Antidandruff Activity Research Articles

Uji Aktivitas Sediaan Sampo Antiketombe Ekstrak Kulit Buah Naga (Hylocereus Polyrhizus) terhadap Pertumbuhan Jamur Candida Albicans Secara in Vitro

Dandruff is one of the problems that cause a lack of confidence. The triggering microorganism is Candida albicans. The innovation in the skin of red dragon fruit has the potential as an antibacterial and antifungal because it contains several active compounds such as alkaloids, terpenoids and flavonoids. This study aims to find out at what concentration the anti-dandruff activity on the growth of Candida albicans fungus in the formulation of dragon fruit peel extract shampoo preparation (Hylocereus polyrhizus). This research method is an experimental research using the disc paper diffusion method which consists of making dragon fruit peel extract with the maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent. The extract is formulated in shampoo with concentrations of 20.40 and 80%. The results of this study were in the organoleptis test in the form of a viscous liquid, soft sticky texture, brown and menthol flavor. pH test 6.13, 6.71, 6.39, 5.49. Test the height of the foam 5.8cm, 6.0cm, 6.5cm, 10.3cm. Viscosity test 500 Cp, 612 Cp, 635 Cp, 624 Cp. Homogeneity test is homogeneous. Anti-dandruff shampoo activity test of kontro (+), control (-), concentration of 20%, 40%, 80% with an average of 21.95 mm, 0.00 mm, 22.9 mm, 26.07 mm, 28.52 mm. The conclusion of this study is that the formulation of dragon fruit peel extract shampoo (Hylocereus polyrhizus) has provided an inhibitory effect on the growth of Candida albicans fungus with the strongest inhibitory concentration produced in formulation III with a concentration of 80% of 28.52 mm.

Preparation and Evaluation of Herbal Oil

Herbal formulations always have lesser or no side effects comparatively with synthetic. The aim of present study involves preparation of herbal hair oil using the herbal ingredients like., Amla, Hibiscus, Bhringraj, Jatamansi, Raw garlic, Muskmelon seeds, Moringa, Curry leaves, Guava leaves, Papaya leaves, Methi, Mimosa Pudica and Spring onion. Based on the above observations, mixture of crude drugs was prepared in the form of herbal hair oil by boiling method. We have used five formulas using different herbal drugs and all the formulation are showing anti-hairfall property with someof other beneficial activities like anti-dandruff activity, improves blood circulation to the scalp and roots, reduce hair pigmentation, anti-fungal activity, reducing the whitening of the hair. The formulate dherbal oil was evaluated by using various parameters such as Organoleptic properties, specific gravity, stability, viscosity, Acid value, pH etc. and the value obtained from it are found to be similar to that of the standard values like there is no sedimentation, no grittiness and shows satisfying organoleptic properties and the results were determined and are reported in this work. The goal of the present study is herbal have the effective formulation for the hair care or in hair treatment

Formulation and Performance of Polyherbal Antidandruff Hair Gel: A Multifaceted Solution

ABSTRACT Background: Wet-looking hairstyles that last for hours can be achieved using anti-dandruff hair gel. Natural components are included in the unique recipe of the gel to aid in dandruff treatment. Anti-dandruff hair gel is a preparation with antibacterial and antifungal activity that reduces dandruff and improves hair health. Materials and Methods: Five different formulations contain effective ingredients, such as Linum usitatissimum, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Lawsonia inermis, Tinospora cordifolia, and Centella asiatica, which exert their effects by showing antibacterial and antifungal activity. Results: The prepared hair gel was evaluated using parameters such as color, odor, homogeneity, texture, pH, viscosity, spreadability, washability, extrudability, stability, zone of inhibition, and in vitro skin irritation tests. By considering all the parameters, we conclude that our formulations exhibit better anti-dandruff activity. The overall experiment showed that the F2 formulation had more antibacterial activity and the F3 formulation had antifungal activity. Conclusion: The prepared anti-dandruff hair gel effectively combats the problem. Therefore, this hair gel may be preferable to other standard hair-setting or styling gels.

Phytochemical Screening and Anti-dandruff Activity of Fruit Husk Extracts of Cassia fistula Lin

Medicinal plants play a substantial role in treating various disorders. This study aims to evaluate the phytochemicals and anti-dandruff activity of a fruit husk of Cassia fistula Linn as a remedy for treating dandruff. Various extracts of fruit husk were extracted using sequential extraction methods, namely n-hexane, chloroform, and methanol. Primarily, the polyphenols and flavonoids of the various extracts were determined. The methanol extract contained the maximum number of polyphenols (48.97 ± 0.27), while the flavonoids were found in a large amount in the n-hexane extract (123.0 ± 0.82). Anti-dandruff activity was performed using a well-diffusion method against Malassezia species. At 1.0 g/mL concentration, n-hexane showed a zone of inhibition of 12.5 mm, while 18.50 mm and 20.50 mm at concentrations of 1.5 g/mL and 2.0 g/mL, respectively. At the concentration of 3000 mg/mL, the inhibition zone of 23.60 mm was observed. Extracts of Cassia fistula linn were effective for the treatment of dandruff. Therefore, in vivo studies are crucially required to explore the mechanism of action.

Formulation and Comparative Evaluation of Physical Characteristics of different Essential Polyherbal Hair Oils

Objective: To prepare essential hair oil from Eucalyptus, Poduthalai, Vettiver, Bhringraj, Alovera, Neem, Hibiscus, Henna and Fenugreek extracts in different combinations. Methods: Five different formulations (F1-F7) were prepared and subjected to general evaluation like color and odor, density and physical characteristics like specific gravity, pH, acid value, saponification value, ester value, sensitivity test, irritation test, grittiness and biological evaluation of anti dandruff activity. Results: The general evaluation of the essential oil preparations showed a different characteristic in each preparation. The Sensitivity test reveals no irritation, redness or marked skin changes and grittiness revealed the smooth texture of the oil. All formulations exhibited a good anti dandruff activity against Malassezia furfur. The maximum zone of inhibition was observed in F5 (Phyla nodiflora, Chrysopogon zizanioides and Eucalyptus in coconut oil) against M.furfur. Conclusion: The study showed that the formulation of F5 consisting Phyla nodiflora, Chrysopogon zizanioides and Eucalyptus globulus in coconut oil base was best suitable to control dandruff in scalp in human beings.

Formulasi Sediaan Sampo Antiketombe Ekstrak Etanol Daun Jambu Air (Syzygium aqueum (Burm.f.) Alston)

Syzygium aqueum (Burm.f) Alston) leaves have many ingredients that are beneficial to health, one of which is as an antifungal for fungi that cause anti dandruff. To optimize this content, an anti dandruff shampoo formulation was made with the active ingredient ethanol extract of Syzygium aqueum (Burm.f) Alston leaves against Malassezia furfur. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of extract concentration on the quality of the preparation and to find out which formula had the best antidandruff activity. The research method used was quasi experimental. The results of the phytochemical screening of the ethanol extract of Syzygium aqueum positively contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, quinones and steroids. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration showed inhibitory activity at a concentration of 1.56% using the well diffusion method. In the preparation activity test on F1; F2; and F3 with an extract concentration of 1.5%; 2% and 2.5% showed the potential as a very strong anti-dandruff category with an average inhibition zone diameter of 23.41±1.60 mm; 28.11±3.66 mm and 30.21±0.92 mm. The results of the evaluation of the physical properties of the preparation are in the form of a viscous semi-liquid, with a distinctive aromatic odor with a white to brownish green color with an average pH of 5.28±0.02 ; 6.16±0.01 ; 6.18±0.00 and 6.23 ± 0.01 with an average viscosity of 3550.3±38.88 cPs ; 3279±68.94 cPs ; 2656.6±33.29 cPs and 2568.6±108.14 cPs and foam height of 23.11±1.57 mm ; 31.76±1.95mm ; 43.03±0.77 mm and 49.06±1.37 mm, which means that the results of the physical evaluation of the preparations met the criteria. From the research that has been done, it can be seen that F3 with an extract concentration of 2.5% showed the best anti-dandruff activity.

FORMULATION AND TESTING OF ANTI DANDRUFF HAIR TONIC LEAF EXTRACT OF GEDONG MANGO (Mangifera indica L.var.Gedong) AGAINST MUSHROOMS Pityrosporum ovale

Gedong mango plant (Mangifera indica L.var.Gedong) is a plant that has potential as herbal medicine, especially in its leaves because it contains many secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, saponins, gallic tannins, catecat tannins, quinones and steroids or triterpenoids which can be used as antioxidants, antimicrobial and dandruff. This study aims to gedong mango leaf extract concentrations of 5%, 7%, and 10% in hair tonic preparations and to test the antidandruff activity. Gedong mango leaf simplicia (Mangifera indica L.var.Gedong) was extracted using the Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) method with Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) sodium acetate dan lactic acid solvents with a molar ratlactic1:3. Hair tonic preparations are made in three formulas with the active ingredient of mango gedong leaf extract at a concentration of 5%, 7%, and 10%. Evaluation of hair tonic pr, separation air tonic preparation evaluation includes organ anoleptic, homogeneity, pH, and viscosity and eststy test of hair tonic anti-dandruffas carriedtestt by the healthy method against the fungus Pityrosporhealthyvale. Hair tonic of mango gedong leaf extract with concentrations of 5%, 7%, and 10% on organoleptic observations, homogeneity, pH, and viscosity met the requirements. The hair tonic has the potential as an antidandruff because it has antidandruff activity against the fungus Pityrosporum ovale and is classified as moderate to strong.

Systematic Review on Herbs with Antidandruff Property

Abstract: The most common problem in teenage and adult is of dandruff which is scientifically known as ‘Malassezia’ which if ignore can further continue with secondary symptoms like Acne, itching, discomfort etc. The present review highlighted the mechanism of ‘Malassezia’ along with the available treatment for it. Though the number of synthetic formulations available, the present review focuses on alterative and safe way to treat dandruff i.e. use of herbs with their biological source and constituents responsible for effectivity to solve the problem in broad population. Due to wide range of activity phytoconstituents like anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal, these synergistic effect may increase the applicability of herbs in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals as well. Hence the considering the need of herbal formulation development an attempt has been made to discuss about formulation commonly used to treat dandruff i.e. shampoo, different parameters of evaluation and invitro method evaluation of Antidandruff activity.

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Neem Anti-Dandruff Shampoo

The purpose of this present research work was to formulate and evaluate anti-dandruff shampoo which was prepared from herbal plant Neem leaves and Tulsi. These two plants are major role in formulation of anti-dandruff shampoo with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity. The dandruff is a common disorder which is caused by yeast over growth, there is a fungus which is lives in the scalp of peoples called Malassezia. When a shampoo used under prescribed condition removes skin debris and the dirt from the scalp. Various antifungal and antimicrobial agents or drugs are uses in the preparation of shampoos, which causes the various side effects like hair loss, scratching, discomfort. An attempt to formulate Neem anti-dandruff shampoo which is safer and healthier than other anti-dandruff shampoo’s who are based on the chemicals. Herbal anti-dandruff shampoo formulated by all the herbal ingredients Neem leaves extract as API and anti-dandruff activity, Tulsi leaves which have the anti-microbial activity, Aloe vera which has moisturizing effect etc. The formulated shampoo were passed through evaluation parameter such as visual inspection, foaming capacity pH, viscosity, consistency of foam, etc.

An Overview of Herbal Ingredients with Anti-dandruff Activity in Shampoo Formulations

Dandruff is a common scalp disorder affecting almost 50% of the human population caused by M. globosa and M. furfur which are two naturally occurring skin fungus. This review discusses in detail the anatomy, pathophysiology, causes and symptoms, and treatment methods available for Dandruff. It also highlights the herbal ingredients with anti-dandruff activity that are used in novel shampoo formulations as a treatment strategy. This review discusses various bioactivities through which these compounds treat dandruff such as anti-inflammatory, antifungal, as well as their mechanism of action. Due to its amphibious status, dandruff is the most commercially exploited skin and scalp disorder/disease by personal care enterprises because there is less medical intervention for treatment.

Formulation and evaluation of antidandruff shampoo using mannosylerythritol lipid (MEL) as a bio-surfactant

Abstract Dandruff is a dermatological, harmless, non-inflammatory, chronic scalp condition caused by Malassezia species and recognisable by the white flakes of dead skin in the hair. Mannosylerythritol lipids (MEL) are non-ionic glycolipid surfactants (biosurfactants) with excellent surface-active properties. Their skin compatibility, biocompatibility, biodegradability and remarkable antimicrobial properties make them a potential alternative to conventional surfactants. In the current study, an anti-dandruff shampoo was formulated with different concentrations of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and MEL as surfactants. Two anti-dandruff agents, salicylic acid and benzoic acid, were used. The other ingredients used were xanthan gum, sodium EDTA, urea, Tween 80 and distilled water. The various physicochemical parameters evaluated were colour, clarity, odour, texture, pH, skin irritation, percentage of solid content, dispersibility for dirt, foam formation and foam stability, critical micelle concentration, washability, surface tension, visual stability and antimicrobial test using recommended procedures. The pH ranged from 5.15 to 6.5, the physical appearance was golden yellow, the solids content ranged from 25.1% to 28%, surface tension ranged from 30.64 mN m−1 to 38.00 mN m−1, CMC concentration ranged from 30.14 g/L to 30.16 g/L and foam value ranged from 190 mL to 105 mL. Antimicrobial activity was determined with Staphylococcus aureus (DSM 3463) and Malassezia furfur (ATCC14521). The zone of inhibition ranged from 10 mm to 17 mm (S. aureus) and 14.5 mm to 24 mm (M. furfur), respectively. The shampoo formulated with MEL only (formulation C) showed lower foaming and anti-dandruff activity than the synthetic shampoo (formulation A). However, the anti-dandruff activity increased when MEL was used in combination with SLS (formulation B). This shows that the antimicrobial properties of MEL and SLS together with other antimicrobial agents such as salicylic acid and benzoic acid enhance the properties of the shampoo. SLS can be completely replaced by a combination with biosurfactants to reduce the use of chemical surfactants and improve the anti-dandruff properties.

Fractionation of a phenolic compound from water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) herbs as anti-dandruff against Malassezia sp.

 Dandruff is a scalp disorder caused by a fungus ( Malassezia sp. ). Water spinach ( Ipomoea aquatica ) contains phenolic compounds which has antifungal activity. The purpose of this research is to know the active fraction of Ipomoea aquatica herb which has antidandruff activity to against Malassezia sp. The study used true experimental design to antidandruff activity test. Fractionation used column chromatography which stationary phase with silica gel 60 powder and mobile phase with chloroform/methanol/acetyl acetate (8/2/0,1 v/v/v). In vitro antidandruff activity based on minimum inhibitory consentration (MIC) and minimum antifungal consentration (MFC) against Malassezia sp. of human dandruff isolate. The average of MIC and MFC among groups compared used Friedman test test (p≤ 0,05). The fraction 7 of water spinach ( Ipomoea aquatica ) herb have antidandruff activity against Malassezia sp. (MIC 125 µg/mL and MFC 250 µg/mL). Based on the results, fraction of water spinach ( Ipomoea aquatica ) herb have antidandruff activity against Malassezia sp. identified as phenolic compound.

Promising Essential Oils/Plant Extracts in the Prevention and Treatment of Dandruff Pathogenesis.

Dandruff is a scalp disorder affecting the male populace predominantly. Topical agents and synthetic drugs used for dandruff treatment have specific side effects including burning at the application site, depression, dizziness, headache, itching or skin rash, nausea, stomach pain, vision change, vomiting, discoloration of hair, dryness or oiliness of the scalp and increased loss of hair. Thus, essential oils and extracts from plants could be valuable in the treatment and prevention of dandruff. This review aims to highlight current findings in dandruff occurrence, its etiology, promising plant essential oils/extracts, and novel treatment strategies. The main emphasis has been given on the anti-dandruff effect of essential oils and plant extracts to disrupt microbial growth. The proposed mechanism(s) of action, novel approaches used to perk up its biopharmaceutical properties, and topical application have been discussed. The literature survey was done, and bibliographic sources and research papers were retrieved from different search engines and databases, including SciFinder, PubMed, NCBI, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The selection of papers was accomplished based on exclusion and inclusion criteria. The scalp of diverse populations revealed an association of dandruff with microbial symbiosis, including Staphylococcus, Propionibacterium, Malassezia, and Candida as the pathogens responsible for the cause of dandruff. Topical antifungals are considered the first line of treatment for dandruff including azoles, with clotrimazole (1%), ketoconazole (2%), and miconazole (2%). Other commonly used therapies integrate benzoyl peroxide, coal tar, glycerin, zinc pyrithione, lithium succinate/gluconate, salicylic acid, selenium disulfide/sulfide, sodium sulfacetamide, etc. However, these medicaments and chemicals are known to cause specific side effects. Alternative therapies, including tea tree oil, thyme, Aloe vera, Mentha have been reported to demonstrate anti-dandruff activity by disrupting the microbial growth associated with dandruff formation. Overall, this review explains the occurrence of dandruff, its pathogenesis, and the potential applicability of promising plant essential oils/extracts and their novel treatment strategies. Further studies based on pre-clinical and clinical research are essential before making any conclusion about its efficacy in humans.

Screening of antimicrobial efficacy of traditionally used Indian plants against microorganisms associated with dandruff

Dandruff is a clinical condition affecting the scalp causing itching and relapsing inflammation. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Propionibacterium acne and Malassezia furfur pathogens are found more and less respectively in the scalps of dandruff subjects. In the present study, a total of 32 plant extracts were screened for their anti-dandruff activity by agar well diffusion method. Among the selected plant extracts of methanol and ethyl acetate, 25 showed significant activity while 7 extracts have not showed activity at a particular concentration. Among all the extracts ethylacetate extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Glycyrrhiza glabra showed very high activity i.e. 18-20 mm while methanolic extract of Punica granatum and Syzygium aromaticum showed moderate activity against all the three pathogens. Thus the active plant extracts can be a potential source for the formulation of natural anti-dandruff agents.

Formulation of Poly Herbal Hair Oils and Evaluation of its Anti-Dandruff Activity against the Fungus Malassezia (Malassezia furfur)

In the present study, hair formulations were prepared using Trigonella foenum-graecum, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Phyllanthus emblica, Murraya koenigii, Rosa damascena, Azadirachta indica, Citrus limon, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Mentha arvensis, Jasminum sambac, Aloe barbedensis, Camellia sinensis. Seven formulations were made using definite ratios of extracts. The antifungal activity of formulated polyherbal hair oils was evaluated by the agar well diffusion method against the fungus Malassezia furfur, a causative agent of the dandruff problem. Among the seven different combination samples, Sample II and Sample VI showed better inhibition effect against M.furfur. Hence, the formulated herbal oils are eco-friendly, natural and can be used as an alternative for synthetic anti-dandruff products.

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ACTIVE METABOLITES PRODUCED FROM PROBIOTIC ISOLATES AGAINST DANDRUFF CAUSING MALASSEZIA FURFUR (MTCC: 1374T)

Dandruff is commonly known as seborrheic dermatitis, a common scaling condition, causing itching and discomfort. Anti-dandruff shampoos contain compounds harmful to the environment and humans; therefore, a solution with potential anti-dandruff activity with minimal or no harm is needed for an hour. This study aims to screen and identify the likely anti-dandruff probiotic organisms and characterize their active metabolites. Three morphologically different probiotic microorganisms were isolated from local dairy products and identified by gram staining. 16S rDNA of the isolates were amplified and sequenced for molecular identification. 16S rDNA sequences confirmed the isolates as Lactobacillus rhamnosus (98%), Enterococcus faecalis (98%), and Enterococcus faecium (97.65%). Phylogenetic analysis reveals that L. rhamnosus (MK951691) indicated high sequence similarity with L. paracasei. Similarly, E. faecium (MK951690) represented close similarity with E. faecalis (MK951689). A maximum zone of inhibition of 7 mm was recorded by the extracellular fractions of bacterial isolate L. rhamnosus, followed by the other two isolates of Enterococcus sp. The MIC value of the extracellular fraction of probiotic bacterial strains was optimized to be 100 mg/mL. GCMS analysis revealed that all three extracellular bacterial isolates had propionic acid, lactic acid, phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethyl ethyl), hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, and 3-isobutyl hexahydro pyrrolo [1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione. In conclusion, these isolates are enriched with antifungal components, and hence, they could be considered an antifungal target against Malassezia furfur.

Screening of hair growth promoting activity of Punica granatum L. (pomegranate) leaves extracts and its potential to exhibit antidandruff and anti-lice effect

The intent of the present investigation was to explore the utility of alcoholic and aqueous extract of Punica granatum L. as hair growth promoter along with anti-lice and antidandruff activity. A filter paper diffusion approach was employed for screening of the pediculocidal and ovicidal activity. Albino mice, preselected for their telogen phase of hair growth were used during the study. The prepared extracts, Minoxidil and control were applied over shaved skin surface on to the backs of mice to assess telogen to anagen transition. The qualitative and quantitative analysis was performed. The outcome of the studies revealed that Punica granatum L. alcoholic and aqueous extracts exhibited prominent anti-lice activity. The transition of telogen to anagen phase of the number of anagen hair follicle was observed in approximately 45, 27 and 51% of animals treated with alcoholic and aqueous extract of Punica granatum L., and Minoxidil, respectively, which suggest the hair growth promoting potential of the extract of Punica granatum L. Also, 3 % Punica granatum L. alcoholic extracts exhibited a potent antidandruff activity against fungal strains tested. Maltol, was identified as a principal phytoconstituent in the alcoholic extract. The findings greatly suggest anti-lice, antidandruff and hair growth promoting potential of the extract of Punica granatum L.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIDANDRUFF LOTION SHAMPOO WITH EXTRACT FRUIT SKIN AND PRESS WATER LIME (Citrus hystrix DC.)

Kaffir lime has long been used by Indonesian people for hair care. The purpose of this research is to formulate anti-dandruff shampoo with active ingredients of kaffir lime extract, and physicochemical evaluation based on the Indonesian National Standard of shampoo products. The addition of ethyl acetate extract at concentrations of 20, 30, and 40% as the active ingredient of anti-dandruff shampoo formula. All shampoo formulas showed very strong anti-dandruff activity (inhibition zone 35.67 ± 0.58 mm), but still lower than the inhibition zone of chemical-commercial shampoo (p <0.05). The lime juice extraction shampoo formula is preferred by 34 panelists (p <0.05) in the hedonic test. The results also showed that all shampoo formulas met the pH and water content requirements according to the Indonesian National Standard. Further studies are needed to determine the stability and safety of shampoo preparations.

Antidandruff activity of Cassia auriculata and Cassia alata through fatty acids mediated inhibition of Malassezia furfur

Susceptibility of Malassezia furfur to certain medium chain fatty acids shed light onto novel strategies to control dandruff. This study explored antidandruff activity of the fatty acids and other bioactive compounds from flowers of Cassia auriculata and Cassia alata. The idea was supplementing the growth medium with fatty acids which are inhibitory to Malassezia so that plant-based antidandruff formulations could be developed based on the results. Chloroform and ethanolic flower extracts were tested there in vitro efficacy against M. furfur and the potential antidandruff compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined for both the extracts and IC50 values of 50 and 88 µM for chloroform extract of C. auriculata and C. alata were recorded. For ethanol extract, IC50 values of 75 and 70 µM were exhibited by C. auriculata and C. alata, respectively. Inhibition of M. furfur through fatty acids from Cassia is the first report, and it is possible to include specific fatty acids in the growth media to inhibit the growth of Malassezia which could be later served as lead molecules in antidandruff formulations. Further, the presence of citronellol, pinitol, anthracenedione and chrysine in Cassia flower extracts and their antidandruff activity reported in this study needed further research on those compounds to formulate effective treatment of Malassezia associated diseases.

Pharmacological Screening of Anti Lice and Antidandruff Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Leaves of Datura metel

Pharmacological Screening of Anti Lice and Antidandruff Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Leaves of Datura metel