Antibacterial Activity Of Ethanol Extracts Research Articles

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN JARAK PAGAR (Jatropha curcas Linn) PADA BERBAGAI KONSENTRASI TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Background, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the main bacterium in nosocomial infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a bacterium that is resistant to almost all of antibiotics. As a result of these resistance cases, it is necessary to find the alternative products derived from natural ingredients antibacterial agents, one of which is Jatropha leaves. Objective, the objective of this study was to know the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of Jatropha leaves at concentrations of 20, 40, 60 and 80% against the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Method, This study used experimental posttest only control group design with disc diffusion method used concentrations of 20, 40, 60 and 80%. Positive control using ciprofloxacin antibiotics and negative control using 96% ethanol. Results, of the study obtained the average diameter of inhibitory zones at concentrations of 20, 40, 60%, and 80% respectively were 11.5 mm, 18.3 mm, 19.5 mm, and 20.7 mm. Respectively the analysis of Least Significant Difference test, it was found that there were significant differences in inhibition zones in each extract concentration. Conclusion, the conclusion of this study is that the ethanol extract of Jatropha leaves has antibacterial activity against the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Keywords: Jatropha leaves, extract, antibacterial activity, Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of Beluntas leaves on Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Enterococcus faecalis

Introduction: Individuals with poor oral health have a greater risk factor for systemic diseases. Caries, periodontal disease, and root canal infections are a common dental and oral diseases caused by dominance of Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Enterococcus faecalis bacteria (S. mutans, P. gingivalis, and E. faecalis). An alternative way to prevent dental and oral diseases is to use herbal medicine as one of the active ingredients for mouthwash or toothpaste. One of the herbs that can be used is Beluntas leaves (Pluchea indica (L.) Less leaves). The objective of study was to analyze the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of Pluchea indica (L.) Less leaves on the growth of Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Enterococcus faecalis. Methods: This research was experimental laboratory with post test only control design, using disk diffusion method. There were five concentrations (2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5 and 6.5%, positive controls, and negative controls. Data analysis was performed using One Way Anova and post Hoc test. Results: The ethanol extract of Pluchea indica (L.) Less leaves has moderate-strong antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Enterococcus faecalis. The largest diameter of inhibitory zone in Enterococcus faecalis at a concentration of 6.5% followed by Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis at the same concentration and the smallest diameter of inhibition zone in Porphyromonas gingivalis, followed by Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus mutans at 2.5% concentration. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of Pluchea indica (L.) Less leaves with a concentration of 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, and 6.5% has antibacterial activity in inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Enterococcus faecalis.

Inhibition Activity Of Ethanolic Extract Of Ulva lactuca Against Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a normal flora that can cause mild skin infections, one of which is acne. Commonly used chemical treatments are antibiotics such as Clindamycin. Continuous use of antibiotics can lead to resistance. Natural ingredients that are possible can inhibit the growth of bacteria. Treatment caused by S.aureus is Ulva lactuca Linn. (Green algae). This marine biota contains compounds that have the potential to be antibacterial, including triterpenoids, flavonoids, and saponins. This study aims to compare antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of Ulva lactuca and Clindamycin against S. aureus bacteria. This type of research is an experimental laboratory. Ulva lactuca was extracted by maceration method using ethanol 96% solvent. Then carried out testing for antibacterial activity using the agar diffusion method by sump technique. The study was divided into 6 groups. One Clindamycin group and 5 treatment groups respectively with extract concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. The test was carried out in 3 repetitions. Data analysis was processed by SPSS using the Kruskal-Wallis test to determine which groups had difference. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of Ulva lactuca was able to inhibit the growth of S. aureus bacteria with strong categories at concentrations of 20%, 40%, and 60%. Very strong category at 80% and 100% concentrations. The 100% concentration had the largest average inhibition zone diameter of 22 ± 0.577 mm which was not significantly different from Clindamycin with a significance value of 0.043 (p <0.05). This study concludes that the ethanolic extract of Ulva lactuca has activity in inhibiting the growth of S.aureus bacteria with strong to very strong categories, but statistically not as strong as Clindamycin

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extracts Obtained from Roots and Stems of Chelidonium majus L. Against Enterococcus Faecalis Strains

The present study is in vitro research aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extracts derived from roots and stems of Chelidonium majus L. against two Enterococcus faecalis strains to assess the possible use of this plant in preventing infections caused by this pathogen. Plant materials were harvested from natural habitats on the territory of the Kartuzy district in the Pomeranian province (northern part of Poland). The collected roots and stems were brought into the laboratory for antimicrobial studies. Freshly washed samples were weighed, crushed, and homogenized in 96 % ethanol (in proportion 1:19, w/w) at room temperature. The extracts were then filtered and investigated for their antimicrobial activity. The Enterococcus faecalis (Andrewes and Horder) Schleifer and Kilpper-Balz (ATCC®51299™) and linezolid-resistant Enterococcus faecalis strain locally isolated were used in the current study. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done on Muller-Hinton agar by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test protocol. The results of the current study showed that C. majus possess weak antimicrobial properties against the tested Enterococcus faecalis strains. The ethanolic extracts derived from roots of C. majus collected from rural areas exhibited the maximum antimicrobial activity against linezolid-resistant E. faecalis strain (the mean of inhibition zone diameters was 8.85±0.42 mm) compared to the control samples (7.1 ±0.91 mm). Stem extracts derived from C. majus collected from rural areas showed similar properties against the Enterococcus faecalis (Andrewes and Horder) Schleifer and Kilpper-Balz (ATCC®51299™) strain (8.77 ±1.21 mm) compared to the control samples. Root extracts derived from C. majus collected from urban and rural areas exhibited weak antibacterial ability against linezolid-resistant E. faecalis strains (6.46±0.32 mm and 7.78 ±0.34 mm, respectively), as well as weak antibacterial ability against E. faecalis ATCC®51299™strains (7.9 ±1.08 mm and 7.97±0.85 mm, respectively) compared to the control sample (7.1 ±0.99 mm). The results of this study can induce to provide a new perspective for the use of various Papaveraceae families as medicinal plants to improve the antibacterial responses using other strains. Identification of precise molecular mechanisms responsible for inhibition of bacterial growth by these extracts requires further research.

Metabolic profiling and antibacterial activity of Eryngium pristis Cham. & Schltdl. - prospecting for its use in the treatment of bacterial infections

Morbidity and mortality of the infected patients by multidrug-resistant bacteria have increased, emphasizing the urgency of fight for the discovery of new innovative antibiotics. In this sense, natural products emerge as valuable sources of bioactive compounds. Among the biodiversity, Eryngium pristis Cham. & Schltdl. (Apiaceae Lindl.) is traditionally used to treat thrush and ulcers of throat and mouth, as diuretic and emmenagogue, but scarcely known as an antimicrobial agent. With this context in mind, the goals of this study were to investigate the metabolic profile and the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract (EE-Ep) and hexane (HF-Ep), dichloromethane (DF-Ep), ethyl acetate (EAF-Ep) and butanol (BF-Ep) fractions from E. pristis leaves. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was performed to stablish the metabolic profile and revealed the presence of 12 and 14 compounds in EAF-Ep and HF-Ep, respectively. β-selinene, spathulenol, globulol, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, α-amyrin, β-amyrin, and lupeol derivative were some of phytochemicals identified. The antibacterial activity was determined by Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) using the broth micro-dilution against eight ATCC® and five methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clinical strains. HF-Ep was the most effective (MIC ≤ 5,000 µg/µL), being active against the largest part of tested Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains, including MRSA, with exception of Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) and (ATCC 27853). These results suggest that E. pristis is a natural source of bioactive compounds for the search of new antibiotics which can be an interesting therapeutic approach to recover patients mainly infected by MRSA strains.

Uji Daya Hambat Ekstrak Etanol Daun Inai (Lawsonia inermis L.) terhadap Pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus

Henna leaves are often used as traditional medicine, including as an antibacterial. Henna leaves contain several active components including phenols and flavonoids which act as antibacterial. The purpose of this study was to determine antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of henna leaves (Lowsonia inermis L.) against Staphyloccocus aureus. This research was conducted using descriptive method. In this study, ethanol extract of henna leaf was made by maceration method. Ethanol extract of henna leaves was tested against Staphylococcus aureus on Nutrient Agar (NA) medium using well diffusion method with 3 extract concentrations, namely 40%, 50% and 90%, tetracycline as positive control and aquadest as negative control with 3 repetitions each. The results of this study showed that inhibition zone diameter of henna leaves extract at a concentration of 40% was 21.29 mm, at a concentration of 50% was 23.1 mm and at a concentration of 90% was 24.4 mm, positive control was 27.93 mm and negative control did not show inhibition zone. The inhibition zone for all concentrations belongs to strong inhibition category.

Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Dendrobium from Papua Against Eschericia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

Orchid found as one of medicinal plant in some areas, especially Dendrobium. Some species were investigated its bioactive compound, and antibacterial activity, but the information about antibacterial activity of Papuan Dendrobium species is still limited. The aims of this research were to determine the phytochemical constituents and the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract and fraction of Dendrobium species from Papua against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. There were three species of Dendrobium namely: D. spectabile, D. violaceoflavens, and D. antennatum used in this study. Dried simplisia was macerated using ethanol, then tested for the phytochemical content. Total ethanolic extract was fractionated with three different solvents, ethanol, ethyl acetate and hexane. Disc diffusion assay was used to examine the antibacterial activities of the total extract and the fractions. Total extract were positive for flavonoid, alkaloid and tanin, except D. spectabile stem extract only alkaloid and tannin. No saponin was found in the plants. The ethyl acetate fraction of leaves of D. spectabile showed the highest antibacterial activity against S. aureus with diameter of inhibition zone 20.54 + 1.47 mm (strong category). Other plant extract and fraction tested had moderate antibacterial activities against both E.coli and S aureus with diameter zone 6-9 mm. The present work indicates that the ethyl acetate fraction of D. spectabile leaves is potential to be developed in antibacterial drug design research.  Key words: antibacterial activity; Papua; Dendrobium; E. coli; S. aureus.Â

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL BAWANG DAYAK (Eleutherine polmifolia (L.) Merr) TERHADAP Salmonella typhi dan Escherichia coli

Dayak onion (Eleutherine polmifolia (L.) Merr) was a typical plant of Kalimantan. Empirically dayak onion (Eleutherine polmifolia (L.) Merr) used by the comunity to treat skin infections. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of dayak onion power against Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli bacteria. The highest concentration used was 100%, and the lowest concentration was 0,5%. As a control of cloramfenikol for Salmonella typhi and ciprofloxacin for Escherichia coli bacteria. This research method used agar diffusion. The results showed the ethanol extract of dayak onion (Eleutherine polmifolia (L.) Merr) contained flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and phenols with the highest levels was by tannins at 7,45%. Dayak onion (Eleutherine polmifolia (L.) Merr) are inhibiting the growth of Salmonella typhi bacteria at a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)of 1% with a inhibition zone diameter of 6,24 mm and 0,9% with a inhibition zone diameter of 6,20 mm at Escherichia coli bacteria.Keywords : Eleutherine polmifolia (L.) Merr, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Agar diffusion, MIC

Antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts of betel leaf (Piper betle L.) and areca (Areca catechu L.) nuts against food borne and oral pathogens

Antimicrobial activity of ethanol extracts of betel leaf (Piper betle L.) and areca nut (Areca catechu) against six food borne enteric pathogens viz. Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Staphylococcus epidermidis (icddr,b), Salmonella typhimurium (AIM-40, icddr,b), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Escherichia coli O157:H7 (ATCC 12079) and Bacillus cereus (ATCC 12079), and four oral pathogens such as isolates 1 & 2 of each of the two bacteria viz. Staphylococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. was investigated. Ethanol extract of betel leaf produced highest zone of inhibition (18.0 ± 1.91 mm) against Staphylococcus epidermidis (icddr,b) whereas that of areca nut produced highest zone of inhibition (15.0 ± 0.816 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923). But no inhibition was found against Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC AIM-40, icddr,b), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), and Escherichia coli O157:H7 (ATCC 12079) by the Ethanol extract of betel leaf. The MIC and MBC values of both ethanol extracts indicated that Gram positive organisms were more susceptible than Gram negative organisms. Highest antimicrobial activity of ethanol extracts of betel leaf was found against the isolate 1 of Staphylococcus sp. (16.5±0.5) and that of areca nut was recorded against the isolate 1 of Staphylococcus sp. (12.0±0.5) and the isolate 2 of Pseudomonas sp. (12.0±0.5). Present study reveals the potentials of both the extracts to inhibit food borne enteric and oral pathogens that could be used as food preservatives to prevent the food borne illness as well as for maintaining the oral and gut health.
 Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 38, Number 1, June 2021, pp 15-19

AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN KIRINYUH (Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M.) SECARA KLT BIOAUTOGRAFI

The research had conducted the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of Chromolaena odorata (L.) leaves by TLC Bioautography. It aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract.The ethanol extract of leaves Chromolaena odorata (L.) was done by screening at the concentration of 0.1% on Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Propionibacterium acnes, then test bioautigrafi TLC and identification of chemical components. The results of screening showed that the ethanol extract of 0,1% concentration had an antibacterial activity. Meanwhile, TLC-Bioatography method resulted in 5 active spots with different Rf values 0,1, 0,3, 0,6, 0,8, and 0,9 (Staphylococcus epidermidis), and (Propionibacterium acnes). 4 active spots with Rf values 0,1, 0,3, 0,6, and 0,8 (Staphylococcus aureus) Therefore, the identification of chemical components of ethanol extract contained phenol group compounds.

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract of Kemuning (Murraya Paniculata) Against Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL by In Vitro Test

Klebsiella pneumoniae Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) was one of the microorganism that cause nosocomial infection which resistant to beta-lactams antibiotics. Orange Jessamine (Murraya paniculata) was traditional medicine which believed has antibacterial components, such as: fl avonoids, alkaloids, essential oils, coumarins, terpenoids, tannins, and saponins. In the previous studies, there was antibacterial activity in ethanolic extract of Murraya paniculata againsts E.coli, K.pneumoniae, S.typhi, E.faecalis, P.aeruginosa, S.fl exneri, S.aureus, and S.sonneii with concentration 200 mg/ mL. There has not experiment about ethanolic extract of Murraya paniculata against Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL yet. The aim of this study was to fi nd out the in vitro antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts of Murraya Paniculata against Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL Broth dilution method with concentration 200 mg/mL, 100 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL, 12,5 mg/mL, 6,25 mg/mL, and 3,125 mg/mL were used for the determination of the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). While the Minimal Bacterial Concentration (MBC) was assessed using streaking method in Nutrient Agar Plate. The highest concentration in this study was obtained from 100 g of Murraya paniculata leaves dissolved in 500 mL of 40% ethanol. The study was carried out 4 times replication. At the time of the sterility test extract, germ growth appeared on Nutrient Agar Plate media, so the extract was fi ltered before being used for research. After incubation at 37 °C for 24 hours, growth of bacterial colonies on all agar plates was observed. The concentration of the ethanol extract of Murraya Paniculata (200 mg/mL) did not inhibit the growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL. The ethanol extracts of Murraya paniculata in concentration 200 mg/mL had no antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL.

ANTI-BACTERIAL ACTIVITY TEST OF ETHANOL EXTRACTS AND ETHLACETATE FRACTION FROM THE EXTRACT OF JATROPHA CURCAS L. LEAVES AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive bacteria that can cause infection. One of the plants that has antibacterial activity is jatropha leaves which contain flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, steroids and polyphenols. Purpose: To determine the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction with concentrations of 30%, 60% and 100% against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Method: The method for extracting jatropha leaves is maceration with 96% ethanol solvent and the fractionation method, namely liquid-liquid fractionation with ethyl acetate solvent. Antibacterial activity test was carried out in vitro with the disc diffusion method and compared the mean zone of inhibition of each treatment with a positive control (gentamicin 10 μg). Result: The results showed that the ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of jatropha leaves had a strong resistance response, while the positive control gave a very strong inhibitory response to the growth of S. aureus bacteria. Based on the one way ANOVA test, ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction showed a significant difference from each treatment with a significant value (P=<0.05). Conclusion: The ethanol extract of Jatropha leaves can inhibit the growth of S. aureus bacteria at a concentration of 100% (18.28 ± 0.50 mm), 100% concentration of ethyl acetate fraction (15.10 ± 0.12 mm). The ethanol extract provided the best inhibition power, namely 18.28 ± 0.50 mm and a positive control 21.82 ± 0.092 mm.

Preliminary Investigation on the in vitro Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extract & Essential Oil of Aloe vera and Opuntia dillenii on Human Bacterial Pathogens

Opuntia dillenii and Aloe vera are used as medicinal plants. Opuntia dillenii belongs to Cactaceae and used for treatment of cough and bronchial troubles. Aloe vera belongs to Aloaceae and it is well established for its different medicinal uses ranging from treatment of skin burns to anti metastatic and antimicrobial activity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of ethanol extracts and essential oils of Aloe vera and Opuntia dillenii against selected human pathogens viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bacillus spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi and Shigella dysenteriae by disk diffusion method and Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride (TTC) staining. The ethanol extract of Opuntia dillenni and Aloe vera showed good antibacterial activity against all the pathogens tested. Lower Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values were obtained for ethanol extracts of both the medicinal plants against the bacterial pathogens except Shigella dysenteriae which was not inhibited at lower concentrations. The essential oils of Opuntia dillenni and Aloe vera also exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity against bacterial pathogens where Shigella dysenteriae was inhibited only at higher concentrations.

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extract, n-Hexane Fraction, and Chloroform Fraction of Binahong Leaves (Anredera Cordifolia) on Escherichia Coli and its Phytochemical Screening

Binahong leaves (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) are known to contain antibacterial activity compounds. The compounds contained in binahong leaves include flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins. Escherichia coli is a gram-negative bacteria that often causes infections such as diarrhea. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ethanolic extract, n-hexane fraction, and chloroform fraction of binahong leaves on the growth of Escherichia coli bacteria and its phytochemical screening This research used ethanolic extract, hexane fraction and chloroform fraction of binahong leaves against Escherichia coli bacteria with concentrations of 12.5, 25 and 50% The positive control was chloramphenicol and the negative control was DMSO The method used disk diffusion technique, marked the presence of clear areas around the paper disc that showed an obstacle to bacterial growth phytochemical screening of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins using a test tube. The result showed antibacterial activity against the growth of Escherichia coli with the diameter of the inhibition zone at concentrations of 12.5, 25, and 50%, namely the hexane fraction of 8.16; 9.73 and 12.93 mm. At the chloroform fraction 7.67; 8.47 and 9.87 mm. and the ethanolic extract of 7.33; 9.95 and 13.32 mm. The result of the largest inhibition zone was the ethanolic extract of binahong leaves with a concentration of 50%. The results of phytochemical screening using a test tube showed that the compounds contained in the ethanolic extract were flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins.

Phytochemical investigation of Croton macrostachyus crude extracts and evaluation of their antibacterial activity

Croton macrostachyus is one of the most common traditional medicinal plants used in Ethiopia. The parts of this plant such as bark, twigs, fruits, leaves, roots, and seeds showed varieties of medicinal properties and cure various human and animal diseases and ailments. This paper reports the phytochemical constituents of the extracts from Croton macrostachyus plant parts grown in horo guduru wollega zone of Ethiopia and their antibacterial activities against different bacteria as well as isolation of a compound from the plant extract. Antibacterial activities of ethanol extracts of leaf, root, seed, and stem bark of Croton macrostachyus were screened against Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli using disc diffusion method on Mueller – Hinton Agar (MHA). All the extracts showed inhibitory activity against Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli. However no activity was recorded against Staphylococcus aureus. A compound, labeled as 1-18D, was isolated from the stem bark, and its structure was elucidated by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR and compared with previously reported literature. The isolated compound showed antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli, but no inhibitory activity against Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. The finding of this study indicates that the ethanol extracts and the isolated compound is a promising antibacterial agent against several human pathogens.

Aktivitas Antibakteri Kulit Buah Jeruk Kalamansi (Citrofortunella Microcarpa) Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli

This study aims to examine the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract and essential oil of Kalamansi citrus leaves (Citrofortunella microcarpa) against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. The raw material of Kalamansi citrus leaves is obtained from the Village of Pondok Kubang, Bengkulu Tengah (3.7006 0 S, 102.3578 0 E). Ethanol extract from Kalamansi citrus leaves was obtained by maceration using ethanol 96%, then ethanol extract was made dilution concentration 40 ; 20 ; , 10 ; and 5%. The essential oil of Kalamansi citrus leaves is obtained by water-vapor distillation, then made variations of concentration 20 ; , 15 ; , 10 ; and 5%. The method used to test the antibacterial activity is the paper disc diffusion method , the antibacterial activity is shown by the diameter of the inhibit ing zone formed. The data of antibacterial test result were analyzed by using One Way Anova test which showed the effect of treatment on the growth of test bacteria seen from the value (P <0,01) and continued by Duncan test to know the effect of the treatment. The results showed that ethanol extract of Kalamansi citrus leaves had antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli bacteria with moderate inhibitory diameter is 7.20 and 5.73 mm at concentration 40%, while antibacterial activity on essential oil of Kalamansi citrus leaves is categorized as strong with inhibition zone diameter is 14.83 and 13.00 mm at concentration 20%.

Antibacterial activity of Indian propolis and its lead compounds against multi-drug resistant clinical isolates

IntroductionThe limited anti-infectious drugs and growing antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria underscore the urgent need to explore novel antimicrobial agents, preferably from a natural source. Propolis is the potent natural antimicrobial agent, which produced by honeybees using various plant exudates. However, it has been minimally studied against multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms. In the present study, the authors have investigated the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of Indian melifera propolis (IMP) samples and combinations of their lead compounds against three human clinical isolates. MethodsThree multidrug-resistant microorganisms (MDRMs) were isolated from a human pus sample, and their molecular identification was carried out by 16S rRNA sequencing. The antibacterial activity of the IMP extracts and different combinations of chrysin, galangin, and phenethyl caffeate was determined by minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) using the 96-well plate microdilution method. ResultsAmongst, 19 IMP studied samples, IMP-5, IMP-14, and IMP-16 samples had the most potent antimicrobial activity against three MDR isolates. These samples had antimicrobial efficacy in the order of IMP16 > IMP14 > IMP5. The combinations of chrysin, galangin, and phenethyl caffeate had the lowest MIC values than individual components and above potent IMP extracts. ConclusionsCertain IMP samples and combinations of chrysin, galangin, and phenethyl caffeate could be the best natural therapeutic agents to control the pathogenicity of MDRMs.

Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of safflower with contrasting seed coat colors

The present study aimed to investigate total flavonoid (TFC), cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cyd-3-glu) content, and anti-oxidant and antibacterial activities of ethanolic seed coat extract of two safflower genotypes (genotype C111 and A82) with contrasting seed coat colors. Despite the absence of Cyd-3-glu in seed coat extracts of white-seeded genotype C111 versus black-seeded genotype A82 and equal TFC index between the two genotypes, there was no significant difference in their antioxidant activity. Also, the ethanolic extract has growth inhibitory properties in pathogenic bacteria. It seems that differences in type and level of secondary metabolites of the seed coat with different color patterns can result in the ethanolic extract’s antioxidant activity. In addition, the results confirmed that seed coat color has not effect on the level (or severity) of the antibacterial properties of ethanolic seed coat extract.

Antibacterial activity of ethanol extract, n-hexan, ethyl acetate and butanol fraction of Momordica charantia L. seed against Staphylococcus epidermidis

Acne is a skin disease caused by excessive production of oil, causing clogged pilosebaceous follicular ducts and inflammation. One of the bacteria triggered acne is Staphylococcus epidermidis. Acne treatment usually uses antibiotics that inhibit inflammation and bacterial growth. To reduce the effects of using chemical drugs, research is needed to find natural treatment solutions such as using the bitter melon plant. The part that is often used from bitter melon is flesh of the fruit, while the seeds are only used as waste, so researchers are interested in examining the antibacterial activity of bitter melon seeds. Tests were carried out on ethanol extract, fraction of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol in bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) seeds against Staphylococcus epidermidis by determining the minimum bakterisid concentration (MBC) using the liquid dilution method of a concentration of 80%; 40%; 20%; 10%; 5%; 2.5%; 1.25% and 0.625%. The value of minimum bakterisid concentration (MBC) is indicated by the absence of colony growth on agar media. The minimum bakterisid concentration (MBC) in this study was only obtained in the ethyl acetate fraction, at a concentration of 40%, while in extracts and other fractions the MBC value was not obtained.

Phytochemical composition, antisnake venom and antibacterial activities of ethanolic extract of Aegiphila integrifolia (Jacq) Moldenke leaves

Snakebites are considered a major neglected tropical disease, resulting in around 100,000 deaths per year. The recommended treatment by the WHO is serotherapy, which has limited effectiveness against the toxins involved in local tissue damage. In some countries, patients use plants from folk medicines as antivenoms. Aegiphila species are common plants from the Brazilian Amazon and are used to treat snakebites. In this study, leaves from Aegiphila integrifolia (Jacq) Moldenke were collected from Roraima state, Brazil and its ethanolic extract was evaluated through in vitro and in vivo experiments to verify their antiophidic activity against Bothrops atrox crude venom. The isolated compounds from A. integrifolia were analyzed and the chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of infrared, ultraviolet, mass, 1H and 1³C NMR spectrometry data. Among the described compounds, lupeol (7), betulinic acid (1), β-sitosterol (6), stigmasterol (5), mannitol (4), and the flavonoids, pectolinarigenin (2) and hispidulin (3), were identified. The ethanolic extract and flavonoids (2 and 3) partially inhibited the proteolytic, phospholipase A2 and hyaluronidase activities of B. atrox venom, and the skin hemorrhage induced by this venom in mice. Antimicrobial activity against different bacteria was evaluated and the extract partially inhibited bacterial growth. Thus, taken together, A. integrifolia ethanolic extract has promising use as an antiophidic and antimicrobial.