolvaptan administration immediately after cardiac surgery might not be recommended given the transient refractoriness to tolvaptan probably due to the stunning of kidney collecting ducts.

The effects of female-male friendships on male postcopulatory levels of oxytocin and vasopressin, and sperm parameters in Macacaarctoides

Male and female stump-tailed macaques (Macaca arctoides) form close relationships akin to human friendships. Oxytocin and vasopressin modulate these and other social relationships and reproductive behavior and physiology in various mammal species. Besides the behavioral effects of oxytocin, this hormone plays an essential role in the ejaculatory process, favoring sperm transport upward the female reproductive tract. Therefore, we investigated the influence of friendships on postcopulatory serum levels of oxytocin and vasopressin in the stump-tailed macaque (Macaca arctoides). In addition, we searched for a correlation between this kind of social relationship and sperm transport in the vagina during the periovulatory and luteal phases. Six female and six male adult macaques having different friendship indices served as experimental animals. Allocated in 57 mating pairs combinations, these animals were allowed to copulate once in the luteal and periovulatory phases. Blood samples were collected from each animal finishing copulation to measure oxytocin and vasopressin. Afterward, we profoundly sedated the females and collected three semen samples from the vagina every 10 min to perform spermatobioscopies. Males' post-copulation oxytocin values increased along with the friendship index, while vasopressin behaves oppositely. Sperm concentration and immotile and motile sperm decreased from one sample to another as male-female closeness increased. Finally, in the periovulatory phase, only in the first vaginal sample, sperm velocities significantly increased with friendship indices. Our results showed that in stump-tailed macaques, heterosexual friendships promote higher postcopulatory oxytocin concentrations and better physiological conditions to males, which probably enhance reproductive success.

Hemodynamic phenotyping of transgenic rats with ubiquitous expression of an angiotensin-(1-7)-producing fusion protein.

Activation of the angiotensin (Ang)-converting enzyme (ACE) 2/Ang-(1-7)/MAS receptor pathway of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) induces protective mechanisms in different diseases. Herein, we describe the cardiovascular phenotype of a new transgenic rat line (TG7371) that expresses an Ang-(1-7)-producing fusion protein. The transgene-specific mRNA and the corresponding protein were shown to be present in all evaluated tissues of TG7371 with the highest expression in aorta and brain. Plasma Ang-(1-7) levels, measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) were similar to control Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, however high Ang-(1-7) levels were found in the hypothalamus. TG7371 showed lower baseline mean arterial pressure (MAP), assessed in conscious or anesthetized rats by telemetry or short-term recordings, associated with increased plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and higher urinary sodium concentration. Moreover, evaluation of regional blood flow and hemodynamic parameters with fluorescent microspheres showed a significant increase in blood flow in different tissues (kidneys, mesentery, muscle, spleen, brown fat, heart and skin), with a resulting decrease in total peripheral resistance (TPR). TG7371 rats, on the other hand, also presented increased cardiac and global sympathetic tone, increased plasma vasopressin (AVP) levels and decreased free water clearance. Altogether, our data show that expression of an Ang-(1-7)-producing fusion protein induced a hypotensive phenotype due to widespread vasodilation and consequent fall in peripheral resistance. This phenotype was associated with an increase in ANP together with an increase in AVP and sympathetic drive, which did not fully compensate the lower blood pressure (BP). Here we present the hemodynamic impact of long-term increase in tissue expression of an Ang-(1-7)-fusion protein and provide a new tool to investigate this peptide in different pathophysiological conditions.

The effects of chronic restraint stress on empathy-like behaviour in rats

It is clearly known that psychological stress is an important threat to health in today's modern societies. Recent studies have shown that acute stress causes an increase in positive social behaviours such as prosocial behaviour and devotion which are components of empathic behaviour. Neuropsychiatric manifestations such as anxiety and depression may affect empathic behaviour. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic restraint stress on empathy-like behaviour and the histopathological changes in the amygdala, prefrontal cortex in the adrenal glands and thymus, as well as the neurochemical pathways associated with empathy, oxytocin and vasopressin. The chronic stress group was subjected to restraint stress daily for 14 days after all subjects were trained to rescue its stressed cagemate using empathy test equipment for 12 days. It was observed that chronic restraint stress had no effect on empathy-like behaviour in rats. Vasopressin levels in amygdala was increased in chronic stress group compared to control group. Anxiety and depression indicators did not change in both groups. In the open field test, control group spent more time in thigmo zone compared to chronic stress group. Adrenal glands relative weights and apoptotic cell ratios were significantly higher in the chronic stress group compared to the control group (expectedly). Although there was no significant difference in behavioral tests, histopathological changes were detected. In subsequent studies, it is appropriate to examine the effects of different types of stress applications, gender-related changes, and other neurochemical pathways associated with stress and empathy.

Role of vasopressin signaling in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy

The diabetic kidney disease (also known as diabetic nephropathy) is a major complication of diabetes mellitus and also the most common cause of chronic kidney disease. Elevated plasma levels of vasopressin are consistently observed in patients with either type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus and in animal models of diabetes mellitus. A role of enhanced vasopressin signaling in progression of the diabetic nephropathy to chronic kidney disease has been suggested in several epidemiological studies but the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms remain largely unclear and are the subject of current scientific research.

Peripheral Insulin Resistance Is Associated with Copeptin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease.

Insulin resistance is associated with cardiovascular disease risk and worsened kidney function. Patients with CKD have higher levels of insulin resistance. Elevated levels of copeptin (a surrogate for vasopressin levels) have been associated with an increased incidence and progression of CKD, and with incident diabetes mellitus. The purpose of our study was to examine the relationship between insulin resistance, copeptin, and CKD. We performed a cross-sectional study to investigate if insulin resistance was associated with higher copeptin levels in nondiabetic patients with stage 3-4 CKD versus controls. We measured plasma copeptin levels and used data from 52 patients with stage 3-4 CKD and 85 controls (eGFR ≥60 ml/min per 1.73 m2) enrolled in the Insulin Resistance in Chronic Kidney Disease (IRCKD) study. We then used a multivariable linear-regression model to assess the independent relationship between peripheral or hepatic insulin resistance and copeptin across levels of eGFR. We found that in patients with CKD (eGFR of 30-60 ml/min per 1.73 m2), but not in controls, peripheral insulin resistance was significantly correlated with higher levels of log copeptin (r=-0.21, P=0.04). In patients with CKD, when adjusted for age, sex, BMI, serum osmolality, log IL6, and log leptin/adiponectin ratio, each 1 SD decrease in insulin sensitivity was associated with a 39% increase in serum copeptin levels. The relationship between hepatic insulin resistance, copeptin, and eGFR is similar between controls and patients with reduced eGFR. Peripheral insulin resistance is associated with elevated copeptin levels in nondiabetic patients with stage 3-4 CKD. Further research into how the interaction between peripheral insulin resistance and elevated vasopressin affects CKD progression could be of interest.

Diagnostic role of urine specific gravity to detect kidney impairment on heat-exposed workers in a shoe factory in Indonesia: a cross-sectional study

ObjectivesGlobally, there are increasing cases of chronic kidney disease of unknown origin among heat-exposed workers. We aimed to see the kidney damages of indoor heat-exposed workers and whether urine specific...

N-Methyl-D-aspartate Glutamate Receptor Modulates Cardiovascular and Neuroendocrine Responses Evoked by Hemorrhagic Shock in Rats.

Here, we report the participation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor in the mediation of cardiovascular and circulating vasopressin responses evoked by a hemorrhagic stimulus. In addition, once NMDA receptor activation is a prominent mechanism involved in nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in the brain, we investigated whether control of hemorrhagic shock by NMDA glutamate receptor was followed by changes in NO synthesis in brain supramedullary structures involved in cardiovascular and neuroendocrine control. Thus, we observed that intraperitoneal administration of the selective NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist dizocilpine maleate (MK801, 0.3 mg/kg) delayed and reduced the magnitude of hemorrhage-induced hypotension. Besides, hemorrhage induced a tachycardia response in the posthemorrhage period (i.e., recovery period) in control animals, and systemic treatment with MK801 caused a bradycardia response during hemorrhagic shock. Hemorrhagic stimulus increased plasma vasopressin levels during the recovery period and NMDA receptor antagonism increased concentration of this hormone during both the hemorrhage and postbleeding periods in relation to control animals. Moreover, hemorrhagic shock caused a decrease in NOx levels in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), and ventral periaqueductal gray matter (vPAG). Nevertheless, treatment with MK801 did not affect these effects. Taken together, these results indicate that the NMDA glutamate receptor is involved in the hemorrhagic shock by inhibiting circulating vasopressin release. Our data also suggest a role of the NMDA receptor in tachycardia, but not in the decreased NO synthesis in the brain evoked by hemorrhage.

Differences in the promoter methylation of atrial natriuretic peptide and vasopressin in alcohol use disorder. A longitudinal case-control-study during withdrawal therapy

BackgroundBoth atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and vasopressin (VP) influence alcohol intake and withdrawal as well as craving and are also regulated by epigenetic factors. Disturbances in expression and promoter methylation status have been described in patients suffering from alcohol use disorder and alcohol withdrawal therapy. ObjectivesIn this study, we wanted to map the progression of cytosine-phosphatidyl-guanine (CpG) methylation of the respective gene promoter of ANP and VP immediately after starting alcohol withdrawal therapy when compared with healthy controls MethodsWe recruited 34 males suffering from alcohol addiction or harmful use alongside 43 healthy male controls. Blood samples for methylation analyses were drawn on days 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7–10. ResultsThere was no difference in mean methylation for both VP and ANP during withdrawal. There was no difference at the ANP CpG-sites after correction for multiple testing. Regarding VP, methylation was significantly higher at CpG 033, CpG 064, CpG 103, CpG 118, and CpG 194 and significantly lower at CpG 053, CpG 060, and CpG 214 when compared to healthy controls. Via in silico analysis, we identified transcription factor binding sites that could potentially influence methylation-dependent gene transcription. ConclusionsWhile there was no change in methylation status during withdrawal, significant differences in average methylation of specific CpG sites were observed for VP. We also identified the role of transcription factors in the context of promoter methylation as one potential mechanism that could explain the differences in VP levels between alcohol-dependent patients and healthy controls.

Perioperative Evolution of Sodium Levels in Cirrhotic Patients Undergoing Liver Transplantation: An Observational Cohort and Literature Review.

Background & AimsHyponatremia is an important predictor of early death among cirrhotic patients in the orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) waiting list. Evidence exists that prioritizing OLT waiting list according to the MELD score combined with plasma sodium concentration might prevent pre transplantation death. However, the evolution of plasma sodium concentrations during the perioperative period of OLT is not well known. We aimed to describe the evolution of perioperative sodium concentration during OLT and its relation to perioperative neurohormonal responses.MethodsTwenty-seven consecutive cirrhotic patients who underwent OLT were prospectively included in the study over a period of 27 months. We studied the evolution of plasma sodium levels, the hemodynamics, the neurohormonal response and other biological markers during the perioperative period of OLT.ResultsAmong study’s population, four patients had hyponatremia before OLT, all with Child cirrhosis. In patients with hyponatremia, plasmatic sodium reached normal levels during surgery, and sodium levels remained within normal ranges 1 day, 7 days, as well as 6 months after surgery for all patients. Creatinine clearance was decreased significantly during the perioperative period, while creatinine and cystatin C levels increased significantly. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and vasopressin levels did not change significantly in this period. Plasma renin activity, concentrations of norepinephrine and brain natriuretic peptide varied significantly during the perioperative period.ConclusionIn our study, plasmatic sodium concentrations among hyponatremic cirrhotic patients undergoing OLT seem to reach normal levels after OLT and remain stable six months after surgery providing more evidence for the importance of sodium levels in prioritization of liver transplant candidates. Further investigation of rapid correction and stabilization of sodium levels after OLT, as observed in our study, would be of interest in order to fully understand the mechanisms involved in cirrhosis-related hyponatremia, its prognostic value and clinical implications.

Influence of the prehospital administered dosage of epinephrine on the plasma levels of catecholamines in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

AimThis study evaluated whether the prehospital administered dosage of epinephrine (Ep) influences the plasma levels of catecholamines in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). MethodsThis was a prospective, observational clinical study. Patients with OHCA transferred to our hospital between July 2014 and July 2017 were analyzed. The plasma levels of catecholamines were measured using blood samples obtained immediately upon arrival at the hospital and before the administration of Ep. Patients were divided into three groups based on the prehospital administered dosage of Ep: no prehospital administration (group Z); 1 mg of Ep (group O); and 2 mg of Ep (group T). The levels of catecholamines, as well as the conditions of resuscitation prior to and after arrival at the hospital were compared between the three groups. ResultsWe analyzed 145 patients with OHCA (96, 38, and 11 patients in groups Z, O, and T, respectively). Group T exhibited the highest plasma levels of Ep with a statistically significant difference, however, there were no significant differences in the plasma levels of norepinephrine (Nep), dopamine (DOA) and vasopressin (ADH) among the three groups. ConclusionThe prehospital administered dosage of Ep influences the plasma levels of Ep; however, it does not contribute to the plasma levels of Nep, DOA and ADH in patients with OHCA.

Relationship between the Plasma Levels of Catecholamines and Return of Spontaneous Circulation in Patients with Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest.

Purpose The dynamic state of epinephrine (Ep) in the plasma of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the plasma levels of catecholamines (such as epinephrine (Ep), norepinephrine (Nep), and dopamine) and vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone (ADH)) and the acquisition of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) in OHCA patients. Methods This was a prospective, observational clinical study. Patients with OHCA transferred to our hospital between July 2014 and July 2017 were enrolled. The levels of catecholamines and ADH in the plasma were measured using blood samples immediately obtained on arrival at our hospital and before the administration of Ep. Patients in whom Ep was already administered prior to obtaining blood samples were excluded. Patients were divided into two groups: with and without ROSC, that is, ROSC (+) and ROSC (−) groups, respectively. The plasma levels of these agents and the conditions of resuscitation were compared between the two groups. Results A total of 96 patients with OHCA were analyzed. The ROSC (+) and ROSC (−) groups included 34 and 62 patients, respectively. There were no significant differences observed between the two groups in age, cause of cardiopulmonary arrest, and prehospital resuscitation time. The plasma levels of Ep and Nep were significantly lower in the ROSC (+) group than in the ROSC (−) group. However, there were no significant differences in the plasma levels of dopamine and ADH between the two groups. Conclusion Increased levels of Ep in the plasma may not be associated with the acquisition of ROSC in patients with OHCA.

Antidiuretic hormone and the activation of glucose production during high intensity aerobic exercise

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the role that antidiuretic hormone (ADH) may play in the activation of glucose production during high intensity aerobic exercise. Materials/methodsThis study was part of larger study based on a repeated measures cross-over study design and involved ten adult participants who exercised in the morning at 80 % V̇O2peak for up to 40 min or until exhaustion. During and after exercise, the participants were subjected to a morning euglycaemic/euinsulinaemic clamp while [6,6-2H2]glucose was infused and blood sampled to measure the endogenous rate of glucose appearance (Ra) and ADH levels. ResultsThe levels of plasma ADH were 1.8 ± 0.2 pmol/L (mean ± SEM) at rest and increased to 10.5 ± 2.1 pmol/L at the end of exercise (mean ± SEM), which lasted 8.5–40 min. In response to exercise, glucose Ra also rose significantly (p < 0.05), but there was no significant association between changes in ADH levels and glucose Ra (r = 0.49; p = 0.150). ConclusionsAlthough the significant increase in glucose Ra and ADH levels during high intensity aerobic exercise suggest for the first time that these processes may be causally related, there was no significant association between these variables, maybe because of the small sample size and varying exercise durations. Hence, the importance of the causal role that ADH may play in the exercise-mediated activation of hepatic glucose production warrants further in depth investigations.

T3 is linked to stress-associated reduction of prolactin in lactating women.

The relationship between stress responses and lactation is bidirectional. Breastfeeding confers many benefits to maternal health, including attenuated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responsiveness to stress. However, increased stress burden can impair lactation. The mechanisms that underlie these relationships are poorly understood. The present study aimed to compare breastfeeding habits, as well as subjective and objective measures of stress, in employed and non-employed lactating women and assess the relationships between these measures and prolactin (PRL), thyroid hormones (thyroid-stimulating hormone, triiodothyronine [T3] and thyroxine), vasopressin and cortisol levels. A dexamethasone suppression test was also administered to determine the sensitivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to negative-feedback. We report that lactating employed women had lower breastfeeding rates and lower PRL than lactating non-employed women. They also had a significantly higher stress burden, indicated by elevations in blood pressure and evening cortisol, relative to lactating non-employed women. In regression analyses that controlled for feeding modality and breastfeeding duration, we found these factors differentially affected PRL in the two groups and there were significant differences in PRL across groups that were not accounted for by these factors. A mediation regression analysis suggested that group differences in PRL were best explained by differences in T3 and income levels, rather than breastfeeding duration or other variables. Our data fit a speculative model in which elevated maternal stress increases cortisol, which suppresses T3, leading to decreased PRL. The decreases in PRL are associated with higher rates of bottlefeeding, which may further contribute to decreased PRL.

The investigation of IL-1β and oxytocin levels among teenager with primary dysmenorrhea

Primary dysmenorrhea is one of gynecological problems and it commonly occurred among adolescents and reproductive age women during menstruation with some complaints such as pain, cramps and back pain. In primary dysmenorrhea there is an increase of PGF2α levels, vasopressin (VAP), Oxytocin (OT), IL-6 and IL-1β level. The aim of this study was assessed the differences of IL-1β levels and oxytocin among adolescents with primary dysmenorrhea and without primary dysmenorrhea. The research design in this study used Case Control. The population of this study were all students of Health Science Faculty, Unipdu Jombang. The sample of this study was 16 respondents, and they were divided into 2 groups: the case group (n = 8) and the control group (n = 8) that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Sampling method used Purposive Sampling technique. The measurement of IL-1β and Oxytocin levels used ELISA method. The data were analyzed by using Independent Sample T-Test with α ≤ 0.05. The results of this study showed that an average level of IL-1β in case group was 23.830 pg/ml, in control group was 14.715 pg/ml; the average OT levels in case group was 384.662 pg/ml, the control group was 353.262 pg/ml. Independent Sample T-Test showed that there was a significant differences of IL-1β and oxytocin level between case group and control group (p<0.05). IL-1β and Oxytocin (OT) Levels among adolescents with primary dysmenorrhea were higher than adolescents who menstruate without primary dysmenorrhea.

Prolonged efavirenz exposure reduces peripheral oxytocin and vasopressin comparable to known drugs of addiction in male Sprague Dawley rats.

IntroductionSeveral drugs of abuse (DOA) are capable of modulating neurohypophysial hormones, such as oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP), potentially resulting in the development of psychological abnormalities, such as cognitive dysfunction, psychoses, and affective disorders. Efavirenz (EFV), widely used in Africa and globally to treat HIV, induces diverse neuropsychiatric side effects while its abuse has become a global concern. The actions of EFV may involve neurohypophysial system (NS) disruption like that of known DOA. This study investigated whether sub-chronic EFV exposure, at a previously-determined rewarding dose, alters peripheral OT and VP levels versus that of a control, ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC), methamphetamine (MA) and cocaine.Materials and methodsTo simulate the conditions under which reward-driven behavior had previously been established for EFV, male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 16/exposure) received intraperitoneal vehicle (control) or drug administration across an alternating sixteen-day dosing protocol. Control administration (saline/olive oil; 0.2 ml) occurred on odd-numbered and drug administration (EFV: 5 mg/kg, ∆9-THC: 0.75 mg/kg, MA: 1 mg/kg, or cocaine: 20 mg/kg) on even-numbered days followed by euthanasia, trunk blood collection and plasma extraction for neuropeptide assay. Effect of drug exposure on peripheral OT and VP levels was assessed versus controls and quantified using specific ELISA kits. Statistical significance was determined by Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA, with p < 0.05. Ethics approval: NWU-00291-17-A5.ResultsDelta-9-THC reduced OT and VP plasma levels (p < 0.0001, p = 0.0141; respectively), cocaine reduced plasma OT (p = 0.0023), while MA reduced plasma VP levels (p = 0.0001), all versus control. EFV reduced OT and VP plasma levels (p < 0.0001; OT and VP) versus control, and similar to ∆9-THC.ConclusionEFV markedly affects the NS in significantly reducing both plasma OT and VP equivalent to DOA. Importantly, EFV has distinct effects on peripheral OT and VP levels when assessed within the context of drug dependence. The data highlights a possible new mechanism underlying previously documented EFV-induced effects in rats, and whereby EFV may induce neuropsychiatric adverse effects clinically; also providing a deeper understanding of the suggested abuse-potential of EFV.

Abstract 052: Hypertensive Diseases In Pregnancy And Hemodynamic Stress Later In Life

Background: Hypertensive diseases in pregnancy have been associated with cardiovascular diseases later in life. However, less is known about the relationship between hypertensive diseases in pregnancy and hemodynamic stress later in life. We evaluated the relationship between hypertensive diseases in pregnancy and plasma levels of biomarkers of hemodynamic stress later in life in the Genetic Epidemiology Network of Arteriopathy (GENOA) study. Methods and Results: We investigated 1605 women from the GENOA study (mean age 61±10 years, 57.1% African American).Women were classified as self-reported as nulliparous women (n=140), a history of normotensive pregnancies (n=1,195), a history of a hypertensive pregnancy (n= 229), or a history of preeclampsia (n= 41). We compared adjusted associations among this groups with 4 biomarkers of hemodynamic stress using generalized estimating equations to account for familial clustering. After adjusting for age, race, level of education, smoking history, hypertension, body mass index (BMI), history of coronary artery disease, and diabetes, women with a history of preeclampsia had higher levels of C-terminal proendothelin (CT-proET) compared to women with a history of normotensive pregnancies (Table, p=0.01). There were no significant differences in the levels of midregional proatrial natriuretic peptide (MR-proANP), midregional proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM), and C-Terminal proarginine vasopressin (CT-proAVP) in this groups. Conclusions: Elevated levels of CT-proET (a precursor to the potent vasoconstrictor Endothelin 1) demonstrates a strong relationship among those with a history of preeclampsia. Future studies are warranted to further explore the relationship between CT-proET in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia as well as subsequent changes in cardiovascular structure and function associated with a history of preeclampsia later in life.

Higher volume of water intake is associated with lower risk of albuminuria and chronic kidney disease.

Increased water intake correlated to lower vasopressin level and may benefit kidney function. However, results of previous studies were conflicted and inconclusive. We aimed to investigate the association between water intake and risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and albuminuria.In this cross-sectional study, the study population were adult participants of 2011–2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) whose estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were ≥30 ml/min/1.73 m2. Data of water intake were obtained from the NHANES 24-h dietary recall questionnaire. Participants were divided into three groups based on volume of water intake: <500 (low, n = 1589), ≥500 to <1200 (moderate, n = 1359), and ≥1200 ml/day (high, n = 1685). CKD was defined as eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2, and albuminuria as albumin–to–creatinine ratio (ACR) ≥30 mg/g.Our results showed that 377 out of 4633 participants had CKD; the prevalence inversely correlated to volume of water intake: 10.7% in low, 8.2% in moderate, and 5.6% in high intake groups (P < .001). Prevalence of albuminuria was also lower in high (9.5%) compared with moderate (12.8%) and low intake groups (14.1%), P < .001. Additionally, water intake positively correlated to eGFR and negatively correlated to urinary ACR, as well as plasma and urine osmolality. Multivariable logistic regression showed that low water intake group had higher risk of CKD (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.01–1.82) and albuminuria when compared to high water intake group (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.13–1.79).In conclusion, increased water intake was associated lower risk of CKD and albuminuria. Meticulous studies are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.