Antidiarrheal Properties Research Articles

Sodium humate alleviates LPS-induced intestinal barrier injury by improving intestinal immune function and regulating gut microbiota

Sodium humate (HNa), known for its abundant functional active groups, is extensively utilized in food dietary supplements due to its versatile properties. Furthermore, HNa possesses notable anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-diarrheal properties. This research endeavor aimed to elucidate the protective effects of HNa against intestinal barrier injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The findings of this study demonstrated that pretreatment with HNa effectively mitigated intestinal barrier injury in the jejunum. HNa exhibited inhibitory effects on the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and the production of inflammatory factors within the intestine. HNa supplementation also contributed to the upregulation of mucin and tight junctions (TJs) expression, consequently enhancing the integrity of the intestinal barrier. Notably, our investigation revealed that HNa shared comparable efficacy with the TLR4 inhibitor TAK-242 in inhibiting the TLR4/NFκB signaling pathway. Furthermore, an in-depth analysis of the gut microbiota demonstrated that HNa exerted a regulatory influence on LPS-induced microflora disturbance. In conclusion, these findings collectively indicate that HNa mitigates LPS-induced mucosal damage in the jejunum and preserves the integrity of the intestinal barrier by modulating intestinal immune function and regulating gut microbiota.

Determination and Mechanism of Antidiarrheal Chemical Constituents of Paederia scandens Determined by HPLC-ESI-MS Integrated with Network Pharmacology.

Paederia scandens is a natural medicinal plant that is widely used for its various pharmacological effects including antiviral, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities. However, there is no scientific evidence to support its antidiarrheal effect. In this study, the antidiarrheal activity of P. scandens was evaluated using several validated models. By using HPLC-ESI-MS in conjunction with a network pharmacology approach, the possible antidiarrheal mechanisms of P. scandens active fragments were studied, and they were subsequently verified in a mouse model of diarrhea. Finally, utilizing molecular docking, active compounds that might have antidiarrheal properties were hypothesized. The results show that the main antidiarrheal part of P. scandens has 10 chemical components in the n-butanol fraction (PSNB). The key targets of PSNB and diarrhea, EGFR, AKT1, and PIK3CA, were screened by network pharmacology analysis. And the mechanism of PSNB in the treatment of diarrhea may be highly related to the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Besides, through the qRT-PCR and western-blot experiments, it was found that PSNB could inhibit the gene expression of proinflammatory factors by reducing the protein expression of AKT1 and PI3K and regulating the NF-κB signaling pathway in mice. In addition, asperuloside, paederosidic acid, paederoside, paederosidic acid methyl ester, and 6'-O-E-feruloylmonotropein have better docking energies than other chemical components in PSNB with EGFR, AKT1, and PIK3CA. In conclusion, the main antidiarrheal active site of P. scandens is the n-butanol site. PSNB may exert an antidiarrheal effect by regulating the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway. Among them, asperuloside, paederosidic acid, paederoside, paederosidic acid methyl ester, and 6'-O-E-feruloylmonotropein may be the active ingredients that exert an antidiarrheal effect.

Biocompatibility of Membranes Based on a Mixture of Chitosan and Lythri herba Aqueous Extract

In the current context of concern for the improvement and protection of environmental conditions, emphasis is placed on the provision of non-toxic, eco-friendly, renewable biomaterials to replace established chemical substances. Lythri herba is the aerial part of the plant species Lythrum salicaria L., known in the scientific literature especially for its content of tannins and total polyphenols, which highlight its antioxidant, hemostatic, antibacterial and antidiarrheal properties. Chitosan is a biopolymer widely used in industry and medicine due to its abundance in nature, its biodegradability, lack of toxicity and the ease with which it can be transformed into several basic forms (hydrogel, membrane, sponge). The aqueous solutions and membranes obtained in this study by merging these two natural resources were biologically tested in terms of genotoxicity (SOS-Chromo assay), hemolytic activity, thrombin generation activity and bacterial adhesion to reveal outwardly the lack of these properties and their use for medical purposes. The results of the current study attest to the absence of mutagenic and slight hemolyzing properties, thus supporting the possibility of using this extract and membrane in medical and pharmaceutical therapeutic practice. The surface parameters of membranes were examined and important influences at thrombin activity were found. Also, bacterial adhesion results showed a correlation between Lythri herba and chitosan concentrations and membranes’ appearances (swelling, stability). The results show that the membranes could be a promising material for biomedical applications.

Manilkara zapota "chicozapote" as a fruit source of health-beneficial bioactive compounds and its effects on chronic degenerative and infectious diseases, a review.

Manilkara zapota "chicozapote" is an autochthonous evergreen tree from the Southern regions of Mexico, Belize, and Guatemala. Currently, it is widely distributed and extensively grown in Mexico and Southeast Asia. Traditionally, different structures of the plant have been used for medical purposes; seeds have diuretic and purgative properties, aiding in digestive complications and eliminating bladder and kidney stones. Tree bark has antidiarrheal, antipyretic, antibiotic, and astringent properties. Fruits and leaves have been used to treat cold, cough, diarrhea, indigestion, fever, hemorrhages, wounds, and ulcers. Chicozapote fruit is yellow and brown, with an oval shape and rough peel, it is an excellent source of nutrients, such as sugars, proteins, amino acids, and minerals, and is rich in phytochemical components, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and tannins. These bioactive compounds exert several biological activities, i.e., as an antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and anti-arthritic agents, to name a few. These beneficial properties assist in preventing chronic and degenerative diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, neurological, infectious, and cardiovascular diseases. The use of chicozapote is still limited to its fresh form, and its non-edible structures produce a lot of waste. Therefore, an alternative valorizing and preserving strategy is to use the fruit as a raw source to design functional foods and pharmacological products. Here, the nutritional and phytochemical profiles and the current view regarding methodologies and conditions, for the extraction and characterization of its bioactive compounds, are described, and focus is placed on their multiple biological effects and specific functional mechanisms.

Acmella calva (DC.) R.K. Jansen Flower: A Comprehensive In vivo Study of its Central and Peripheral Analgesic, Hypoglycemic, Antidepressant, and Anti-Diarrheal Properties

Acmella calva (DC.) R.K. Jansen (Local name “Surzo konna”) is a Southeast Asian perennial herb mostly used in rural areas as an ailment of dental disorders. This study involved the evaluation of peripheral and central analgesic activities, hypoglycemic, anti-diarrheal and anti-depressant activities of the methanolic extract of A. calva flower at different doses- (200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg of body weight) on Swiss Albino mice models. The sample exhibited moderate central analgesic activity at all doses whereas the acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice revealed 67.69% reduction in peripheral pain response for both 400 and 600 mg/kg doses (69.23% for standard diclofenac sodium). Reduction in diarrheal faeces was found to be 41.03% and 46.46% at dose of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg respectively compared to the standard loperamide 53.85%. Hypoglycemic activity in diabetic mice showed statistically significant data depending on increasing doses and thiopental induced sleeping test revealed the sedative activity (P<0.05) compared to diazepam. The in-vivo bioactivities suggest that this plant part can be a potential source of active lead compounds. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 22(1): 65-71, 2023 (June)

Sodium Humate-Derived Gut Microbiota Ameliorates Intestinal Dysfunction Induced by Salmonella Typhimurium in Mice.

Salmonella is a foodborne pathogen that is one of the main causes of gastroenteric disease in humans and animals. As a natural organic substance, sodium humate (HNa) possesses antibacterial, antidiarrheal, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, it is unclear whether the HNa and HNa-derived microbiota exert alleviative effects on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium-induced enteritis. We found that treatment with HNa disrupted the cell wall of S. Typhimurium and decreased the virulence gene expression. Next, we explored the effect of HNa presupplementation on S. Typhimurium-induced murine enteritis. The results revealed that HNa ameliorated intestinal pathological damage. In addition, we observed that presupplementation with HNa enhanced intestinal barrier function via modulating gut microbiota, downregulating toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) signaling pathways, regulating intestinal mucosal immunity, and enhancing tight junction protein expression. To further validate the effect of HNa-derived microbiota on S. Typhimurium-induced enteritis, we performed fecal microbiota transplantation and found that HNa-derived microbiota also alleviated S. Typhimurium-induced intestinal damage. It is noteworthy that both HNa and HNa-derived microbiota improved the liver injury caused by S. Typhimurium infection. Collectively, this is the first study to confirm that HNa could alleviate S. Typhimurium-induced enteritis in a gut microbiota-dependent manner. This study provides a new perspective on HNa as a potential drug to prevent and treat salmonellosis. IMPORTANCE Salmonella Typhimurium is an important zoonotic pathogen, widely distributed in nature. S. Typhimurium is one of the leading causes of foodborne illnesses worldwide, and more than 350,000 people died from Salmonella infection each year, which poses a substantial risk to public health and causes a considerable economic loss. Here, we found that the S. Typhimurium infection caused severe intestinal and liver damage. In addition, we first found that sodium humate (HNa) and HNa-derived gut microbiota can alleviate S. Typhimurium infection-induced intestinal damage. These findings extend the knowledge about the public health risk and pathogenic mechanisms of S. Typhimurium.

Review on Darvyadi Ghrita an Ayurvedic Formulation for Diarrhoea

Darvyadi Ghrita is a polyherbal formulation and is mainly indicated for the diarrhoea. It is mentioned in Charak Samhita by Acharya Charak. Preparation of oleaginous dosage form is described as Sneha Kalpana performed by subjecting Ghrita or oil to a particular pattern of heat treated with Kalka (Paste) of Kutaja, Daruharidra, Pippali, Shunthi, Katuka, Draksha and Kwath (Decoction) of same ingredients. Murchana is a pre procedure to Sneha Kalpana in which Ghrita is treated with few drugs. The main ingredients of Darvyadi Ghrita is Kutaja (Holarrhena Antidysentrica Wall.), Daruharidra (Berberis Aristata DC.), Pippali (Piper Longum Linn.), Shunthi (Zingiber Officinale Rosc.), Katuka (Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex.Benth), Draksha (Vitis Vinifera Linn.) and Go-Ghrita. In Ayurvedic therapeutics the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of the drug entirely depends upon Rasa, Virya, Vipaka, Prabhava and balance of Tridosha in the body. The ingredients of Darvyadi Ghrita with their Rasapanchaka, are very much competent to exhibit anti-bacterial and anti-diarrheal property from Ayurvedic perspective.

Anti-obesity effect of Lythri herba water extracts in vitro and in vivo

Ethnopharmacological relevanceLythrum salicaria L., also called purple loosestrife, has traditionally been used as a medicinal plant to treat internal dysfunction, such as gastrointestinal disorders or hemorrhages. It contains numerous phytochemical compounds, including orientin, and has been reported to have anti-diarrheal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. Aim of the studyThe effects of Lythrum salicaria L. on obesity have not been explored. Therefore, we investigated the anti-obesity effects of Lythri Herba, the aerial part of this plant, in vitro and in vivo. Materials and methodsUsing distilled water, Lythri Herba water extracts (LHWE) were prepared by extracting Lythri Herba at 100°Ϲ. The contents of orientin in LHWE were identified using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. To evaluate the anti-obesity effect of LHWE, 3T3-L1 adipocytes and a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice were used. Oil-red O staining was performed to examine the anti-adipogenic effects of LHWE in vitro. The histological changes in epididymal white adipose tissue (epiWAT) by LHWE were examined using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Serum leptin levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Specific quantification kits measured total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the serum. The relative fold induction of protein and mRNA was determined using western blot and Quantitative real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction analysis, respectively. ResultsHPLC analysis demonstrated the presence of orientin in LHWE. LHWE treatment markedly reduced lipid accumulation in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. LHWE administration also conferred resistance to HFD-induced weight gain in mice and reduced epiWAT mass. Mechanistically, LHWE significantly decreased lipogenesis by downregulating lipoprotein lipase (LPL), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, ATP-citrate lyase, fatty acid synthase, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1, sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1, and carbohydrate response element binding protein expression and increased the expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation (FAO), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and epiWAT. Furthermore, LHWE significantly up-regulated the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and epiWAT. ConclusionLHWE decreases white adipogenesis in vitro and HFD-induced weight gain in vivo, which is associated with reduced lipogenesis and enhanced FAO.

Antidiarrheal activities of methanolic crude extract and solvent fractions of the root of Verbascum sinaiticum Benth. (Scrophularaceae) in mice

BackgroundIn Ethiopian traditional medicine, V. sinaiticum is one of the most often utilized medicinal herbs for the treatment of diarrhea. Therefore, this study was conducted to validate the use of the plant for the treatment of diarrhea in the traditional medical practice of Ethiopia. MethodsCastor oil-induced diarrhea, enteropooling, and intestinal motility test models in mice were used to evaluate the antidiarrheal properties of the 80% methanol crude extract and the solvent fractions of the root component of V. sinaiticum. The effects of the crude extract and the fractions on time for onset, frequency, weight, and water content of diarrheal feces, intestinal fluid accumulation, and intestinal transit of charcoal meal were evaluated and compared with the corresponding results in the negative control. ResultsThe crude extract (CE), aqueous fraction (AQF), and ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) at 400 mg/kg (p < 0.001) significantly delayed the onset of diarrhea. Besides, the CE and AQF at 200 and 400 mg/kg (p < 0.001) of the doses, and EAF at 200 (p < 0.01) and 400 mg/kg (p < 0.001) significantly decreased the frequency of diarrheal stools. Furthermore, CE, AQF, and EAF at their three serial doses (p < 0.001), significantly reduced the weights of the fresh diarrheal stools as compared to the negative control. The CE and AQF at 100 (p < 0.01), and 200 and 400 mg/kg (p < 0.001) of their doses and EAF at 200 (p < 0.01) and 400 mg/kg (p < 0.001) significantly decreased the fluid contents of diarrheal stools compared to the negative control. In the enteropooling test, the CE at 100 (p < 0.05), and 200 and 400 mg/kg (p < 0.001), AQF at 200 (P < 0.05) and 400 mg/kg (p < 0.01), and EAF at 200 (p < 0.01) and 400 mg/kg (p < 0.001) significantly decreased the weights of intestinal contents compared to the negative control. Additionally, the CE at 100 and 200 (p < 0.05) and 400 mg/kg (p < 0.001), AQF at 100 (p < 0.05), 200 (p < 0.01), and 400 mg/kg (p < 0.001) of the doses, and EAF at 400 mg/kg (p < 0.05), produced significant reductions in the volumes of intestinal contents. In the intestinal motility test model, the CE, AQF, and EAF at all their serial doses (p < 0.001), significantly suppressed the intestinal transit of charcoal meal and peristaltic index compared to the negative control. ConclusionOverall, the results of this study showed that the crude extract and the solvent fractions of the root parts of V. sinaiticum had considerable in vivo antidiarrheal activities. Besides, the crude extract, especially at 400 mg/kg, produced the highest effect followed by the aqueous fraction at the same dose. This might indicate that the bioactive compounds responsible for the effects are more of hydrophilic in nature. Moreover, the antidiarrheal index values were increased with the doses of the extract and the fractions, suggesting that the treatments might have dose-dependent antidiarrheal effects. Additionally, the extract was shown to be free of observable acute toxic effects. Thus, this study corroborates the use the root parts of V. sinaiticum to treat diarrhea in the traditional settings. Furthermore, the findings of this study are encouraging and may be used as the basis to conduct further studies in the area including chemical characterization and molecular based mechanism of actions of the plant for its confirmed antidiarrheal effects.

A review on pharmacological activities of Eleocarpus Serratus

E. serratus tropical flowering tree belong to the family elaeocarpaceae. The fruit of the tree is frequently consumed by people and is also used in folk medicine. It is also known as Ceylon olive. According to studies, E. serratus has anti-diarrheal, analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. Investigations on other effects such as antioxidants, Antimelanogenesis and antimicrobial studies have also been conducted. The present review is an effort to give detailed survey of the literature on photochemistry of E. serratus.

Nutritional and Nutraceutical Potentials of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus)

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) is a Poaceae family perennial grass that yields essential oil. The prefix ‘lemon’ refers to the odour, which is mostly owing to the presence of citral, a cyclic monoterpene. It is a rapidly growing and native to South India and Sri Lanka that is now widely cultivated throughout tropical America and Asia. The essential oil is used medicinally which is derived from freshly cut and slightly dried leave. Lemongrass has recently gained global prominence due to its extensive industrial applications. It also contains a significant amount of flavonoids, essential oils, phenolic compounds, and other phytochemical constituents that have pharmacological properties such as anti-obesity, antibacterial, anti-fungal, anti-nociceptive, anti-oxidants, anti-diarrheal, and anti-inflammatory properties that may improve health. Numerous studies reported that it might possess the excellent health potentials to cure various communicable and non-communicable diseases.

BUTEA MONOSPERMA: ETHANOMEDICINAL STUDIES AND PHARMACOLOGY: A REVIEW

Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub (Syn Butea frondosa Family Fabaceae), also known as "palas" and "Flame of forest," is one of several natural crude medications used in traditional medicine that have the ability to treat a variety of diseases and ailments1. Butea monosperma is a tropical and subtropical climate tree that grows gregariously in woods, open grasslands, and wastelands in India's drier regions. It thrives in a broad range of soil types, including saline or wet soils, clay loams, shallow, gravelly locations, and black cotton soil. It is an upright, 12- to 15-meter-tall tree with a crooked trunk and uneven branches. Butea monosperma comes in a number of species all over the world. 3 foliate, big, and pointed leaves are present. Many components from Butea species, including amides, lactones, flavonoids, sterols, and alkaloids, have been identified. For products like feed, fuel, fibers, timber, gum or resin, dyestuff, and historically for a number of ailments, Butea monosperma is recognized as a trustworthy source. Pharmacologically, Butea monosperma has been linked to a number of effects, including anthelmintic, anticonvulsant, and anticonceptive4. anti-diabetic, anti-diarrheal, anti-estrogenic, anti-fertility, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-stress, chemopreventive, hemagglutinating, hepatoprotective, radical-scavenging, thyroid inhibitory, antiperoxidative, anti-hyperglycemic, and wound healing properties. The current review goes into great detail into the morphology, ethnobotany, phytochemical components, and traditional uses of each plant part, as well as the products made by the plant and the pharmacological functions of each plant part [7].

Antidiarrheal Properties of the Combination of Tannin Albuminate and Ethacridine Lactate - A Narrative Review

Objective To review the efficacy and safety of tannin albuminate and ethacridine lactate monohydrate in the treatment and prevention of diarrhea. Design Narrative review. Data sources: A systematic literature search was conducted in MEDLINE and Embase from inception to September 2022. The search was restricted to English and German language publications. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies: Randomized controlled trials, non-interventional studies, and meta-analyses assessing tannin and/or ethacridine for the treatment or prevention of diarrhea. Results Of 366 titles identified, a total of 13 studies were included in this review. Five randomized controlled trials and four noninterventional trials demonstrate the efficacy and safety of the fixed combination of tannin albuminate and ethacridine lactate monohydrate in treating acute diarrhea and preventing traveler's diarrhea. The fixed combination reduced acute diarrhea duration by improving stool frequency, consistency, and weight and reduced the risk of traveler's diarrhea. Two pilot studies indicate efficacy in chronic diarrhea. Safety and tolerability were very good in all included studies. Two meta-analyses investigated the efficacy of gelatin tannate in children with acute gastroenteritis. Conclusion The efficacy and safety of tannin albuminate and ethacridine lactate monohydrate for the treatment of acute diarrhea and the prevention of traveler's diarrhea are proven in randomized controlled trials. Several noninterventional studies substantiate the real-world effectiveness and tolerability of the fixed combination. Both active ingredients combine antidiarrheal, antimicrobial, mucosal protection, and spasmolytic properties. However, existing clinical data should be updated with larger, well-designed, placebo-controlled trials in adult and pediatric patient populations.

Pyrazoles containing organic extracts of Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C. B. Rob enervate chemical-induced diarrhea in animal models evident in ligand-receptor interaction

This research investigated the effect of organic extracts from Litsea glutinosa(Lour.) C. B. Rob bark and its five heterocyclic compounds on induced diarrheal models. The bark of L. glutinosa was extracted with chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The resultant extracts were examined for disc-diffusion-guided activity against diarrhea-causing bacteria and chemical-induced anti-diarrheal properties in castor oil- and magnesium sulfate-induced diarrheal models. The effect of the extracts on gastrointestinal motility was tested in activated charcoal meal and barium sulfate milk models. The effects of the extracts on electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl- and HCO3–), creatinine, triglycerides (TG), C-reactive protein (CRP), and immunoglobulin E (IgE) were assessed in the blood serum of treated animals. From the GC–MS analysis of the L. glutinosa methanol extract, five heterocyclic compounds were selected, and their interactions with target receptors were investigated using molecular docking techniques. The methanol extract (MExLG) showed the highest zone of inhibition for Shigella dysentriae (ZOI, 24 ± 0.9 mm) and E. coli (ZOI, 16.00 ± 1.14 mm), Salmonella paratyphi (18.23 ± 3.06 mm) and Vibrio cholerae (22.10 ± 2.62 mm). For both castor oil- and barium sulfate-induced diarrhea, MExLG achieved the highest levels of diarrheal inhibition 82.5% and 77.33%, respectively. MExLG showed the best in Na+, K+, Cl-, and HCO3– equivalence. Serum creatinine, TG, CRP and IgE levels were significantly (P < 0.05) restored by both MExLG and ethyl acetate extract (EAxLG). Out of five compounds, 1-(2-Fluorophenyl)pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid had the closest ligand-receptor interaction to that of the standard anti-diarrheal drug loperamide. The results demonstrate that the 1-(2-Fluorophenyl)pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid of MExLG could be positioned as a potential anti-diarrheal target through further affirmation in a dose–response cell-line study.

A Brief Review on Murraya paniculata (Orange Jasmine): pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and ethanomedicinal uses.

Murraya paniculata (family-Rutaceae), popularly known as orange jasmine, is the most important evergreen plant. The Rutaceae family is economically significant due to its diverse edible fruits and essential oils. Murraya paniculata extracts (MPE) of leaf have been shown to include phenolic compounds, highly oxygenated flavonoids, flavanones, sesquiterpenoids, polymethoxy glycosides, and coumarins. Cyclocitral, methyl salicylate, trans-nerolidol, cubenol, isogermacrene, -cadinol, and cubeb-11-ene are all abundant in MPE. The usages of various parts of this plant, such as bark, leaves and flower, as a remedy for a variety of ailments as widely recorded in the traditional literature. The plant has anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, antibacterial, anti-implantation, anti-oxidative, cytotoxic, anti-diarrheal, antidepressant and anti-anxiety properties and many others. The goal of the review is to reignite interest in this potential plant, encouraging researchers to continue their research in order to uncover novel therapeutic compounds for the treatment and management of a range of infections. The current review provided a comprehensive overview of this traditional unique plant. The review paves a way for exploring its active chemical elements with substantial pharmacological values further for potential benefits of mankind.

Antidiarrheal Potential of Viola canescens: In Vivo and In Silico Approaches.

Viola canescens Wall. is an important medicinal plant with reported therapeutic benefits. The current work sought to investigate the antidiarrheal properties of V. canescens extracts both in vivo and in silico. This study applied molecular docking to unravel the molecular mechanism of V. canescens and to find the most effective phytocompounds with antidiarrheal effects. The antidiarrheal activity of V. canescens was assessed utilizing the castor oil-induced diarrhea assay and the charcoal meal assay. Antidiarrheal characteristics were evaluated by measuring parameters such as intestinal motility, fecal score, and hypersecretion. The V. canescens extract had a dose-dependent and statistically significant impact in the charcoal meal assay and castor oil-induced diarrhea assay. In the castor oil-induced diarrhea assay, the ethyl acetate fraction (65.96%) showed the highest percentage of defecation inhibition at the highest dose (300 mg/kg (bw)), followed by the uncorrected crystalline compound (63.83%), crude alkaloids (63.83%), chloroform fraction (63.83%), and crude flavonoids (55.32%), while the aqueous fraction (40.43%) and n-Hexane fraction (42.55%) revealed the lowest antidiarrheal potential. In addition, the molecular docking investigation showed emetine, quercetin, and violanthin, isolated chemicals of V. canescens, to have the highest binding affinity to the target μ and δ opioid receptors with significant inhibitory capacity. These pharmacologically active metabolites in V. canescens were effective in treating diarrhea. This study lends credence to the traditional usage of V. canescens in treating gastrointestinal disorders.

Phytochemical and biological review of Aegle marmelos Linn.

India has one of the most expanded plant-origin medical traditions in the world. Researchers have evaluated molecules obtained from plants to treat a variety of ailments. Literature review shows that fundamental parts of the plant are used to treat different diseases. The related data is retrieved from Google scholar, PubMed, Science Directand Scopus. The keywords include Bael, A. marmelos, Vilvam, and Marmelosin. Extensive studies show that A. marmelos has antidiarrhoeal, antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, chemopreventive, antipyretic, ulcer healing, antigenotoxic, diuretic, antifertility, and anti-inflammatory properties. In this work, an updated literature review is presented to clarify the current state of research on A. marmelos elucidating its constituents and their most relevant biological activities.

Phytochemistry, Pharmacological Properties and Medicinal Uses of Apium leptophyllum: A Review

Apium leptophyllum seeds are used as an important drug in Ayurveda from ancient times. The main constituents of the seed are fats, fibre, carbohydrates and essential oils, about 50% of which consists of Thymol. Chromatographic analysis of the seed showed various essential compounds viz. Pentacosanol, β-Sitosterol, 1-nonadecanol, 8-hydroxy cuminic acid, Corosolic acid and Stigmasterol. The seeds have shown strong antioxidant properties along with various other pharmacological properties like anti-microbial, anti-fungal, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrheal, antiasthmatic and anti-cancer properties. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of scientific research literature on the chemical composition and pharmacological activities of Apium leptophyllum. We are the first to report vast and updated review of this plant, as much of the work has not been done on this plant. So this review may be helpful for the researchers to explore the pharmacological properties of this plant which may lead to new discoveries in drug development.

Flavonoids and Phenolic Acids from Aerial Part of Ajuga integrifolia (Buch.-Ham. Ex D. Don): Anti-Shigellosis Activity and In Silico Molecular Docking Studies.

Shigellosis is one of the major causes of death in children worldwide. Flavonoids and phenolic acids are expected to demonstrate anti-shigellosis activity and anti-diarrheal properties. The aerial part of A. integrifolia is commonly used against diarrhea. This study aimed to identify flavonoids and phenolic acids responsible for this therapeutic purpose. Antioxidant activity, total phenol content, and total flavonoid content were determined. The antibacterial activity of the aerial part against Shigella spp. was also tested using the agar well diffusion method. HPLC analysis was performed using UHPLC-DAD for different extracts of the aerial part. Autodock Vina in the PyRx platform was used to screen responsible components. Ciprofloxacin was used as a reference drug. An enzyme taking part in pyrimidine biosynthesis was used as a target protein. Molecular docking results were visualized using Discovery Studio and LigPlot1.4.5 software. Antioxidant activity, total phenol content, and total flavonoid content are more significant for the aerial part of A. integrifolia. From HPLC analysis, the presence of the flavonoids, quercetin, myricetin, and rutin and the phenolic acids gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, and syringic acid were identified from the aerial part of A. integrifolia. Regarding the antibacterial activity, the aerial part shows considerable activity against Shigella spp. Binding energies, RMSD and Ki values, interaction type, and distance are considered to identify the components most likely responsible for the therapeutic effects and observed activity. Antioxidant activity, total phenol content, and total flavonoid content of the aerial part are in line with anti-shigellosis activity. The top five components that are most likely potentially responsible for therapeutic purposes and anti-shigellosis activity are chlorogenic acid, rutin, dihydroquercetin, dihydromyricetin, and kaempferol.

The Roots of Neorautanenia mitis (A. Rich) Verdcourt: Further Evidence of Its Antidiarrhoeal Activity.

Despite the current management options and therapeutics used in the treatment of diarrhoea, in Africa and Asia, diarrhoea remains a major concern, especially in children under the age of 5 years. Traditional knowledge of medicinal plants used in the management of diarrhoea symptoms can be explored for their efficacy. In Nigeria, the TMPs (Traditional Medicine Practitioners) have, over the years, employed medicinal plants in the management of diarrhoea symptoms. In our current and previous studies, we aimed at validating the effectiveness of Neorautanenia mitis in the management of diarrhoea as claimed by the TMPs. Out of the 20 compounds isolated from N. mitis, the compounds neodulin, pachyrrhizine, neotenone and dolineone were the most abundant, and in this study, neodulin showed a pronounced relaxation of the rhythmic contraction of the isolated rabbit jejunum in an organ bath in a concentration-dependent manner, with a complete relaxation at 60 µg/mL. Neotenone and dolineone showed a dose-dependent inhibition of defecation of 65.07%, and 50.01%, respectively, at 20 mg/kg in a castor-oil-induced diarrhoea model. This is a strong indication that compounds from N. mitis possess antidiarrhoeal properties, thereby giving credence to its traditional usage in diarrhoea therapy, and therefore validating its antidiarrhoeal activity and its being worthy of further investigation.