Anti-inflammatory Activity Of Ethanolic Extract Research Articles

Evaluation of Anti-bacterial and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Ethanolic Extract of Hibiscus hirtus Linn. Leaves

The current investigation is started to find the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of the sub shrub Hibiscus hirtus L. The leaves of this conventional shrub were found to possess' different activities which incorporate antibacterial and hostile to helminthic effects. Thus we made an endeavor to perform extraction utilizing ethanol as solvent and soxhlation as a strategy for extraction. The leaves were priorly researched for their pharmacognostic, phytochemical and physical parameters. The antibacterial action of the ethanolic leaf extract was conveyed at various concentrations on strains of gram positive and gram-negative bacteria, for example, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherechia coli individually by utilizing cup and plate technique. The outcomes were outfitted as the zone of inbition acquired around every grouping of the concentrate and were compared with those of standard antibiotic utilized in the analysis, amoxycillin. Anti-inflammatory activity of Hibiscus hirtus L was studied and compared with standard drug, ibuprofen. Ethanollic concentrate of leaves (2.5-15 mg/ml) and ibuprofen (2.5-15 mg/ml) were utilized to measure the paw edema by plethysmometer and compared with control groups. Hibiscus hirtus L showed critical decrease of paw edema in the chosen model of inflammation for example formalin prompted chronic model of inflammation. Ethanollic concentrate of the plant leaves showed anti- microbial and anti-inflammatory impacts.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Ethanol Extract and its Fractions from Acer tegmentosum Stem

In this study, the first purpose was to determine total phenolic, total flavonoid and total terpenoid content of the Acer tegmentosum ethanol extract and four different types of fractions, including chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water. Among the samples, Acer tegmentosum ethanol extract and fraction of ethyl acetate showed the highest total phenolic, total flavonoid and total terpenoid content. The second purpose was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the samples assessed by in vitro methods such as scavenging capacity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid free radicals. Especially, Acer tegmentosum ethanol extract and fraction of ethyl acetate showed the strongest scavenging capacity with the lowest half maximal scavenging capacity values of these free radicals. The third purpose was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity in the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Ralph and William’s cell line 264.7 macrophages treated with various concentrations of Acer tegmentosum ethanol extract and fraction of ethyl acetate, and no cytotoxic effect on the macrophages was observed at the concentration of 100 μg/ml of this extract. It suggested that this extract suppresses the activation of macrophages to secrete both pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1 beta, tumour necrosis factor alpha, inducible nitric oxide synthase and interleukin-6) and enzyme (inducible nitric oxide synthase) and anti-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin-10). The fourth purpose was to identify some compounds in a sample responsible for the antioxidant and anti-inflammation activities. In high-performance liquid chromatography chromatograms, the peak retention times detected from Acer tegmentosum ethanol extract and fraction of ethyl acetate in comparison with those from reference standards identified six compounds such as gallic acid, salidroside, (-)-epigallocatechin, (+)-catechin, scopoletin and trans-ferulic acid. It suggested that these compounds are responsible for antioxidant and anti-inflammation activities. Taken together, Acer tegmentosum seems to be one of the most promising species as a therapeutic source against diseases.

ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITIES FROM ETHANOL EXTRACT OF Eucheuma cottonii FROM LEMUKUTAN ISLAND WATERS WEST KALIMANTAN

Free radicals contribute to human health problem resulting in various human diseases, including central nervous system injury, cancer, inflammations, and the decrease of organ function related to oxidation. This condition has encouraged the effort of finding new natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory sources. Macroalgae act as excellent natural resources due to their bioactive potential with diverse applications in various fields. Eucheuma cottonii belonging to Rhodophyceae grow abundantly along Lemukutan Island waters, however, their existence has not been exploited. This study aims to evaluate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extract of E. cottonii from Lemukutan Island waters, West Kalimantan. The observation of antioxidant activity was done using the method of DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) with UV-vis spectrophotometer, while anti-inflammatory acyivity activity was determined using the RBCs membrane stability method. The ethanolic extract of E. cottonii had potential antioxidant activity with IC50 of 127.75 ppm and was classified as moderate category. Extracts showed also anti-inflammatory acyivity activity with the concentration of 219.83 ppm. Red macroalgae E. cottonii can be used as potential natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent.

Anti-inflammatory Activity of Sclerotium stipitatum Berk. et. Curr. an Ethnomedicinal Fungus, in Chronic and Acute Animal Models of Inflammation

Sclerotium stipitatum Berk. et. Curr., locally known as ‘nilamanga’ is a rare macro fungus, traditionally used to treat numerous diseases like arthritis, earache, jaundice etc. The present study aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extract of S. stipitatum and identify the bioactive compounds present in them. Phytochemical screening of extracts obtained using different solvents like petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol and water were done. The best extract was chosen for the acute carrageenan-induced and chronic formalin-induced anti-inflammatory studies. Diclofenac was used as the standard drug. Ethanol extract showed significant inhibition of inflammation induced by carrageenan and formalin-induced paw edema models compared to the control. GC-MS analysis shows certain bioactive compounds. The significant inhibitory effect on paw edema proves that S. stipitatum possesses remarkable anti-inflammatory activity, and isolation and identification of bioactive compounds can be used for new drug formulations.

Pharmacological Evaluation of Antipyretic, Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Ethanolic Extract of Cassia fistula

Background: The antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of two concentrations (100 and 200 mg/kg) of ethanolic extract of leaf, bark, flower and fruit pulp of C. fistula were determined in male wistar albino rats. Methods: Antipyretic activity was assessed by E. coli endotoxin induced pyrexia. Analgesic activity was assessed by hot plate, tail immersion and acetic acid induced writhing test. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema assay. Result: Significant (p less than 0.05) antipyretic activity was exhibited from 2h onwards by bark extract @ 200 mg/kg and from 3h onwards by bark extract @100 mg/kg and leaves extract @ 200mg/kg as compared to control group. Significant (p less than 0.05) analgesic activity was shown by extract of bark @ 200 mg/kg as it is evident by increase in reflex time in hot plate (90,120,180 min), tail immersion test (120,180 min) and inhibition of writhing (32.12%). Significant (p less than 0.05) anti-inflammatory activity was exhibited from 3h post administration by bark @ 200 and leaves @ 100 and 200 mg/kg.

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ethanol Extract of Marine Sponge Petrosia Sp. by Supression the Level of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Inflammation is the host's protective response to any stimulus that harms the body. Excessive inflammatory process causes tissue damage. Therefore, an anti-inflammatory agent is needed. The use of natural ingredients, especially sea sponges, is an option to reduce the side effects of anti-inflammatory agents. This utilization is related to the discovery of new agents. So, we tested the effect of the ethanol extract of Petrosia sp. as an anti-inflammatory agent. Animal induced with 1% carrageenan and left for 1 hour. After that the animals were divided into 6 groups (n = 4) and given oral treatment, namely: Group I (normal group); Group II (negative group); Group III (ethanol extract of Petrosia sp. Concentration of 0.05mg/ml); Group IV (ethanol extract of Petrosia sp. Concentration 0.1mg/ml); Group V (ethanol extract of Petrosia sp. Concentration 0.2mg/ml); and Group VI (positive group, Diclofenac Sodium). After 1 hour, the animals were measured for edema volume and plasma TNF-α levels. Based on the research conducted, the ethanol extract of Petrosia sp. decreased edema volume and plasma TNF-α levels in inflammatory mice. The concentration of 0.2mg/mL had a significant effect on the negative control used (p <0.05). On the other hand, Petrosia sp. indicates the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and steroids. They may play an important role in the anti-inflammatory process. Thus, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of Petrosia sp. has anti-inflammatory activity.

Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Chassalia kolly leaves extract, a plant used in Benin to treat skin illness

In the last decades, it has been intensively studied natural alternatives to synthetic products. Chassalia kolly is one of the medicinal plants used traditionally for treatment of skin infections. This study aimed at identifying the diversity secondary metabolites, to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic extract of Chassalia kolly leaves. Total phenols were determined by Folin Ciocalteu method. The aluminum trichloride method has been used to quantify total flavonoids, while the determination of condensed tannins was carried out by the hydrochloric vanillin method. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated by 2, 2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2'-Azino-bis- (3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and phosphomolybdenum methods. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Chassalia kolly leaves was evaluated by method membrane stabilization. In this results, Chassalia kolly leaves contain flavonoid, mucilages, anthocyans, sterols and terpenes, saponosides, alkaloids and reducing compounds. The contents of total phenols, total flavonoids and total tannins are respectively (20.41±2.11) µgGAE/mgDM; (30.29±2.18) µgQE/mgDM and (1.211±0.122)µgCE/mgDM. The results obtained during this work allowed us to assert that all extracts of the studied plant have very good antioxidant properties (IC50=0.05µg/µL). The ethanolic extract of the leaves of Chassalia kolly showed an anti-inflammatory activity more interesting than aspirin which is the reference compound used in this study.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Ethanol Extract of Clematis trichotoma Nakai

할미밀망은 국내에서 자생하는 미나리아재비과의 낙엽활엽 덩굴식물이다. 어린 잎은 식용으로 사용되며 줄기와 뿌리는 약재로 사용된다. 할미밀망 줄기에 대한 항산화 연구는 보고되었으나 잎에 대한 연구는 현재 수행되지 않았다. 본 연구에서는 할미밀망을 70% 에탄올 추출물로 제조하고 항산화 및 항염증 생리 활성을 비교하였다. 항산화 활성을 측정하기 위해 5가지 분석(총 폴리 페놀 함량, 플라보노이드 함량, 환원력, ABTS 및 DPPH 라디칼 소거 활성)이 사용되었으며 모든 분석에서 농도 의존적 효과를 나타냈다. 항염증 활성을 조사하기 위해 RAW 264.7 세포를 사용했다. 할미밀망은 농도(31.25∼250 μg/mL)에서 세포 독성을 나타내지 않았다. 할미밀망(250 μg/mL)은 LPS에 비해 세포의 수지상적 형태 변화를 억제하였고(34.4%), NO (77.4%), IL-6 (85.5%) 및 TNF-α (41.2%)의 발현을 억제함으로써 염증을 낮추는 효과를 나타내었다. 또한 할미밀망(250 μg/mL)은 LPS 단독 처리군에 비해 COX-2 (79.8%), iNOS2 (93.9%), IL-6 (87.6%) 및 TNF-α (77.3%)의 유전자 발현을 억제했다. 이러한 결과는 할미밀망이 우수한 항산화 및 항염증 작용을 가지고 있음을 보여준다. 그러므로 할미밀망은 향후 항산화 및 항염증 효과를 가진 천연 생물 유래 소재로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

Aktivitas Analgetika dan Antiinflamasi Ekstrak Etanol dan Fraksi Daun Jambu Mawar (Syzygium jambos L.) Secara In Vivo

Syzygium jambos is a plant that has traditionally been used to treat several diseases, especially the leaves as a medicine for rheumatism. In this study, the ethanol extract, fraction of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water from its leaves were tested for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity using the writhing method (Siegmund), hot plate, and the formation of swelling of the soles induced by carrageenan lamda. The results showed that the ethanol extract at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg BW and fractions of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg BW had analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. The ethanol extract at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg BW can reduce the amount of writhing every 5 minutes for 60 minutes of observation by 84 and 98 times with percent protection of 58.0 and 52.0%. The Ethyl acetate, n-hexane, and water fractions of 50 and 100 mg/kg BW can reduce the amount of animal writhing by 93 and 35 times, 75 and 100 times, as well as 84 and 124 times with the percent of protection is 54.45 and 82.85, 63.0 and 50.9, as well as 58.47 and 38.02%. The analgesic activity of the hot plate method, ethanol extract can increase the survival time of animals in the hot plate by 154.0 and 95.02%, while the animal survival time of the n-hexane fraction is 95.86 and 105.5, ethyl acetate by 143, 7 and 105.7, and the water fraction of 34.1 and 99.5%. The anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extract at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg BW was indicated by a decrease in the volume of rat leg edema at the time of observation for 6 hours with the percent inhibition of edema of 59.2 and 41.12%. The n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water fractions have relatively the same ability, indicated by the edema inhibition value of the n-hexane fraction of 68.24 and 68.56%, the ethyl acetate fraction of 57.08 and 67.32% and the fraction water of 64.02 and 67.46%. The effective dose of extracts and fractions of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water as analgesics and anti-inflammatory is 100 mg/kg BW.
 

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects and safety profile of Cucurbita maxima and Cucumis sativus seeds.

The premise of the pharmacology of natural product is to explore benefits of natural resources for the mankind. Medicines extracted from natural resources are considered as primary source for drug discovery. Thus, the current study was designed to evaluate the safety profile and explore the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extract of Cucurbita maxima (C. maxima) and Cucumis sativus (C. sativus) seeds. These seeds are edible, good in taste and have been used for several therapeutic purposes. Acute toxicity of the seeds was evaluated by Lorke’s method while Eddy’s hot plate and tail immersion methods were used to assess analgesic activity in mice. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by rat hind paw edema method. The seed extracts of C. maxima and C. sativus were found to be safe and showed significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity in comparison with the control group. The therapeutic effects of these extracts were almost comparable to aspirin and brufen. Therefore, the seeds can be used as effective analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents.

In-vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol stem-bark extract of Blighia sapida K.D. Koenig

Blighia sapida (B. sapida) K.D. Koenig (Family Sapindaceae) is a branchless straight bole approximately 15 m in length. The study evaluated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extract and fractions of B. sapida stem-bark using in vitro methods. Ethanol extract and its fractions were investigated for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and quantitative phenolic and flavonoid contents. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using albumin denaturation and membrane stabilization assays. The extract and its fractions exhibited radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory properties. The ethyl acetate fraction possessed maximum phenolic and flavonoid contents (136.67 ± 1.55 gallic acid equivalent mg/g and 75.76 ± 4.03 quercetin equivalent mg/g, respectively). Antioxidant studies revealed that the ethyl acetate fraction displayed superior activity with an IC50 = 0.09 ± 0.03 mg/mL DPPH, and values of 146.96 ± 3.81 ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE) mg/g and 359.20 ± 4.98 AAE mg/g for FRAP and TAC, respectively. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory activity was revealed by inhibition of heat-induced albumin denaturation and red blood cell membrane stabilization at concentrations of 200–1000 μg/mL and 50–250 μg/mL, respectively. The ethanol extract and fractions exhibited antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, with ethyl acetate fraction showing superior activity, which could be attributed to secondary metabolites, mainly phenolic compounds. Overall, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of B. sapida can be exploited by ethnomedicinal users.

Assessment of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Evolvulus alsinoides Linn.

Objectives: The objective of present study is to determine the efficacy of ethanolic extract of Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. for therapeutics at various doses. One more purpose is also to determine anti-inflammatory effects of E. alsinoides which are highly associated with CNS disease. Methods: Ethanolic extract of E. alsinoides has been used for estimation of acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity at dose of 100, 200, 300 mg/kg on rat. For estimation of acetylcholinesterase, Ellman’s method is used which is based on absorbance. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by two in vitro experimental models i.e. heat induced hemolysis and hypotonic solution-induced hemolysis. Results: Ethanolic extract of E. alsinoides at the dose of 200mg/kg is more effective than 100 and 300. In heat hemolysis, inflammation was significantly reduced at 50 and 100 μg/ml in EA while hypotonic solution induced inhibition was shown significant at 50, 100 and 200 μg/ml in EA. Extract was effective in inhibition of hemolysis in a dose-dependent manner due to its membrane stabilizing action. Thus, E. alsinoides may be employed as alternative and safe drug therapy against inflammation. Conclusion: Several natural products have been used for medicinal purposesin which E. alsinoides is also one of them. It is traditionally claimed for memory enhancement and will help as therapeutics for brain related problems.

Evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Enhydra fluctuans on male wistar rats

Enhydra fluctuations an edible semi-aquatic vegetable plant are widely used in the traditional system of medicine. Ethanolic extract of Enhydra fluctuans was screened for analgesic & anti-inflammatory activity. Analgesic activity was evaluated by the hot plate method and anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by formalin induce paw edema in Wistar rats (male). Ethanolic extract dose of 300 mg/kg reduce formalin induce paw inflammation and also increased the pain threshold in rats evidenced by hot plate method. The experimental results concluded that Enhydra fluctuans have significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity may due to flavonoid and phenolic compound content.

Study of anti-inflammatory activity of Ficus racemosa linn stem bark extract in albino rats

Background: Inflammation is part of the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli. Though there are standard anti-inflammatory drugs like aspirin, diclofenac, etc., these are not free of side effects. This has led to an increase in demand for natural products with anti-inflammatory activity having less side effects. Hence the study was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Ficus racemose (EEFR) in albino rats.Methods: Healthy albino rats of either sex were divided into 4 groups of 6 animals each. Group1-control, group 2-diclofenac sodium 2 mg/kg and group 3 and 4 EEFR (200 and 400 mg/kg respectively), anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by Carrageenan induced paw oedema: formalin induced-peritonitis and cotton pellet induced granuloma model for in vivo activity and protein denaturation test for in vitro activity.Results: EEFR exhibited significant in vitro (p<0.001) anti-inflammatory effect at the dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg. EEFR produced 61.37% inhibition at the dose of 400 mg/kg and diclofenac (standard drug) produced 62.95% of inhibition after 3 hours of drug treatment in carrageenan induced paw oedema. The exudate volume was decreased in formalin induced peritonitis by EEFR and diclofenac significantly (p<0.001). In cotton pellet induced granuloma EEFR (400 mg/kg) and diclofenac showed decreased formation of granuloma by 28.36% and 28.00% (p<0.001) respectively.Conclusions: EEFR has significant anti-inflammatory activity in both acute and chronic model in a dose dependant manner in comparison with standard drug.

Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Populus deltoides

Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Populus deltoides

Anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in vivo of ethanolic extracts of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni and Trigonella foenum-graecum

This study was based on evaluating anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic extracts from Stevia leaves (EESL) and Fenugreek seeds (EEFS) (in vitro and in vivo). In the in vitro experiment, the results exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity. The combination of both extracts (1:1, 100 g) showed to be the most potent inhibitor of COX-2 with inhibition % (83.64%). This result was comparable with the standard Celecoxib showed higher level of inhibition, (86.63%, 100 g). While, EESL showed the highest activity as COX-1 inhibitory activity (74.35%, 100 g), which it is higher than standard Celecoxib (67.64%, 100 g). In vivo anti-inflammatory activity was performed on Wistar rats at the doses 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema modal. Combination of (SLEE + FSEE, each 100 mg) displayed the highest significant anti-inflammatory activity (0.46ef± 0.025, p < 0.05) after 4 h, compared with indomethacin (0.44f ± 0.025, p < 0.05). The results indicated that these plants may have a role for discovering new anti-inflammatory natural drugs. Furthermore, Stevia leaves and Fenugreek seeds can be subjected to further investigations as anticancer agents.

Chymase inhibition: A key factor in the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extracts and spilanthol isolated from Acmella oleracea

Ethnopharmacological relevanceAcmella oleracea (L.) R. K. Jansen (Asteraceae), known as jambú in Brazil, is used in traditional medicine as analgesic and for inflammatory conditions, characterized by the presence of N-alkylamides, mainly spilanthol. This bioactive compound is responsible for the above-described pharmacological properties, including sialagogue and anesthetic. Aim of the studyThis study aimed to characterize the anti-inflammatory effects of A. oleracea leaves (AOEE-L) and flowers (AOEE-F) extracts, including an isolated alkylamide (spilanthol), using in vitro and in vivo models. The mechanism underlying this effect was also investigated. Materials and methodsExtracts were analyzed by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS in order to characterize the N-alkylamides content. AOEE-L, AOEE-F (25–100 μg/mL) and spilanthol (50–200 μM) were tested in vitro on VSMC after stimulation with hyperglycemic medium (25 mM glucose). Their effects over nitric oxide (NO) generation, chymase inhibition and expression, catalase (CAT), superoxide anion (SOD) radical activity were evaluated. After an acute administration of extracts (10–100 mg/mL) and spilanthol (6.2 mg/mL), the anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated by applying the formalin test in rats. Blood was collected to measure serum aminotransferases activities, NO activity, creatinine and urea. ResultsA number of distinct N-alkylamides were detected and quantified in AOEE-L and AOEE-F. Spilanthol was identified in both extracts and selected for experimental tests. Hyperglycemic stimulation in VSMC promoted the expression of inflammatory parameters, including chymase, NO, CAT and SOD activity and chymase expression, all of them attenuated by the presence of the extracts and spilanthol. The administration of extracts or spilanthol significantly inhibited edema formation, NO production and cell tissue infiltration in the formalin test, without causing kidney and liver toxicity. ConclusionTaken together, these results provide evidence for the anti-inflammatory activity of leaves and flowers extracts of jambú associated distinctly with their chemical profile. The effects appear to be associated with the inhibition of chymase activity, suppression of the proinflammatory cytokine NO and antioxidant activities.

Phytochemical screening and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Epidendrum coryophorum leaves.

Epidendrum coryophorum belongs to the Orchidaceae family. Traditional uses of some species for this genus include infusions of the leaves used for kidney problems, treat influenza, conjunctivitis, liver pain, relieve kidney symptoms, and hypoglycemic effect. This work's objective was to determine the phytochemical profile of the ethanolic extract of Epidendrum coryophorum leaves and to evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory activity in vitro of the extract employing the erythrocyte membrane stabilization method. The phytochemical screening carried out in this work suggested phenols, coumarins, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, and sterols in the ethanolic extract of Epidendrum coryophorum leaves. Cardiotonic glycosides and carbohydrates were also found. The ethanolic extract's UV-Vis spectrum showed absorption maxima at 268 nm and 332 nm, which could correspond to flavonoids of the flavonoid classes, 3-OH substituted flavonols, or isoflavones. The quantitative determination of total phenols of the ethanolic extract was carried out using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The total phenolic content expressed as mg Gallic acid equivalent (G.A.E.) per gram of extract was found to be 19,96 mgGAE/g of Epidendrum coryophorum. The ethanolic extract of Epidendrum coryophorum leaves showed hemolysis inhibition values ​​of 18,19% at 1,0 mg/mL, 38,98% at 1,5 mg/mL and 40,94% at 2,5 mg/mL compared with aspirin (positive control) giving values ​​of 65,33% at 1,0 mg/mL, 72,26% at 1,5 mg/mL and 73,75% at 2,5 mg/mL. The values ​​obtained for inhibition of hemolysis with ethanolic extract, compared with the values ​​obtained with a pure anti-inflammatory, are significant and demonstrate anti-inflammatory activity in Epidendrum coryophorum. Keywords: Epidendrum coryophorum, total phenolic content, microencapsulation, anti-inflammatory activity

Phytochemical analysis and evaluation of acute toxicity and antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic extracts from branches and leaves of Jacaranda rugosa

Jacaranda rugosa (Bignoniaceae) is an endemic tree in Brazil with a limited distribution restricted to Caatinga. This study aimed to evaluate ethanolic extracts of branches (BE) and leaves (LE) of J. rugosa to uncover the phytochemical profile using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In addition, the extracts were evaluated for antibacterial activity using broth microdilution, antioxidant activity against free radicals DPPH and ABTS+, oral acute toxicity (2000 mg/kg) to mice, and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects using a carrageenan-induced peritonitis model. The analysis by TLC identified the presence of flavonoids and steroids in both extracts. The HPLC profiles showed the presence of rutin in LE and rutin, quercetin, and hyperoside in BE, in addition to the phenylpropanoids that were detected in both extracts. LE showed bacteriostatic activity against Escherichia coli [minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC): 10 mg/mL)] and Streptococcus pyogenes (MIC: 20 mg/mL). The BE inhibited the growth of E. coli (MIC: 5 mg/mL). The extracts were active against DPPH (IC50 of 17.04 and 9.37 µg/mL for BE and LE, respectively) and ABTS+ (IC50 of 16.39 and 9.10 µg/mL for BE and LE, respectively). In the acute toxicity test, no deaths or changes in physiological, biochemical, and hematological parameters were detected. In the peritonitis test, BE and LE significantly reduced the cell migration of leukocytes to the peritoneal exudate. The results highlight the species J. rugosa as a source of pharmacological resources.

Phytochemical Evaluation and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Calotropis procera Leaves

Background: Medicinal plants have been used since centuries to cure various diseases. There is a huge potential to investigate the medicinal impacts of different parts of plants. Roots, stem, leaves and fruits of Calotropis procera are known for their biological activities. Calotropis procera plant shows multiple pharmacological activities like anti-cancer, anti-microbial, antioxidant, anti-malarial, hepatoprotective and anti-diabetic activities.&#x0D; Objectives: The objective of the current research was ethanolic extraction of Calotropis procera leaves and to study the phytochemistry and anti-inflammatory activity.&#x0D; Methodology: In this study, we used the extract of Calotropis procera leaves for detection of phytochemicals and anti-inflammatory activity in vitro by hypotonicity induced hemolysis on 2% HRBC suspension, using UV-Vis spectrophotometer.&#x0D; Results: Phytochemicals like alkaloids, terpenoids, and flavonoids were present in large amount while tannins, saponins, steroids and cardiac glycosides were in small amount, whereas phlobatannins and anthraquinone were not detected. The potential of the ethanolic extract of Calotropis procera leaves was compared with Diclofenac sodium (100?l/ml, 200?l/ml). The leaves extract of Calotropis procera (100, 200, 300, 400, 500?l/ml each) showed significant anti-inflammatory activity by hypotonicity induced hemolysis on 2% HRBC suspension.&#x0D; Conclusion: The Calotropis procera leaves have potential to cure inflammatory diseases and can be used as anti-inflammatory medicine and analgesic.