Anti-inflammatory Herb Research Articles

Inhibitory activity on RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis of Glossogyne tenuifolia extract

Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL)-induced activation of NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways is critical to osteoclastogenesis. Glossogyne tenuifolia has been used as an antipyretic, detoxification and anti-inflammatory herb tea in Penghu Island, Taiwan. This study investigated the effects of G. tenuifolia ethanolic extract (GTE) on the formation of RANKL-activating osteoclasts and expression of signaling pathways using a RAW264.7 cells model. GTE significantly inhibited the RANKL-induced formation of TRAP-positive multinucleated osteoclasts in a dose-dependent manner. GTE inhibited RANKL-induced activation of nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFATc1) and suppressed the phosphorylation of NF-κB/p65 and JNK. Additionally, GTE reduced the phosphorylated forms of osteoclast survival-related signaling molecules, including NF-κB, JNK, p38 and Akt. Taken together, these results reveal that GTE may have potential in the development of health food against osteoclast-related diseases such as osteoporosis.

Anti-inflammatory effect of Prunus yedoensis through inhibition of nuclear factor-κB in macrophages

BackgroundPrunus yedoensis (PY) is a traditional anti-allergy and anti-inflammatory herb medicine used in South Korea. However, until date, little is known regarding its mechanism of action.MethodsIn order to elucidate the mechanism of anti-inflammatory effect of PY, the constituents of PY were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production were measured enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA). The expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were also measured by western blotting in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells treated with PY.ResultsThe results indicate that (50, 100 μg/mL) methanol and ethyl acetate fractionation extracts of PY not only inhibited LPS-mediated NO production and iNOS expression, but also decreased LPS-induced PGE2 production and COX-2 expression. The anti-inflammatory effects of PY were also due to the attenuation of nuclear translocation of NF-κB, as evaluated by the use of anti-p50 on nuclear fractions. LPS-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB decreased significantly by the methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of PY. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses revealed that methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction have similar patterns of retention time and peaks.ConclusionOur results demonstrate that methanol extracts and the ethyl acetate fraction of PY have anti-inflammatory properties, thus emphasizing the potential of PY as a natural health product.

Preventive treatment in migraine and the new US guidelines.

Migraine headaches are among the most common headache disorders seen in various practices. The prevalence of migraine headaches is 18% in women and 6% in men. While millions of Americans suffer from migraine headaches, roughly 3%–13% of identified migraine patients are on preventive therapy, while an estimated 38% actually need a preventive agent. The challenge among physicians is not only when to start a daily preventive agent but which preventive agent to choose. Circumstances warranting prevention have been described in the past, and in 2012, a new set of guidelines with an evidence review on preventive medications was published. A second set of guidelines provided evidence on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, herbs, minerals, and vitamins for prevention of episodic migraine. This article describes the updated US guidelines for the prevention of migraines and also outlines the major studies from which these guidelines were derived.

Vitexicarpin Induces Apoptosis in Human Prostate Carcinoma PC-3 Cells through G2/M Phase Arrest

Vitexicarpin (3', 5-dihydroxy-3, 4', 6, 7-tetramethoxyflavone), a polymethoxyflavone isolated from Viticis Fructus (Vitex rotundifolia Linne fil.), has long been used as an anti-inflammatory herb in traditional Chinese medicine. It has also been reported that vitexicarpin can inhibit the growth of various cancer cells. However, there is no report elucidating its effect on human prostate carcinoma cells. The aim of the present study was to examine the apoptotic induction activity of vitexicarpin on PC-3 cells and molecular mechanisms involved. MTT studies showed that vitexicarpin dose-dependently inhibited growth of PC-3 cells with an IC50~28.8 μM. Hoechst 33258 staining further revealed that vitexicarpin induced apoptotic cell death. The effect of vitexicarpin on PC-3 cells apoptosis was tested using prodium iodide (PI)/Annexin V-FITC double staining and flow cytometry. The results indicated that vitexicarpin induction of apoptotic cell death in PC-3 cells was accompanied by cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. Furthermore, our study demonstrated that vitexicarpin induction of PC-3 cell apoptosis was associated with upregulation of the proapoptotic protein Bax, and downregulation of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2, release of Cytochrome c from mitochondria and decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential. Our findings suggested that vitexicarpin may become a potential leading drug in the therapy of prostate carcinoma.

항염증 효능을 가진 단미 한약의 2001년 이후 실험 연구 결과에 대한 고찰

Objective : The purpose of this study is to survey the experimental studies for herbal simplexes of Anti-inflammatory Effects by reviewing oriental medicine journals since 2001. Methods : We collected 65 research papers on Oriental herbal simplexes medicines (herbs and Pharmacopunctures) of Anti-inflammatory effects in the internet site OASIS using the keyword `Anti-inflammation`. Then we analyzed them according to published journals, years, and research methods, etc. Results : 65 papers in relation to Oriental herbal medicines of anti-inflammatory effects have been published in many kinds of journals and shows a tendency to increase recently. There are 60 cases of using herbal simplexes and 5 cases of Pharmacopuncture. Conclusions : This result will provide useful information of field of Oriental herbal medicine for the development and clinical use of anti-inflammatory related herb simplexes. In the future, we have to perform more studies such as clinical trial and research papers on developed design and herb-combined prescription study for anti-inflammatory effects.

In-vivo and in-vitro screening of medicinal plants for their anti-inflammatory activity: an overview

Despite the progress made in medical research for the past decades, the treatment of many serious diseases is still problematic. Inflammation is the response of living tissues to injury. It involves a complex array of enzyme activation, mediator release, extravasations of fluid, cell migration, tissue breakdown and repair. Inflammation has become the focus of global scientific research because of its implication in virtually all human and animal diseases. As a result of adverse effects such as gastric lesions caused by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), tolerance and dependence induced by opiates, the use of these drugs as antiinflammatory agents have not been successful in all cases. Therefore, new anti-inflammatory drugs lacking these side effects are being researched as alternatives to NSAID and opiates. Attention is being focused on the investigation of the efficacy of plant-based drugs used in the traditional medicine because they are cheap, have little side effects. Hence, in the present review the various animal models used for preclinical screening anti-inflammatory activity herbs was compiled.

Effects of Schisandra chinensis Baillon (Schizandraceae) on lipopolysaccharide induced lung inflammation in mice

Ethnopharmacological relevanceSchisandra chinensis Baillon (Sc), an anti-inflammatory herb that has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years, is frequently used to treat upper respiratory tract infections. Aim of the studyThis study was conducted to evaluate the ability of a water extract of Sc to prevent airway inflammation both in vitro and in vivo. Materials and methodsHuman lung alveolar epithelial-derived A549 cells were stimulated with to interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ (IL-1β, TNF-α, and INF-γ; cytokine mixture; CM) and treated with Sc extracts. They were then evaluated using nitric oxide (NO), IL-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) secretions. In the in vivo study, BALB/c mice were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce acute airway inflammation. After this challenge, the mice were treated with Sc extracts (10, 50 and 100mg/kg) by oral administration, and inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were counted. IL-6 and TNF-α secretions were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Lung tissues of the LPS treated mice were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) for histological examination. ResultsIn the A549 cells, Sc extracts dose-dependently and significantly inhibited CM-induced NO production and reduced IL-8 and MCP-1 secretions. Sc extracts efficiently suppressed neutrophil and macrophage infiltrations of lung tissues and increased IL-6 and TNF-α levels in BAL fluid in LPS-instilled BALB/c mice. In addition, Sc extracts treatment inhibited pathologic progress in the lung tissues, as confirmed by H&E staining. These findings indicate that Sc extracts could be potentially useful for the treatment of acute lung inflammation and acute lung injury.

Radical-scavenging and rat liver mitochondria lipid peroxidative inhibitory effects of natural flavonoids from traditional medicinal herbs

Baicalein (a), baicalin (b), daidzein (c), myricetin (d), oroxylin A (e), quercetin (f), quercetin pentaacetate (g), quercitrin (h), and wogonin (i) were isolated from regular anti-inflammatory Chinese herbs which contain many flavonoids compounds, also the radical-scavenging and liver mitochondrial lipid peroxidation (LPO) inhibitory capabilities were elucidated. The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) for the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging capability of (a), (b), (d), (f), and (g) were 3.61, 3.28, 2.41, 2.16, and 3.74 μg/ml, and for LPO inhibition were 9.32, 9.52, 19.63, 16.15, and 20.22 μg/ml, respectively. The antioxidant capacities of (d), (f), (g), (h), (b), and (a) were 20.46, 16.42, 14.46, 13.98, 12.74, and 8.13 μMTrolox equivalents, respectively. To compare with the structure-activity relationships of the flavonoids, two flavones of baicalein and baicalin which have 5,6-hydroxy group which contain ortho-hydroxyl group characteristic reveal better LPO inhibitory activity, and two flavonols of myricetin, quercetin which have 5,7-trihydroxy group have more DPPH activity and ferrous chelating ability. The hydroxyl groups might play a role in increasing the activity of the flavonoids and exhibit potent antioxidant activities. In view of these results, five of the nine natural flavonoids (baicalein, baicalin, myricetin, quercetin and quercetin pentaacetate) can be lead compounds for preventing liver damage and related iron-overload disease. Key words: Anti-inflammatory Chinese herbs, ferrous ion, flavonoids, lipid peroxidation.

Research on knowledge discovery based on non-interactive literatures analysis of diabetic nephropathy diagnose and therapy

Objective To explore more effective treatments of Chinese medicine for diabetic nephropathy.Methods This study took opened non-relevant documents knowledge discovery method to study the diabetic nephropathy literatures in order to find the hidden links among literatures. A valuable scientific hypothesis will be put forward upon the study to guide or implement a new knowledge discovery after it acquire the agreement of experts. Results Use keywords frequency statistics method based on open non-related literature knowledge discovery, the anti-inflammatory herbs were filtered out Most herbs with anti-inflammatory effects had the functions of clearing away heat and detoxicating, expelling wind and removing dampness. Conclusion Prescriptions with the functions of clearing away heat and detoxicating, expelling wind and removing dampness may delay the occurrence and development of diabetic nephropathy and play an important role in curing this disease. Key words: Traditional Chinese medicine; Diabetic nephropathy; Non-interactive literature-based knowledge discovery

Eriocaulon buergerianum extract protects PC12 cells and neurons in zebrafish against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced damage

BackgroundEricaulon buergerianum (Gujingcao) is an ophthalmic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial Chinese medicinal herb. This study aims to investigate the neuroprotective effects of Ericaulon buergerianum ethanol extract (EBE) and to elucidate its underlying action mechanism.MethodsThe viability of dopaminergic (DA) neuron in zebrafish was examined by anti-tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunostaining. The locomotor activity of zebrafish was assessed with a digital video tracking system. The viability and cellular damage of the PC12 cells were determined by MTT and LDH assays respectively. The nuclear morphological changes in apoptotic cells were evaluated with DNA staining by Hoechst 33342 dye. Intracellular nitric oxide (NO) was quantified by DAF-FM diacetate staining. The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was determined by Western blot.ResultsEBE inhibited the 6-OHDA-induced decrease in total distance of movement in zebrafish. Pretreatments of EBE (25, 50, 100 and 200 μg/ml) increased the viability of 6-OHDA-damaged PC12 cells in a dose dependent manner. Protection against 6-OHDA-induced nuclear fragmentation and accumulation of apoptotic bodies was also observed in EBE pretreated cells. Anti-oxidative (inhibition of NO production and iNOS expression in PC12 cells in vitro) activities of EBE are related to its neuroprotective effects in 6-OHDA-induced DA neuron damage.ConclusionEBE exhibited significant neuroprotective activities in zebrafish, including recovery of dopaminergic neuron loss caused by 6-OHDA in a dose-dependent manner in vivo, inhibition of 6-OHDA-induced decrease of total distance in movement in zebrafish. The iNOS-NO pathway may be involved.

Evaluation of Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity in Kampo Medicine

Antioxidant capacity of food has come to be shown in terms of oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) mainly on vegetables or fruit. However, the evaluation of Kampo in terms of ORAC has not yet been accomplished. It is important that such an investigation is also conducted for Kampo medicine. We measured the ORAC value of almost all the available Kampo formulas used in the Japanese National health insurance system and examined the ORAC value both for the daily prescription, and also the crude herb ingredients. The ORAC value of Kampo medicine ranged 4.65–5913 units/day. The ORAC value was high in Kampo formulas including Rhei Rhizoma, and was relatively high in Kampo formulas including anti-inflammatory herbs other than Rhei Rhizoma. The ORAC value was also high in Kampo formulas including crude herbs that have relaxation effects. The ORAC value of a crude herb would seem to not be fixed but be dependent on combination with other crude herbs from the comparison of different herbs added to the basic Kampo medicine. These results suggest variability and complexity of the antioxidant capacity of Kampo medicine within the similar range of food. On the other hand, investigation of the compound changes of various crude herbs with ORAC may lead to the elucidation of the action mechanism of Kampo medicine.

Luteolin Ameliorates Experimental Lung Fibrosis Both in Vivo and in Vitro: Implications for Therapy of Lung Fibrosis

Lonicera japonica (Caprifoliaceae) has been known as an anti-inflammatory herb in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years and is used constantly for upper respiratory tract infections. Luteolin, an active flavonoid compound isolated from Lonicera japonica, has a spectrum of biological activities, especially with antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. However, whether luteolin has a direct inhibitory effect on lung fibrosis has not been established. In this study, we examined the effects of luteolin on lung fibrosis both in vivo and in vitro. We found that oral administration of luteolin (10 mg/kg) efficiently suppressed the neutrophil infiltration as well as TNF-α and IL-6 elevation in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in bleomycin-instilled C57BL/6J mice. Luteolin also alleviated collagen deposition, TGF-β1 expression, and lung fibrosis upon bleomycin instillation. A similar tendency was observed in both early and delayed luteolin-treated groups. Next, our in vitro studies showed that luteolin inhibited TGF-β1-induced α-SMA, type I collagen, and vimentin expression in primary cultured mouse lung fibroblasts. Moreover, luteolin significantly blocked TGF-β1-mediated epithelial marker (E-cadherin) downregulation and mesenchymal cell markers (fibronectin and vimentin) upregulation, as well as retaining epithelial morphology in human alveolar epithelial-derived A549 cells. Additionally, luteolin could attenuate TGF-β1-induced Smad3 phosphorylation in both lung fibroblasts and A549 cells. These findings suggest that luteolin has a potent antifibrotic activity; this effect was mediated, at least in part, by inhibition of lung inflammation and suppression of myofibroblast differentiation as well as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.

Phytochemical investigations of Piper sarmentosum and Zanthoxyllum gilletii

In the course of our work on anti-inflammatory herbs we investigated extracts of Piper sarmentosum Roxb. (syn. Piper lolot C. DC; Piperaceae) and Zanthoxyllum gilletii (De Wild.) Waterman (syn. Fagara macrophylla (Oliv.) Engl.; Rutaceae). Extracts of Piper sarmentosum are used in traditional Thai and Chinese medicine for the treatment of toothache, oedemas, fever, common cold and rheumatism. [1] In African and traditional Chinese medicine Zanthoxyllum gilletii is applied for the treatment of rheumatism, headache, stomach-ache, and toothache. [2] The dichloromethane extracts of these plants were subjected to phytochemical analysis by combining different chromatographic means like LC, SPE and prep HPLC. A variety of secondary constituents could be isolated and was structurally elucidated using UV, 1D (1H, 13C) and 2D NMR (DQF-COSY, HMBC, HSQC) experiments and mass spectroscopy. From Piper sarmentosum extracts of both, herba and radix et caulis, were prepared. Among the isolated compounds pyrrole and pyrrolidine amides, phenolic compounds, and a new ester of 3-(4′-methoxy-phenyl)-propionic acid were identified. The investigation of the dichloromethane extract of the bark of Zanthoxyllum gilletii revealed the presence of aromatic amides like pyrrole amide (e.g. fagaramide), alkylamides, lignans (e.g. sesamin) and coumarins.

QUALITY AND TOXICITY STUDY ON DEVIL\'S CLAW CAPSULES MARKETED IN SAUDIA ARABIA

Devil's Claw is used in osteoarthritis; rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, indigestion and heartburn. The tuber is mostly used as remedy for gall, liver, kidney and bladder problems; but western herbalists sell them mostly in the treatment of rheumatic pain, gout and joint problems, mainly arthrits and lumbago. Devil's Claw may also be used as a lymphatic system stimulant to help detoxify the entire body. It has a cooling energy with bitter and astringent tastes, and is considered an alterative, anti-inflammatory and analgesic herb for low back pain. Devil's claw treatment in this study showed no alarming signs and symptoms of toxicity during the current acute, sub-acute and chronic toxicity studies both in male and female mice as well as in female rats as second animal model. The signifieant decrease in urie aeid levels (p < 0.01) in the serum of treated animals may be attributed to some Devil's claw chemical constituents. Precautions for prolonged use of Devil's claw should be taken into consideration, so that the body uric acid levels remair. within the normal range.

( E, Z)-3-(3′,5′-Dimethoxy-4′-hydroxy-benzylidene)-2-indolinone blocks mast cell degranulation

( E, Z)-3-(3′,5′-Dimethoxy-4′-hydroxy-benzylidene)-2-indolinone (indolinone) is an alkaloid that has been identified as a pharmacologically active compound in extracts of the traditional anti-inflammatory herb Isatis tinctoria. Indolinone has been shown to inhibit compound 48/80-induced mast cell degranulation in vitro. Application of indolinone to bone marrow derived mast cells showed that it was uniformly distributed in the cytoplasm and that cellular uptake was terminated within minutes. Pre-treatment of IgE-sensitized mast cells with 100 nM indolinone rendered them insensitive against FcɛRI-receptor dependent degranulation. However, upstream signalling induced by antigen such as activation of PI3-K and MAPK remained unaffected. We conclude that indolinone blocks mast cell degranulation at the level of granule exocitosis with an IC 50 of 54 nm.

Different activities of Schinus areira L.: anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory effect

The anti-inflammatory drugs possess many serious side effects at doses commonly prescribed. It is really important to discover novel regulators of inflammation from natural sources with minimal adverse effects. Schinus areira L. is a plant native from South America and is used in folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory herb. For this study, the activity of aqueous extracts on inflammation and the effect on superoxide anion production in mice macrophages were assayed. Aqueous extracts were prepared by soaking herbs in cold water (cold extract), boiling water (infusion), and simmering water (decoction). Cold extract possess an anti-inflammatory activity. Decoction and infusion showed pro-inflammatory activity. Cold extract increased the production of superoxide anion. It has been proposed to use diverse methods to obtain extracts of S. areira L. with different effects. Cold extract, decoction, and infusion could be utilized as extracts or as pharmacological preparations for topical application.

Coptis extracts enhance the anticancer effect of estrogen receptor antagonists on human breast cancer cells

Estrogen receptor (ER) antagonists have been widely used for breast cancer treatment, but the efficacy and drug resistance remain to be clinical concerns. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the extracts of coptis, an anti-inflammatory herb, improve the anticancer efficacy of ER antagonists. The results showed that the combined treatment of ER antagonists and the crude extract of coptis or its purified compound berberine conferred synergistic growth inhibitory effect on MCF-7 cells (ER+), but not on MDA-MB-231 cells (ER−). Similar results were observed in the combined treatment of fulvestrant, a specific aromatase antagonist. Analysis of the expression of breast cancer related genes indicated that EGFR, HER2, bcl-2, and COX-2 were significantly downregulated, while IFN-β and p21were remarkably upregulated by berberine. Our results suggest that coptis extracts could be promising adjuvant to ER antagonists in ER positive breast cancer treatment through regulating expression of multiple genes.

Eupatorium perfoliatum L.

EUPATORIUM PERFOLIATUMBoneset or thoroughwort ( EUPATORIUM PERFOLIATUM L.) is a medicinal herb from North America with a well documented traditional use for treatment of fever and flu. These traditional uses are reflected also by the different official monographs for E. PERFOLIATUM in former editions of the USP. E. PERFOLIATUM is characterized by the presence of flavonoids, sesquiterpene lactones, triterpenes and steroids while volatile oil is detected to a very limited extend. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are not detectable either, which is in contrast to the presence of such alkaloids in other EUPATORIUM species. Pharmacological data indicate a slight immunomodulatory effect by stimulation of different cell types of the unspecific immune system (e.g. granulocytes) and a slight antiinflammatory activity. Clinical data are rare and do not prove the rational phytotherapeutic use for treatment of fever and flu. This is mainly due to the limitation on only one, non-controlled, clinical study. Positive effects with complex homeopathic preparations containing E. PERFOLIATUM indicate clinical activity within the tested indications. In conclusion, extracts from E. PERFOLIATUM seem to be promising objects for further phytochemical, pharmacological and clinical investigations in the search for effective immunomodulatory and antiinflammatory medicinal herbs.

Inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators and tumor cell proliferation by Anisomeles indica extracts

Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze (Labiatae), is a traditional anti-inflammatory herb used in Taiwan. The aqueous and methanolic extracts of whole plants, leaves, flowers and stems; and chloroform and n-butanol fractions of methanol extract, from A. indica were investigated for their anti-inflammatory activity on murine peritoneal macrophages. In addition, the tumor cells proliferation inhibition activities of these extracts were also evaluated against a panel of tumor cell lines such as Colon 205, PC 3, HepG2 and MCF 7. Treatment with A. indica extracts did not reduce cell viability at any dose used. However, all the extracts significantly inhibited the enhanced production of NO radicals, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, and IL-12) induced by LPS/IFN-γ in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, methanolic extracts of leaves and flowers significantly and dose-dependently arrest mitogen-stimulated spleen cells in G0/G1 stage, in addition to their cell proliferation inhibition against Colon 205, MCF 7 and PC 3 by 94, 82; 98, 71; 82, 98%, respectively, at 200 μg/mL concentration. This is the first report on A. indica extracts for their growth inhibitory activities, against inflammatory mediator production, and human tumor cell lines, colon, prostate, hepatoma and breast cells proliferation.

Expression profiling of lipopolysaccharide target genes in RAW264.7 cells by oligonucleotide microarray analyses

In inflammatory responses, induction of cytokines and other immune regulator genes in macrophages by pathogen-associated signal such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plays a crucial role. In this study, the gene expression profile changes by LPS treatment in the macrophage/monocyte lineage cell line RAW264.7 was investigated. A 60-mer oligonucleotide microarray of which probes target 32381 mouse genes was used. A reverse transcription-in vitro translation labeling protocol and a chemileuminescence detection system were employed. The mRNA expression levels in RAW264.7 cells treated for 6 h with LPS and the control vehicle were compared. 747 genes were up-regulated and 523 genes were down-regulated by more than 2 folds. 320 genes showing more than 4-fold change by LPS treatment were further classified for the biological process, molecular function, and signaling pathway. The biological process categories that showed high number of increased genes include the immunity and defense, the nucleic acid metabolism, the protein metabolism and modification, and the signal transduction process. The chemokine-cytokine signaling, interleukin signaling, Toll receptor signaling, and apoptosis signaling pathways involved high number of genes differentially expressed in response to LPS. These expression profile data provide more comprehensive information on LPS-target genes in RAW264.7 cells, which will be useful in comparing gene expression changes induced by extracts and compounds from anti-inflammatory medicinal herbs.