This study evaluates whether liquid formula supplementation for preterm infants was non-inferior to breast milk fortifiers regarding growth and adherence to exclusive breastfeeding in an outpatient Kangaroo Mother Care Program from Colombia. An open-label randomised trial was initiated in 2016 and interrupted in 2018 because of the lack of fortifiers in the country and included 81 preterm infants born between 32 + 0 and 36 + 6 weeks/days of gestational age. Infants were assigned to receive either breast milk fortifiers or liquid formula, with outcomes assessed up to 40 weeks. No significant differences in anthropometric measurements were observed between the groups. More than two-thirds (69%) achieved exclusive breastfeeding, with higher rates in the fortifier group (73.0% vs. 53.0%, p = 0.06). This tendency persisted up to 6 months of corrected age. Breastfeeding was discontinued more frequently in the liquid formula group despite showing better gastrointestinal tolerance, ease of administration, and lower cost and contamination for home use. Liquid formula supplementation showed growth outcomes comparable to those of breast milk fortifiers at 40 weeks. Further research with larger samples is recommended to validate outcomes.

Introduction: Eating habits are established during the early stages of development and are shaped by family, cultural, and social factors. In Ecuador, child malnutrition in rural areas of the Central Sierra reaches 27.7% (INEC), representing a persistent public health challenge. Objective: To determine the eating habits and nutritional status of children of migrant parents. Methodology: A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted with 212 children. The Krece-Plus questionnaire was applied, and anthropometric measurements were taken following international standards. Results: A total of 25.47% of schoolchildren did not consume dairy products at breakfast, 45.28% did not eat a second daily portion of fruit, and 40.57% did not include vegetables more than once a day. According to the Krece-Plus test, 14.6% showed a very poor nutritional level. Anthropometric assessment revealed 4.7% underweight, 10.8% overweight, and 5.7% obesity, totaling 21.2% malnutrition. No statistically significant association was found between eating habits and nutritional status (p = 0.177). Conclusions: Although most children exhibit relatively adequate dietary habits, important deficiencies in the consumption of healthy foods persist, and a considerable proportion shows malnutrition. Relevance: These findings highlight the nutritional vulnerability of children of migrant parents and reinforce the need for interventions aimed at improving dietary patterns and preventing short- and long-term health risks.

To evaluate the effect of liraglutide on carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and cardiometabolic risk in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D). We conduct a prospective, quasi-experimental study including adults aged 15-60 years with T1D, suboptimal control and on basal-bolus insulin regimen. Participants received liraglutide 1.8 mg/day for 24 weeks. Anthropometric measurements, laboratory parameters, insulin sensitivity (estimated glucose disposal rate, eGDR) and CIMT (high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography) were assessed at baseline, 12 and 24 weeks. Paired t-tests, Wilcoxon-signed rank tests and McNemar's tests were used for statistical comparisons. Thirty-five participants (median age 36 years; 57.1% women) were included. Baseline mean HbA1c was 67 mmol/mol (8.3%), CIMT 0.54 ± 0.13 mm, and median diabetes duration 11 years. After 24 weeks, liraglutide did not significantly modify CIMT (0.54 vs. 0.58 mm; p = 0.151). However, significant improvements were observed in waist circumference (82.5-79 cm; p = 0.004), body weight (70-66.7 kg; p < 0.001), BMI (25.5-24.3 kg/m2; p < 0.001), triglycerides (94-75 mg/dL; p = 0.02) and eGDR (7.9-8.9 mg/kg/min; p = 0.003). HbA1c improved at 12 weeks but was not sustained at week 24. No severe hypoglycaemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, emergency visits or hospitalizations occurred. In adults with T1D, liraglutide improved several cardiometabolic risk factors and insulin sensitivity, although no significant short-term effects on CIMT were observed. Larger long-term trials are needed to clarify its potential role in cardiovascular prevention in this population.

Body mass index-adjusted calf circumference and mid-arm muscle circumference are associated with hospital stay in overweight patients: A cohort study.

Introduction: Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) remains a significant contributor to childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide, with anaemia being one of its most common and serious complications. Understanding the haematological profile of malnourished children is essential for early diagnosis and effective management. Aim: To assess the prevalence of anaemia and evaluate haematological profiles among children with Moderate Acute Malnutrition (MAM) and Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Paediatrics at Karwar Institute of Medical Sciences, Karwar, Karnataka, India, over six months from January 2025 to June 2025. A total of children aged 6 months to 5 years, diagnosed with MAM or SAM according to World Health Organisation (WHO) criteria, were enrolled. Children with primary haematological disorders, critical illness, or those outside the age criteria were excluded. Demographic details, anthropometric measurements, and haematological parameters including complete blood count, peripheral smear and serum ferritin were assessed. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, the Chi-square test, and the Student’s t-test. Results: Of the 81 children, 59 (72.8%) had MAM and 22 (27.2%) had SAM. There were no significant differences between the groups in age, gender, or socio-economic status. However, children with SAM demonstrated significantly lower Body Mass Index (BMI), Haemoglobin (Hb), Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), platelet count, and serum ferritin levels than children with MAM (p-value &lt;0.05). Pneumonia (32.9%) was the most common associated diagnosis. Peripheral smear examination revealed a predominance of microcytic hypochromic anaemia, with a significant difference between the groups (p-value=0.0093). Overall, the prevalence of anaemia was high and its severity correlated strongly with the degree of malnutrition (p-value=0.0001). Conclusion: Anaemia was highly prevalent among children with PEM and was more severe in those with SAM. Routine haematological screening and early nutritional intervention are vital to improving clinical outcomes.

The BUDS (Balanced nUtrition through Daily School meals) program improved school meal intake and promoted healthy growth and eating behaviors in elementary school children.

Promoting healthy aging: A systematic review of the transformative effects of nutritional interventions in elderly population.

Background: Triple X syndrome is the most common sex chromosome aneuploidy in females; however, due to the subtlety of clinical findings, only a small proportion of affected individuals are diagnosed. This study presents the demographic, clinical, and cytogenetic characteristics of patients with Triple X syndrome followed at a single center. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients diagnosed with Triple X syndrome at our department between 2008 and 2025. Demographic characteristics, clinical findings including anthropometric measurements, dysmorphic features, associated anomalies, endocrine and neurodevelopmental findings, and cytogenetic results were analyzed. Results: The study included a total of 20 patients diagnosed with Triple X syndrome, 13 of whom (65%) had a non-mosaic 47,XXX karyotype and 7 (35%) had mosaic chromosomal abnormalities. Four patients received a prenatal diagnosis, four were diagnosed in adulthood, and the remaining patients were diagnosed during childhood. Dysmorphic features; neurodevelopmental problems such as developmental delay, intellectual disability, and attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder; as well as cardiac defects and endocrine disorders were the main characteristics observed in the patients. Conclusion: Triple X syndrome is a relatively common chromosomal disorder, which should be considered in patients who experience congenital anomalies, neurodevelopmental abnormalities, and reproductive problems. Variable and subtle findings should be carefully considered, bearing in mind that mosaic cases may present with diverse and overlapping phenotypes.

The global aging trend highlights the need for effective strategies to prevent cognitive impairment and depression. This study aimed to examine the mediating role of DASH diet quality in the association between sustainable dietary behaviors, cognitive function, and depressive symptoms among older adults. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Firat University Hospital, involving 773 older adults. Data collection included structured questionnaires assessing demographic characteristics, DASH diet adherence (DASH Diet Quality Scale), sustainable nutritional behavior (Sustainable Consumption Behavior-Nutrition Scale, SCBN), depressive symptoms (Geriatric Depression Scale-15, GDS-15), and cognitive performance (Standardized Mini-Mental State Examination, SMMSE). Anthropometric measurements were also obtained. Statistical methods involved hierarchical regression analyses, and structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine direct and indirect relationships among study variables. Correlation analyses indicated negative associations between depression and both DASH diet (r= -0.378, p < 0.001) and sustainable nutritional behaviors (SCBN; r= -0.277, p < 0.001). Cognitive function positively correlated with DASH (r = 0.277, p < 0.001) and SCBN scores (r = 0.295, p < 0.001). Hierarchical regression revealed that better adherence to DASH diet (β=-0.13, p < 0.001) and higher SCBN scores (β=-0.12, p < 0.001) predicted lower depression scores, whereas SCBN positively predicted cognitive function (β = 0.03, p < 0.001). Structural equation modeling confirmed that the DASH diet partly explained the association between sustainable nutrition and both depression (indirect β=-0.02, p < 0.001) and cognitive function (indirect β = 0.01, p < 0.001). The study highlighted the beneficial role of DASH diet adherence and sustainable nutritional practices in mitigating depressive symptoms and supporting cognitive function in older adults. These dietary patterns could represent crucial components of preventive strategies for healthy aging. Further longitudinal research using objective dietary assessments is needed to clarify causal relationships.

Tracheomalacia (TM), bronchomalacia (BM), and tracheobronchomalacia (TBM) are important causes of dynamic airway collapse in children and are associated with recurrent respiratory symptoms and increased morbidity. The primary aims of this study were to describe anthropometric parameters in pediatric patients with airway malacia diagnosed by flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FFB) and to determine the prevalence of undernutrition at diagnosis. The secondary aim was to examine nutritional status by age group and malacia subtype. This retrospective study included pediatric patients diagnosed with airway malacia by flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FFB) between January 2019 and February 2025. Anthropometric measurements obtained at diagnosis were evaluated using World Health Organization growth standards for children < 2years and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2000 growth charts for those ≥ 2years. Acute malnutrition was defined as weight-for-length or BMI-for-age z-scores < - 2, and chronic malnutrition as height-for-age z-scores < - 2. Nutritional status severity was classified according to standard z-score cutoffs. Exploratory analyses compared anthropometric measurements across malacia subtypes within each age group. Among 1,248 pediatric patients who underwent FFB, 129 (10.3%) diagnosed airway malacia: 32 (24.8%) had TM, 51 (39.5%) had BM, and 46 (35.7%) had TBM. Among these patients, the median age was 1.2years (interquartile range: 0.5-3.2), and 79 (61.2%) were male. Additionally, 31 (24.8%) had acute malnutrition, and 30 (23.3%) had chronic malnutrition. Among patients aged < 2years, the weight-for-age percentile and z-score were significantly lower among those with TBM than among those with BM (p = 0.040 and p = 0.047, respectively). Among patients aged ≥ 2years, the height-for-age percentile and z-score were significantly lower among those with TM and TBM than among those with BM (both p = 0.002; TM vs. BM: p = 0.009; TBM vs. BM: p = 0.008). Body mass index and related parameters did not differ significantly between malacia subtypes.Conclusions: Growth impairment is common in pediatric patients with airway malacia, particularly among those with TBM. Anthropometric evaluation should be an integral part of clinical assessment at the time of diagnosis to identify those at risk of growth failure.

To investigate the changes in hand morphology among young females, researchers employed 3D hand scanning to perform anthropometric measurement of 111 Chinese young women (20-26 years), enabling hand morphology classification for ergonomic applications. A total of 32 hand parts were measured and analyzed based on these models. The findings reveal that variables describing hand morphology are predominantly categorized into four types: finger width, finger circumference, finger length, and hand length. The typical indicators reflecting hand morphological characteristics include hand length, middle finger width, proximal circumference of the index finger, and ring finger length. Results revealed five distinct hand types: short/thin, short/wide, standard, long/thin, and long/wide. Compared to current national standards in China (GB/T 16252 - 1996), modern hand morphology showed significant increases in hand length (+ 3.3%) and metacarpal breadth (+ 8.3%). We propose a novel sizing system (5-size-5-fit) with 180/86 as the predominant type, optimized for ergonomic glove design. This study provides critical data references for the industrial design of hand appliances, while also offering potential implications for ergonomics and hand injury prevention.

ABSTRACT Sleep is essential for maintaining metabolic regulation. However, its associations with metabolic markers remain unclear, particularly in adults with prediabetes. This study aimed to examine the associations between sleep behaviours, anthropometric measures, and body composition markers in adults with prediabetes. This six-month longitudinal study involved 118 adults with prediabetes, recruited from healthcare clinic, who received dietary counselling. Data on socio-demographic, anthropometric measurements (height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumferences) and body composition markers (total body water, total body fat percentage, fat free mass, fat mass, muscle mass, bone mass, visceral fat) were collected. Sleep behaviours were assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Malay-translated Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ). Participants had a mean age of 54 ± 15 y; 67% were female, and majority were overweight and obese (82%) at baseline. Across six-month follow-up, adjusted regression analyses showed that a later sleep midpoint was associated with greater changes in weight (β: 0.47 kg, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.86) while a later awake time was associated with greater reduction in fat free mass (β: −0.86 kg, 95%CI: −1.29, −0.43). This study identified significant associations between sleep behaviours, anthropometric measurements and body composition markers in adults with prediabetes. These results underscore the importance of considering sleep behaviours in future research and the development of targeted lifestyle interventions among prediabetic individuals. Clinical trials.gov identifier: NCT05163964.

This study aimed to investigate the contribution of home-prepared school lunches to daily energy intake and their potential influence on obesity risk among primary school children. A total of 399 students (200 girls, 199 boys) aged 6-10 years (mean age 7.73 ± 1.2 years) from three primary schools in Arsin, Trabzon, were included. Researchers documented the contents of students' lunchboxes through photographs and administered a 'Nutrition Habits Data Collection Form' along with the KIDMED index. Anthropometric measurements were obtained. Nutrient intake and body mass index (BMI) were calculated using the CeviCal nutrient analysis programme. Statistical analyses involved ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U and chi-square tests, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Children with higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet exhibited significantly greater height (p < 0.05). Regular consumption of home-prepared lunches was associated with lower body weight and BMI (p < 0.05), whereas irregular lunchbox habits correlated with higher BMI despite taller stature. Overall, 4% of participants were classified as obese based on BMI percentiles, while 10.3% were obese according to weight classification. Notably, no first-grade students were obese, whereas 10.6% of fourth-grade students fell into the obese category (p < 0.05). Additionally, adequate hydration was positively associated with height. Regular consumption of home-prepared school meals is associated with lower BMI values and a lower likelihood of obesity among primary school children. Promoting healthy dietary habits and adherence to high-quality nutrition at school may be a potential public health strategy associated with a lower risk of childhood obesity.

This study aims to determine the relationship between problematic social media usage, addiction to mindful eating, digital nutrition, and health literacy among adults. Cross-sectional study. The study involved 405 participants (154 men, 251 women) aged between 18 and 60. The participants were administered a questionnaire package involving demographic information sheet, anthropometric measurements, Mindful Eating Questionnaire (MEQ), Health Literacy Index (HLI), Digital Healthy Diet Literacy (DHDL), and Social Media Addiction Form (SMAS). Women scored 2.2 ± 0.34 on the MEQ, 102.5 ± 16.41 on the HLI, 21.4 ± 11.95 on the DHDL, and 2.2 ± 0.71 on the SMAS. Men scored 2.3 ± 0.34, 100.8 ± 14.69, 21.1 ± 11.89, 2.6 ± 2.49, respectively. Significant correlations were found between problematic social media use and education level, and employment status (p < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between problematic social media use and mindful eating, while a negative relationship was found between problematic social media use and health literacy (p < 0.05). There was a significant negative relationship between health literacy and mindful eating, and a significant positive relationship between health literacy and digital nutrition literacy (p < 0.05). Problematic social media usage has an impact on mindful eating, health literacy, and nutrition literacy. Improving health literacy could reduce problematic social media use by enabling individuals to benefit from health information better. Exposure to unverified diet trends on Instagram, on social media, might prevent the beneficial use of the platforms.

BackgroundCognitive impairment is a primary contributor to disability among older adults, with growing evidence identifying central adiposity as an adjustable risk factor for neurodegeneration, but comprehensive predictive models integrating central adiposity indices for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in aging individuals remain underexplored.ObjectiveThis study aimed to establish and verify a model for predicting the risk of MCI in elderly population by incorporating anthropometric indices.MethodsWe calculated five central adiposity indices using anthropometric measurements from 2464 United States adults aged 60 years or older (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011-2014). Cognitive performance was assessed using three standardized neuropsychological tests. A random assignment placed participants into either a training (n = 1725) or a validation (n = 739) set. Furthermore, the data from participants in the 2011 wave of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study served as an external validation cohort (n = 536). LASSO-selected predictors were employed to inform multivariable logistic regression modeling.ResultsPositive linear relationships were found between three anthropometric indices-A Body Shape Index (ABSI), Conicity Index (CoI) and Weight-Adjusted-Waist Index (WWI)-with MCI risk (p < 0.05, p for nonlinearity > 0.05). The nomogram incorporating ABSI demonstrated strong discriminative capacity (training AUC = 0.861; internal validation AUC = 0.826; external validation AUC = 0.798), precise calibration, and good clinical utility.ConclusionsThe risk of MCI was independently linked to central adiposity indices (ABSI, WWI, and CoI). The nomogram incorporating ABSI provided a validated, clinically applicable prediction model for initial screening of MCI in older populations.

Developing musculoskeletal hand models requires a variety of experimental biomechanics data. However, collecting robust biomechanics hand data is a time intensive process leading to a lack of widely available datasets. To address this issue the biomechanics hand modeling database (BHaM) was made as a collection of experimental data to aid the development, testing, and validation of musculoskeletal models and simulations. BHaM includes two datasets: (1) a population dataset (n = 726 adults) describing hand strength (pinch and grip), self-reported hand function (Michigan Hand Questionnaire), and anthropometric measurements (from photographs), and (2) a biomechanics dataset (n = 30 adults) describing kinematics (marker-based motion capture), kinetics (isometric and isokinetic data), and electromyography (surface and fine wire) during 19 tasks across the elbow, wrist, and hand. A subset of the biomechanics dataset (n = 15 adults) also includes magnetic resonance imaging of the shoulder through wrist. Participants for both datasets were recruited to represent a diverse population of healthy adults, ranging from 18 to 91 years.

Adolescent nutrition plays a crucial role in physical growth, cognitive development, and long-term health outcomes, particularly among socioeconomically marginalized populations. The present study examines dietary habits and their impact on the nutritional status of Scheduled Caste (SC) students studying in government higher secondary schools of Malda district, West Bengal. A mixed-methods research design was adopted using both primary and secondary data sources. Primary data were collected from 150 SC students through anthropometric measurements and a structured food-frequency questionnaire to assess meal frequency, breakfast consumption, dietary diversity, and junk food intake. Anthropometric indicators such as BMI-for-age, height-for-age, and weight-for-age were used to evaluate nutritional status. Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation analysis were applied to examine the relationship between dietary habits and nutritional outcomes. The findings reveal irregular dietary patterns among many students, with 35% consuming two or fewer meals per day and 44% frequently skipping breakfast. Dietary diversity was limited, as 54% of the students fall under the low dietary diversity category, while 41% frequently consume junk or processed foods. Anthropometric assessment indicates a considerable burden of undernutrition, with 34% of students classified as thin, 39% stunted, and 42% underweight, while 31% show clinical signs of micronutrient deficiency. A positive association was observed between dietary diversity and BMI-for-age (r = 0.42), suggesting that diversified diets contribute to better nutritional outcomes. The study highlights the need for improved nutrition education, enhanced dietary diversity, and strengthened nutrition-sensitive interventions to promote better health among marginalized adolescents in Malda district

ABSTRACT Objectives Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally, and suitable interventions are needed for prevention. Certain occupations can create barriers to accessing healthcare while also being a driving force behind lifestyle behaviors that increase risk of CVD. This study analyzed the Framingham 10-year risk for developing coronary heart disease (CHD), among Maine loggers and commercial fishermen residing in Maine, Massachusetts, Oregon, and Alaska compared to the general population of working adults. Methods Between 2019 and 2024, loggers and commercial fishermen engaged in health screenings via three studies. Self-reported data regarding health behaviors, as well as anthropometric and biomarker measures, were collected at each screening and were obtained from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for a sample of working adults. Women were excluded due to their limited representation in the logging and commercial fishing populations. Framingham Risk Scores (FRS) for Hard CHD were established for each population, and comparisons were made based on both overall risk and component risk factors. Results This study included 44 loggers, 164 commercial fishermen, and 1073 working adults from the NHANES cohort. Commercial fishermen had the highest estimated 10-year FRS with an average of 6.95%, followed by the NHANES sample at 6.39% and loggers with 5.70%. Conclusion Though this study demonstrates loggers and commercial fishermen have a similar CVD risk profile to other working aged men, this risk for all three groups is higher than ideal. This study indicates a need to better understand risk among these populations, as well as how the occupational setting can be used for future intervention.

Nasal base depression is a frequent aesthetic concern in rhinoplasty, particularly in patients with midfacial retrusion. This study introduces a fascia transplantation technique to correct alar base (paranasal) depression and restore nasal-facial harmony through structural support of the alar base. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 52 patients who underwent fascia grafting during open rhinoplasty. Fascia placement was performed primarily for alar base/paranasal augmentation; changes in tip projection or nasolabial angle, when present, were not direct surgical targets of the fascia graft. Fascia was harvested from postauricular or rectus abdominis regions, depending on the cartilage source. Nasal morphology was evaluated pre- and postoperatively using standardized anthropometric measurements. Alar base depression was quantitatively assessed through grayscale image analysis using ImageJ. Patient satisfaction was measured with a modified Rhinoplasty Outcome Evaluation (ROE) scale. Complications were monitored via clinical examination, standardized photography, and a structured questionnaire addressing symptoms such as foreign-body sensation, graft displacement, and local discomfort. Following fascia-based nasal base augmentation, significant aesthetic improvements were observed. Alar width and base width changes were minimal and statistically insignificant. Postoperative grayscale analysis showed a significant decrease in values (from 0.720 to 0.583, P < 0.05), indicating reduced alar base depression following fascia grafting. The mean postoperative ROE score increased notably, with no major complications such as foreign-body sensation or graft displacement reported. Fascia transplantation provides stable augmentation of the alar base/paranasal region with a favorable safety profile; any observed changes in tip projection or nasolabial angle should be interpreted as secondary (indirect) effects rather than direct targets of fascia placement. It represents a safe and effective autologous option for achieving durable, harmonious aesthetic outcomes in rhinoplasty. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Background: Obesity is an emerging public health concern in urban Bangladesh, particularly among middle-aged women, where it contributes to an increasing burden of non-communicable diseases. Local evidence on obesity rates, determinants and comorbidity profiles for mid-life urban women has traditionally been sparse, hindering targeted interventions. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of obesity, examine sociodemographic determinants and describe associated comorbidities among women aged 35–45 years in Dhaka City. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 322 women residing in Dhaka City. Data were collected through structured interviews and standardized anthropometric measurements. Obesity was classified according to standardized criteria. Associations between obesity and sociodemographic variables were examined using chi-square tests, odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Results: The prevalence of obesity was 39.13%. Women aged 35–40 years had significantly higher odds of obesity than those aged 41–45 years (OR = 3.41; 95% CI: 2.10–5.53; p &lt; .001). Graduate-level education was significantly protective against obesity (OR = 0.43; 95% CI: 0.27–0.69; p = .001), whereas marital status was not significantly associated. Obese women had a markedly higher prevalence of diabetes (63.5%), hypertension (65.9%), fatty liver disease (65.1%), heart disease (48.4%), joint pain (61.9%), breathlessness or chest pain (56.3%) and kidney disease (46.0%) than non-obese women. Conclusion: Obesity imposes a substantial health burden on urban women aged 35–45 years in Dhaka City and is strongly associated with multiple chronic conditions. Targeted preventive and management strategies are essential to mitigate its growing effects.