Anti-inflammatory Activity Of Extracts Research Articles

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Ethanolic Extract of Euphorbia Hirta Leaf Extract: An In Vitro and In Silico Study.

This study presents the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic extract of Euphorbia hirta leaf extract. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of the extract was performed by in vitro assay. Our research employs a comprehensive approach combining experimental assays and computational simulations to assess the extract's potential bioactive components and their interactions with key biomolecules. The study's results demonstrated a progressive rise in the percentage of inhibition, which was dependent on the dosage, in both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This trend was observed for both the extract and the standard, encompassing concentrations ranging from 100 to 500 μg/ml. The results showed that Euphorbia hirta's possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, and this may contribute to a traditional medicinal. The discoveries of this study contribute to a deeper understanding of Euphorbia hirta's medicinal properties and its potential as a source of natural therapeutic agents.

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of extracts and α-pyrones isolated from Cantinoa stricta.

This study evaluated the composition and the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of the crude extracts and two isolated compounds, anamarine (ANA) and 10-epi-olguine (eOL), obtained from the leaves of Cantinoa stricta (Lamiaceae). Crude ethanolic extract (EEt) and dichloromethane extract (DCM), selected based on NMR data, were submitted to pharmacological tests in male Swiss mice. The oral administration of EEt and DCM significantly reduced the second phase of formalin-induced nociception (60%), lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mechanical hyperalgesia (90%), and carrageenan (Cg)-induced edema (25%). ANA and eOL, the major compounds in EEt and DCM extracts, administered orally or locally (in the paw), also reduced the LPS-induced mechanical hyperalgesia (Oral ID50 1.9 and 3.9mg/kg; Local ID50 93.4 and 677.3ng, respectively) without changing the thermal acute nociception or the motor performance of the animals. Local administration of ANA and eOL also reduced Cg-induced edema (40 and 23%, respectively). These isolated compounds did not change the mechanical hyperalgesia induced by tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, prostaglandin E2, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, or forskolin but reversed the hyperalgesia induced by dopamine, epinephrine, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. The hyperalgesia induced by epinephrine was reversed in male but not in female mice, in which this response is not dependent on protein kinase C (PKC). These results suggest thatC. strictaextracts possess antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity which is related to the presence of ANA and eOL. Differently from the known analgesics, these substances seem to exert their action mainly interfering with the sympathetic component of pain, possibly with PKC.

Investigation of the chemical composition and anti-inflammatory effects of the crude methanolic extract and fractions of Artocarpus heterophyllus (Fam. Moraceae)

Inflammation is a local response of living tissues in mammals towards injury and is normally linked to the pathogenesis of several diseases. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of the methanol extract and the n-hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol fractions of the Jack fruit leaves. Methanolic cold maceration was carried out to get the extract, followed by liquid-liquid fractionation. Two models, viz. xylene-induced ear edema in mice and egg albumin-induced paw edema in rats were used to evaluate them. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extract and fractions was screened for anti-inflammatory activity using xylene-induced ear edema in mice and egg albumin-induced paw edema in rats. The chemical constituents of the extract and fractions were detected by dereplication using HPLC-DAD. Results showed that for the xylene-induced topical edema model, only the 250µg/ear n-butanol fraction exhibited good anti-inflammatory activity at 21.21% when compared with the piroxicam (positive control) at 32.21%. In the egg albumin-induced paw edema both the methanol extract and n-butanol fraction at 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg showed good anti-inflammatory activity after 2hours post-administration, with maximum effect at 6 hours. Specifically, at 6 hours the methanol extract at 250 mg/kg exhibited 41.21% inhibition; the butanol fraction at the same dose exhibited 43.63% inhibition when compared with piroxicam (500 mg/kg) with 38.39% inhibition. The HPLC-DAD analysis of the extract and fractions revealed the presence of six (6) compounds: catechin (1), septicine (2), 5-isoprunetin 8C glucoside (3), naamine (4), protocatechuic acid (5), and vitexin (6). These compounds have been reported to display anti-inflammatory activity. These findings suggest that the leaf extract possess an anti-inflammatory phytocompounds which authenticates their ethno-medicinal usage claim by local people in different parts of Nigeria.

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory studies of the methanol extract of Globimetula braunii (Loranthaceae) growing on Terminalia catappa Linn (Combretaceae)

This study was carried out to investigate the phytochemical constituents, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of methanol stem extract of Globimetula braunii. Preliminary phytochemical screening was done using standard protocols, median lethal dose (LD50) was determined by Lorke’s method. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of extract were determined using acetic acid induced writhing and hot-plate model and the carrageenan-induced rat's paw edema model respectively at graded doses of 1000 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 250mg/kg. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, steroid, triterpenes and saponins. Intraperitoneal median lethal dose of the extract was estimated to be greater than 5000 mg/kg bodyweight in mice. The extract exhibited highest percentage inhibition of writhing (99.24%) at a dose of 1000 mg/kg. However, the extract showed no central analgesic activity. Furthermore, the extract at lowest and highest dose (250 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg) significantly (p<0.05) reduced paw size when compared to control group. The findings of this study suggest that the methanol stem extract of Globimetula braunii contains bioactive compounds with peripherally mediated analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity.

Pharmacognostic profiles, evaluation of analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anticonvulsant activities of Newbouldia laevis (P. Beauv.) Seem. ex Bureau leaf and root extracts in Wistar rats

Ethnopharmacological relevanceNewbouldia laevis is a popular medicinal plant whose leaves and roots are used in Nigeria as ethnomedicinal prescriptions for pain, inflammation, convulsion, and epilepsy. These claims have not been scientifically verified prior to this study. Aim of the studyTo determine pharmacognostic profiles of the leaves and roots and evaluate the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anticonvulsant activities of methanol leaf and root extracts in Wistar rats. Material and methodsThe pharmacognostic profiles of the leaves and roots were determined using standard procedures to serve as fingerprints for the plant. The methanol leaf and root extracts of Newbouldia laevis were tested for acute toxicity using the OECD’s up and down method at the maximum dose of 2000 mg/kg (orally) in Wistar rats. Analgesic studies were carried out in acetic acid-induced writhing in rats and tail immersion. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts was evaluated using carrageenan-induced rat paw-oedema and formalin-induced inflammation in rats’ mode. The anticonvulsant activity was determined using strychnine-induced, pentylenetetrazol-induced, and maximal electroshock-induced rat convulsion models. For each of these studies, the extracts doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg were administered to the rats following the oral route. ResultsThe pharmacognostic profiles showed that the leaves possessed deep-sunken paracytic stomata (5-8-16 mm2; adaxial, 8-11-24 mm2; abaxial epidermis), vein islets (2-4-10 mm2; adaxial), vein terminations (10-14-18 mm2; adaxial), palisade ratio (8.3-12.5-16.4 mm2; adaxial, 2.5-6.8-12.2 mm2; adaxial), covering unicellular trichome (8–14; adaxial), spheroidal calcium oxalate crystals (3–5 μm), and oval-shaped striated starch grain with no hilum (0.5–4.3 μm). The transverse section of the leaf showed the presence of spongy and palisade parenchyma as well as a closed vascular bundle. The root powder showed the presence of brachy sclereid, fibers without lumen, and lignin. All physicochemical parameters fall within the acceptable limits, phytochemical contents showed mainly glycosides, alkaloids, and steroids while acute oral toxicity (LD50) of the parts for 14 days did not produce any toxicity signs or mortality in the rats. The extracts produced dose-dependent (100–400 mg/kg) analgesic involving opioid receptors, anti-inflammatory, and anticonvulsant activities in the rats which were significant (p ≤ 0.05) when compared to the standard drugs. The leaf extract possessed the most potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects in the rats, while the most anticonvulsant effects were observed in rats treated with the leaf extract. Both extracts showed elevated levels of protection against strychnine-induced, pentylenetetrazol-induced, and maximal electroshock-induced seizure in rats. ConclusionOur study revealed some pharmacognostic profiles of Newbouldia laevis leaves and roots that are vital for its identification from closely related species often used for adulteration in traditional medicine. The study further showed that the leaf and root extracts of the plant possessed dose-dependent analgesics, anti-inflammatory and anti-convulsant activities in rats, thus, justifying its use for the treatment of these diseases in Nigerian traditional medicine. There is a need to further study its mechanisms of action towards drug discovery.

Biological Activities and Chemical Profiles of Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi Extracts.

In this study, the leaves of Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi were consecutively macerated with hexane, chloroform, and methanol. These extracts were used to assess the bioactivities of the plant. The antimicrobial activity was tested against a panel of Gram-positive and -negative pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains using the microdilution method. The cytotoxicity of K. fedtschenkoi extracts was investigated using human-derived macrophage THP-1 cells through the MTT assay. Finally, the anti-inflammatory activity of extracts was studied using the same cell line by measuring the secretion of IL-10 and IL-6. The phytoconstituents of hexane and chloroform extracts were evaluated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In addition, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to study the phytochemical content of methanol extract. The total flavonoid content (TFC) of methanol extract is also reported. The chemical composition of K. fedtschenkoi extracts was evaluated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Results revealed that the chloroform extract inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 150 μg/mL. At the same concentration, methanol extract inhibited the growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Regarding their cytotoxicity, the three extracts were highly cytotoxic against the tested cell line at IC50 < 3 μg/mL. In addition, the chloroform extract significantly stimulated the secretion of IL-10 at 50 μg/mL (p < 0.01). GC/MS analyses revealed that hexane and chloroform extracts contain fatty acids, sterols, vitamin E, and triterpenes. The HPLC analysis demonstrated that methanol extract was constituted by quercetin and kaempferol derivatives. This is the first report in which the bioactivities and chemical profiles of K. fedtschenkoi are assessed for non-polar and polar extracts.

Guided Analysis of Selected Ethnobotanical Acanthaceous Plants for Anti-Inflammatory Properties

Acanthaceous plants have emerged as important therapeutic plants on a global scale, producing biologically active chemical compounds with larvicidal, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties. In traditional Thai medicine, the crude extracts of these plants, including Clinacanthus nutans, Justicia gendarussa, and Rhinacanthus nasutus, have been used to detoxify bug bites and some skin illnesses caused by fungus and viruses. This study argued for investigating acanthaceous plant extracts for alternate advantages such as anti-inflammation. The presence of anti-inflammatory components in extracts was examined using HPLC in order to evaluate their potential. Lupeol, a prospective anti-inflammatory triterpene found in medicinal plants, was employed as a chemical marker. The anti-inflammatory activities of extracts containing the active chemical were studied utilizing protein denaturation and inhibition of nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells stimulated with LPS. Also, the extract of combined active plants was assessed. Lupeol was detected in the tested extracts in quantities ranging from 0.25 to 1.22% w/w. It was found in the highest concentration in the extract of Clinacanthus nutans and in the lowest concentration in the extract of Justicia gendarussa. All extracts of plants containing the active ingredient exhibited anti-inflammatory effects. Their IC50 values ranged between 0.87 and 29.28 mg/mL. The extract made from a combination of plants that contained lupeol demonstrated the most potent anti-inflammatory effect, with a 0.6-fold difference when compared to diclofenac. This research implied that investigating acanthaceous plant extracts containing this active agent might be more beneficial in the design of herbal recipes with anti-inflammatory characteristics.

The study of the chemical composition and the anti-inflammatory activity of dry extracts from large cranberry leaves

Inflammation accompanies huge numbers of diseases. In case of inflammation, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used, but they have a number of side effects and disadvantages. In turn, medicines based on the medicinal plant raw material that exhibit the anti-inflammatory activity, on the contrary, are underestimated and insufficientlystudied. An interesting object in this direction is large cranberry leaves of Ericaceae family. Aim. To study the chemical composition and the anti-inflammatory activity of extracts from large cranberry leaves to establish the prospect of creating new drugs with the anti-inflammatory activity. Materials and methods. The study objects were dry extracts from large cranberry (Oxycoccus macrocarpus (Ait.)) leaves. The chemical analysis of the extracts was studied by TLC and spectrophotometry methods. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts was studied on the model of carrageenan edema. Results and discussion. Hyperoside and chlorogenic acid were identified in the extracts. In the dry extract from large cranberry leaves, the content of the total amount of derivatives of hydroxycinnamic compounds was 11.60 ± 0.05 %, and in the modified extract – 3.09 ± 0.05 %. The anti-exudative activity was more pronounced in the group of animals that received the cranberry extract with arginine in the dose of 100 mg/kg. Conclusions. Identification and the quantification of biologically active substances in large cranberry leaves extracts have been carried out; their anti-inflammatory activity has been determined.

Antibacterial and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Extracts and Major Constituents Derived from Stachytarpheta indica Linn. Leaves and Their Potential Implications for Wound Healing.

Wounds of various types continue to have a severe socioeconomic impact on the cost of health care. Globally, there has been increased interest surrounding the identification of bioactive compounds that promote or modulate the wound healing process. Stachytarpheta indica Linn. is traditionally used to heal wounds and relieve inflammation; however, the theorised pharmacological properties have not yet been scientifically validated. In this study, dried and ground plant leaves were extracted with water and methanol, which were then subjected to various analyses. The antimicrobial activity of the plant extracts and isolated compounds was determined using well diffusion assays, while the minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined with a colorimetric assay. Morphological changes of human keratinocytes in response to plant extracts were observed with differential interference contrast microscope imaging. Cell viability, proliferation, and migratory effects post-treatment with the plant extracts were also evaluated via colorimetric cytotoxicity assays and a real-time cell analyser protocol. Anti-inflammatory effects of plant extracts and isolated compounds were evaluated by flow cytometry and cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzyme inhibition assays. Three active compounds, i.e. ipolamiide, verbascoside and iso-verbascoside, were isolated from S. indica leaves. Verbascoside demonstrated broad-range antibacterial activity and imposed strong inhibition at 9.77μg/mL against Staphylococci spp. S. indica extracts (0.1-0.2mg/mL) were shown to improve human keratinocyte proliferation up to 60% and induce morphological changes by producing cytoplasmic projections at concentrations higher than 0.4mg/mL. Plant extracts (6.25-100μg/mL) and individual compounds (3.125-50μg/mL) elicited strong anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing the expression of interleukin-8 and inhibiting cyclooxygenase-1 and 5-lipoxygenase enzymes. Collectively, these results indicate that plant extracts and isolated compounds derived from S. indica have the potential to inhibit bacterial growth, promote tissue regeneration and reduce inflammation, hence, potentially providing the basis for a novel therapeutic for the treatment of wounds.

Exploring Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. as a potential source of therapeutic agents: antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of extracts and fractions

Ethnopharmacological relevanceVaccinium vitis-idaea L. (lingonberry) leaves and fruits have traditionally been used in Asian and European countries as a natural solution for urinary tract infections, gastrointestinal distress, neurodegenerative diseases, and related inflammatory disorders, which are overall associated with free radical damage and presence of triggering pathogenic strains in the human body. Considering growing attention to natural products, there are not enough scientific data to confirm predominant specialized metabolites, responsible for the traditional therapeutic use of lingonberries. Aim of the studyThe present study aimed at an in-depth study of specialized metabolite profiling and biological activity evaluation of lingonberry crude extracts and isolated fractions. Materials and methodsCrude dry extracts and fractions from lingonberry leaves and fruits were analyzed by the UPLC-MS method. Potential inhibiting properties against different bacterial strains and hyaluronidase, ability to scavenge hydrogen peroxide, and effect on its production in a macrophage culture J774 were examined. ResultsFindings suggested the tentative presence of 59 compounds, mainly phenolics, displayed higher bioactivities of particular fractions than that of crude extracts and elucidated particular compounds as candidates in pharmaceuticals. Trimeric and dimeric proanthocyanidins from lingonberry leaves and fruits were shown to have the strongest antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory potential. ConclusionsThis study revealed specialized metabolites responsible for the traditional medicinal properties of lingonberries and pointed out demand for further purification and new research directions of proanthocyanidins in the frame of their multipharmacological perspectives.

Sambucus nigra L. leaves inhibit TNF-α secretion by LPS-stimulated human neutrophils and strongly scavenge reactive oxygen species

Ethnopharmacological relevanceSambucus nigra (elderberry) leaves were used in folk medicine to treat skin inflammations, ulcers, burns or boils, as well as to treat wounds, including infected and chronic ones. For centuries, elderberry leaves have been used mainly in eastern and southern Europe, as well as in western Asia. Aim of the studyThe study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of four different extracts, such as aqueous and ethanolic prepared at room temperature and the solvent’s boiling point, from the leaves of elderberry. Materials and methodsThe effect of extracts both on the secretion of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) by neutrophils stimulated with bacteria-derived products was investigated. The cytotoxicity of extracts was analyzed by staining with propidium iodide measured by flow cytometry. The anti-inflammatory activity of extracts was also investigated through their influence on lipoxygenase activity. The antioxidant properties, including scavenging superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical were investigated in cell-free systems. The total content of phenolic compounds was tested using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The qualitative and quantitative determination of the content of individual phenolic acids and flavonoids was performed by HPLC-DAD-MSn and HPLC-DAD method, respectively. ResultsElderberry leaves extracts turned out to affect the inflammatory response of neutrophils by inhibiting the secretion of TNF-α and ROS. The ethanolic and aqueous extracts at a concentration of 50 μg × mL−1 reduce the secretion of TNF-α by approximately 40% and 10%, respectively. ROS secretion was decreased by around 50% for all extracts at concentration of 5 μg × mL−1. All the extracts were able to inhibit the activity of lipoxygenase. The ethanolic extracts were characterized by a higher content of phenolic compounds and a higher antioxidant activity, especially against nitric oxide, compared to the aqueous extracts. ConclusionsOur research has confirmed that elderberry leaves are a plant material with anti-inflammatory activity, especially against reactive oxygen species, and a potentially rich source of antioxidants. Preliminary analyses performed in this study could be the first step in confirming the traditional use of elderberry leaves in relieving inflammation.

Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Extract and Fractions of Spondias mombin Leaf and Isolation of its Active Principles

a peer-reviewed, open access online international journal which publishes original research papers. The journal welcomes submission from scholars and experts for possible publication from all over the world. The scope of the journal includes: Pharmaceutical research, chemistry and biochemistry of naturally occurring compounds, biological evaluation of crude extracts, ethnomedicine, traditional and complementary medicine, ethnopharmacology, biomedical research, Biotechnology, Evaluation of natural substances of land and sea and of plants, microbes and animals, pharmacognosy, bioavailability, clinical, pharmacological, toxicological studies and pharmacokinetics of phytochemicals, Isolation and characterization of compounds, structure elucidation, synthesis and experimental biosynthesis of natural Product as well as developments of methods in these areas are welcomed in the journal.

Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Evaluation of Parinari curatellifolia Methanol Leaf Extract on Albino Rats

Aim: This research was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Parinari curatellifolia methanol leaf extract in albino rats.&#x0D; Methodology: Phytochemical screening was carried out using standard methods. Anti-inflammatory activity of the extract was done using egg albumin and formalin induced hind paw edema model. Analgesic effect was evaluated using hot plate induced pain and acetic acid induced writhing test. For each model twenty (20) rats were used, divided into five (5) groups of four (4) rats each.&#x0D; Results: Parinari curatellifolia revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and phenols while steroids, anthraquinone, terpenoids and glycoside were not detected. For the egg albumin induced inflammation, the group treated with the standard drug (indomethacin) and the group that received the highest dose of the extract were significantly lower (P&lt;0.05) than all the other groups with percentage inhibitions at 25.56% and 24.44% respectively there was no significant difference (P&gt;0.05). For the formalin induced anti-inflammatory activity, at the 1st hour, the normal control group had its paw volume significantly different (P&lt;0.05) from the treated groups. This trend was observed at the 2nd, 3rd and 4th hour. The hot plate method results revealed significant increased (P&lt;0.05) in the analgesic activity of PCMLE at 400mg/kg body weight and the drug treated group when the control was compared with the treated groups with percentage inhibition of 34.32% and 52.94% respectively. The acetic acid induced writhing test revealed that the extract at the three doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, showed a significant (P&lt;0.05) percentage inhibition of 32.31%, 36.92% and 47.69%, respectively compared to negative control.&#x0D; Conclusion: This justifies the use of Parinari curatellifolia locally in the management of pain and inflammation.

Pharmacological Potential of Anti-Inflammatory and Anti Nociceptive Activity of Bioactive Fractions from Leaves of Maytenus emarginata

The antinociceptive &amp; anti-inflammatory activities of extract were compared to dose of Phenylbutazone. The phytochemical secondary metabolites tested for include alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, steroids and terpenoids. Maytenus emarginata leaves extract demonstrated significant antinociceptive and anti- inflammatory effects in a dose-dependent manner. The extract dose at 200mg/kg bw exhibited the highest antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities &amp; its activities were comparable to those of the respective reference drugs. BFLME (suspended in 1% carboxy methyl cellulose) in doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg caused a dose-dependent inhibition of swelling caused by carrageenin equivalent to 30.2–63.2% protection (P&lt;0.05– P&lt;0.001) and in cotton pellet granuloma, 47.2–45.4% protection (P&lt;0.01-P&lt;0.001) was observed from inflammation. There was a significant increase in analgesiometer force induced pain in rat equivalent to 98.1–146.5% protection (P&lt;0.01-P&lt;0.001) and 7.19–37.8 % (P&lt;0.05–P&lt;0.001) protection against Acetic acid induced writhing. Phytochemical screening of the extract indicated the presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, steroids and terpenoids. The present study therefore demonstrated the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of bioactive fraction of ethyl acetate extract from leaves of M. emarginata (BFLME), hence providing a basis for further research that may result in pure compounds that can be advanced into drug discovery.

Screening for anti-inflammatory activity of extract and fractions of Morinda lucida stem bark and detection of bioactive secondary metabolite

Morinda lucida Benth (Rubiaceae) is a versatile plant used in traditional medicine for the treatment of a variety of ailments and the claims of its efficacy are particularly remarkable in the treatment of infections and immuno-inflammatory disorders. This study evaluates the anti-inflammatory properties of methanolic stem bark extract and fractions of M. lucida and also identifies the phytochemicals responsible for its anti-inflammatory activity. The crude extract was subjected to liquid- liquid partitioning successively with n- hexane, ethylacetate, butanol and water. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of the four fractions and Vacuum Liquid Chromatography fraction (VLC) of the promising fraction was evaluated. The effect of the fractions on egg albumen induced rat paw oedema were also evaluated. Anti-inflammatory activity of the fractions was further screened using xylene induce ear oedema models and human red blood cell membrane stabilization test. Ulcerogenic test on the normal stomach mucosa was also evaluated. The result of the egg albumen induced rat paw oedema showed that the butanol fractions maximally inhibited egg albumen induced effect at 400 mg/kg (70%) and 200mg/kg (67.5%) after 180 minutes compared to the positive control, ibuprofen (20mg/kg) with 100% inhibition after 180 minutes. The result of the xylene induced ear oedema showed that the inhibition produced by 100 µg/ear of the Butanol fraction (BF) was 56.67 % and was greater than inhibition produced by 200 µg/ear of ibuprofen (38.89 %). HPLC analysis of the fractions revealed the following phytocompounds; Cytreo- a-pyrone, Cytosporin- J and Waol A. Ulcerogenic test was negative at the doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of the fractions when compare with the indomethacin (positive control) at dose of 50 mg/kg. Human red blood cell membrane stabilization assay showed that BF-VLC 2 (Dichloromethane: methanol (8:2) VLC of Butanol fraction) exhibited concentration dependent inhibition of heat-induced haemolysis while other extract showed a non- concentration dependent inhibition of haemolysis when compared to the standard, ibuprofen. These findings suggest that the stem bark of M. lucida possess promising anti-inflammatory phytocompounds which justify its use in ethno-medicine.

Evaluation of the Organ Microscopy, Chemical Composition and Anti-inflammatory Potentials of Methanolic Leaf Extract and Fractions of Diaphananthe bidens

Aim: The study aims to investigate high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC)-based chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic leaf extract and fractions of D. bidens.&#x0D; Study Design: The study is a laboratory-based research involving collection, identification and preparation, of plants, extraction, characterization and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory potential of D. bidens.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria between January 2016 and June 2019.&#x0D; Methodology: Powdered leaves of D. bidens was macerated in methanol and the obtained crude extract was fractionated using n-hexane, ethylacetate, butanol, and water respectively. The acute toxicity profile of the extract was determined. Spectroscopic factors of the plant were assayed using HPLC-DAD and the anti-inflammatory activity of the extract and its fractions were evaluated.&#x0D; Results: Acute toxicity study showed that the crude extract has an LD50 &gt; 5,000 mg/kg. HPLC-DAD analysis revealed the presence of compounds including apigenin monoglycoside, quercetin 3-O-(6''O-acetyl) galactopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-(6" O-malonyl) glucoside, genistein 8-C-glucoside, while anti-inflammatory study showed that the extract and fractions inhibited cellular activities of inflammatory mediators (86 – 97 %) in comparison with the diclofenac (53 %); thus, supporting its ethnomedicinal use in the treatment of inflammation.&#x0D; Conclusions: Methanolic extract of D. bidens has wide margin of safety. It has sufficient deposit of flavonoids which might be responsible for its strong anti-inflammatory activity that is comparable with diclofenac.

Evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activity and identification of active compounds of Humulus scandens

Humulus scanden, rich in flavonoids, is a traditional Chinese medicine. It is widely used in China to treat tuberculosis, dysentery and chronic colitis. In this study, Humulus scandens (H.S) was extracted in different solvents (water, n-butanol, acetic ether and chloroform) and the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities of extracts were investigated by four assays including DPPH, reducing power, xylene-induced mouse ear edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma methods. And then, the acute oral toxicity of extracts and biochemical parameters such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in blood serum and edematous tissue of rats were also evaluated. Moreover, the active compounds were identified by LC-ESI-QTOF-MS-MS. Results showed that ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts had the stronger antioxidant activities, while water extract appeared to be weakest among them. The anti-inflammatory test showed that the extract of n-butanol and chloroform had significant anti-inflammatory effects and could improve the activity of SOD and CAT in mice. In general, the site of n-butanol has a stronger antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, and 15 compounds were analyzed by LC/Q-TOF-MS/MS technology. The present study confirms the ethnobotanical use of H.S extracts as natural antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and the composition of the active compound was preliminarily identified.

In vitro and In vivo Anti-inflammatory Activity of the Extracts of Whole Plant Argyreia imbricata (Roth) Sant. &amp; Patel

Plants of the genus Argyreia have ethnomedicinal importance, and several pharmacological activities are also reported. In this study, the anti-inflammatory activity of different extracts of Argyreia imbricata was evaluated by in vitro and in vivo methods. In both evaluations, standard, Diclofenac sodium was used for comparative evaluation. In this study, extraction of powdered whole plant material was done with different solvents viz., petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol by soxhelation. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of all the prepared extracts was evaluated by stabilization of human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane in different temperature and tonicity conditions. Among the six different concentrations of four tested extracts, the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts (1000μg/ml) showed significant activity in the in vitro evaluation. They were selected for the in vivo evaluation on the paw oedema induced by carrageenan on Wistar albino rats. Two doses, 200mg.kg-1 and 400mg.kg-1 of the test extracts were subjected to evaluation. Both the tested extracts showed the activity, particularly, the methanol extract in the dose of 400mg.kg-1 showed significant activity. Results of this study strongly supported the anti-inflammatory activity of the tested extracts. Further, studies on toxicity, identification, isolation of the active constituents may give useful results.

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Extracts and Pure Compounds Derived from Plants via Modulation of Signaling Pathways, Especially PI3K/AKT in Macrophages.

The plant kingdom is a source of important therapeutic agents. Therefore, in this review, we focus on natural compounds that exhibit efficient anti-inflammatory activity via modulation signaling transduction pathways in macrophage cells. Both extracts and pure chemicals from different species and parts of plants such as leaves, roots, flowers, barks, rhizomes, and seeds rich in secondary metabolites from various groups such as terpenes or polyphenols were included. Selected extracts and phytochemicals control macrophages biology via modulation signaling molecules including NF-κB, MAPKs, AP-1, STAT1, STAT6, IRF-4, IRF-5, PPARγ, KLF4 and especially PI3K/AKT. Macrophages are important immune effector cells that take part in antigen presentation, phagocytosis, and immunomodulation. The M1 and M2 phenotypes are related to the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory agents, respectively. The successful resolution of inflammation mediated by M2, or failed resolution mediated by M1, may lead to tissue repair or chronic inflammation. Chronic inflammation is strictly related to several disorders. Thus, compounds of plant origin targeting inflammatory response may constitute promising therapeutic strategies.

Antimicrobial and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Extracts of Four Medicinal Plants Traditionally Used in Ethiopia for Skin Disorder

Hydroalcoholic extracts of four different plant species [Artimesia absinthum L. (Asteraceae), Asparagusafricanus Lam. (Liliaceae), Datura stramonium L. (Solanaceae) and Nigella sativa L. (Ranunculaceae)]commonly used in traditional medicine in Ethiopia for the treatment of skin disorders were evaluated fortheir potential antimicrobial activities against pathogenic bacteria (Escherhia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes) and fungi (Candida albicans, Epidermophyton floccosum,Microsporum canis, Trichophyton verrucosum, and Trichophyton violaceum) using agar diffusion method. Allthe extracts showed antibacterial activities against one or more test organisms. The extract of N. sativa seedsexhibited the highest antibacterial activity against all the bacterial species tested. The minimum inhibitoryconcentrations (MICs) of the methanolic extract of N. sativa seeds were 0.156 and 2.5 mg/ml on standardstrains of S. aureus and C. albicans, respectively. Successive extraction of the seeds of N. sativa withpetroleum ether, chloroform, acetone and methanol revealed that the chloroform extract exhibited largerdiameter of zone of inhibitions against the test organisms. Phytochemical screening of the total extract of N.sativa powdered seeds revealed the presence of flavonoids, polyphenols, terpenoids, and steroids which arethought to be responsible for the activity of the extracts of N. sativa seeds. Of the various, topicalformulations of the crude extract of N. sativa seeds, the O/W emulsion based formulation showed largerdiameter of zone of inhibition. In mice paw oedema induced by carrageenan, the crude extract of N. sativa ata dose of 300 mg/kg showed the strongest anti-inflammatory activity (64.2%) followed by A. Africanus(50.1%).&#x0D; Keywords: skin disorders, plant extracts, antimicrobial activity, anti-inflammatory activity, minimum inhibitoryconcentration