Anthropogenic Heat Release Research Articles

Evaluation coupling-coordination relationship between car anthropogenic heat release and local temperature at multi-spatiotemporal scales

Car anthropogenic heat (CAH) release is a major factor affecting local temperature. However, the coupling-coordination (CC) relationship between CAH release and local temperature is not fully understood, owing to the absence of a quantitative relationship. Therefore, we selected winter season in 2008 in Beijing to conduct our research. We used trajectory data during 3th Feb 2008 and 7th Feb 2008 to build a high spatiotemporal resolution dataset of CAH release, with spatial resolution of 300 m. The coupling-coordination relationship and threshold were measured. The results showed that four categories CC degree temporal patterns were observed in Beijing winter season: near-straight line pattern, one peak-valley pattern, two peak-valley pattern with high value, and two-peak-valley pattern with relative low value. A U-shaped relationship between local temperature and CC degree was found in Beijing winter season. The U-shaped relationship was obvious on weekdays. The curve of the U shape was 0.3 on weekdays and less than 0.3 on weekends. This U-shaped relationship was also detected in Shenzhen, which validated our conclusions. The findings of this study provide suggestions for the development of strategies to mitigate climate change in Beijing winter seasons.

Anthropogenic heat release, a non-negligible climatic factor for Eastern China in boreal summer

Anthropogenic heat release, a non-negligible climatic factor for Eastern China in boreal summer

Using Multiscale Atmospheric Modeling to Explore the Impact of Surface Albedo on Anthropogenic Heat Release

Abstract Cities account for over 66% of global energy use and with over 68% of the population expected to live in urbanized areas by 2050, anthropogenic urban heat release is likely to become one of the most significant contributors to the creation of urban microclimates. In the present work, an open-source framework for one-way upstream coupled multiscale urban thermal environment simulations is examined and validated and can provide valuable insights about the flow behavior and energy transport between spatial scales. In this study, a city-wide multiscale model with over 500,000 building, road, and tree canopy data points parameterizing Atlanta, GA as a digital twin is developed and validated with a spatial scale of 5 m. The validated model is used to perform a parametric study on the implications bulk surface albedo (SA) has on the city's anthropogenic heat (AH) release in terms of heat flux. The study demonstrates that anthropogenic heat flux for building waste energy accounts for a small part of the total surface heat flux, and a detailed understanding of the components of urban heat (particularly with respect to total surface heat flux) is required to predict and simulate an urban thermal environment.

Assessment of cooling effect of sea breeze under future climate based on analysis of heat balance mechanism of urban space

In this study, a scheme was developed to quantitatively assess the effectiveness of measures against hot outdoor environments under future climate conditions. In this scheme, each component of heat balance (i.e. advection, turbulent diffusion, anthropogenic heat release) were analyzed based on mesoscale simulations. By comparing the current and future values of the component of the heat balance corresponding to the measure being targeted, it is possible to clarify how the effectiveness of the measure changes. To illustrate the application of the scheme, it was applied to a coastal city (Sendai, Japan) and the advection component was analyzed to assess the effectiveness of introducing a sea breeze into a coastal city as a measure against hot outdoor environments under future climate conditions. Mesoscale simulations were conducted using WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting model) and pseudo global warming method was adopted to create boundary conditions. The increase in air temperature and humidity from the 2000s to the 2050s was more significant in the coastal area than in the inland areas, resulting in increased incoming sensible and latent heat fluxes generated by advection. It was quantitatively demonstrated that while it is currently effective to introduce the sea breeze as a measure against the hot outdoor environment in coastal cities, the effectiveness will not be as significant in the future.

Data-driven analysis of Urban Heat Island phenomenon based on street typology

This study explores the intricate relationship between diverse street types and the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon - a major urban issue where urban regions are warmer than their rural counterparts due to anthropogenic heat release and absorption by urban structures. UHI leads to increased energy consumption, diminished air quality, and potential health hazards. This research posits that a sample of representative streets (i.e., a few streets from each type of street) will be sufficient to capture and model the UHI in an urban context, accurately reflecting the behavior of other streets. To do so, streets were classified into unique typologies based on (1) socio-economic and morphological attributes and (2) temperature profiles, utilizing two clustering methodologies. The first approach employed K-Prototypes to categorize streets according to their socio-economic and morphological similarities. The second approach utilized Time Series Clustering K-Means, focusing on temperature profiles. The findings indicate that models retain strong performance levels, with R-Squared values of 0,85 and 0,80 and MAE ranging from 0,22 to 0,84 °C for CUHI and SUHI respectively, while data collection efforts can be reduced by 50 to 70 %. This highlights the value of the street typology in interpreting UHI mechanisms. The study also stresses the need to consider the unique aspects of UHI and the temporal variations in its drivers when formulating mitigation strategies, thereby providing new insights into understanding and alleviating UHI effects at a local scale.

Evaluation of the Urban Weather Generator on the City of Toulouse (France)

This article addresses the simulation of urban air temperatures with a focus on evaluating the Urban Weather Generator (UWG) model over Toulouse, France. As urban temperatures, influenced by factors like urbanization, anthropogenic heat release, and complex urban geometry, exhibit an urban heat island (UHI) effect, understanding and mitigating UHI become crucial. With increasing global warming and urban populations, aiding urban planners necessitates accurate simulations requiring data at the canyon level. The paper evaluates UWG’s performance in simulating air temperatures under realistic conditions, emphasizing an operational context and a non-specialist user’s perspective. The evaluation includes selecting the most suitable meteorological station, assessing the impact of the rural station choice, and conducting a sensitivity analysis of input parameters. The validation demonstrates good agreement, with a mean bias error (MBE) of 0.02 °C and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.73 °C. However, we highlight the fact that UWG performs better in a densely urbanized area, and exhibits limitations in sensitivity to urban surface parameter variations, particularly in less urbanized areas.

Computational Review and Assessment of The Urban Heat Island Effect and Its Impact on Building Space Conditioning

This paper reviews and reports the recent progress and knowledge on the specific impact of the urban heat island (UHI) effect on building space conditioning for vulnerable housing where lack of air conditioning and fuel poverty causes indoor overheating, thus increasing vulnerability. Previous studies demonstrated that the increase of the ambient temperature due to UHI and heat waves impacts adversely cooling energy consumption of buildings and raises the peak electricity demand during summer and heat waves. Given the aging and dilapidated housing conditions in low-income communities, mostly of color and minorities, the economic burden of the cooling energy penalty induced by urban overheating is higher. However, literature on overheating is primarily driven by the physical characteristics of the building such as insulation, albedo, and envelope properties, and the Heat Vulnerability Index (HVI) by demographic data such as age, income, education largely remains isolated thus failing to capture the overall understanding of heat vulnerability and the role architects/urban designers can play in mitigation. Through a computational query review of the last fifteen years of publication, we are inquiring, about how UHI impacts building energy consumption in low-income and poor-quality housing and what role city and housing characteristics play in indoor overheating. Our study suggests, that in the US, due to segregated historic planning policies, low-income houses are often located in low tree canopy areas with varying urban typologies, and higher impervious material which substantially increases the air temperature thus determining energy consumption and anthropogenic heat release which contribute to present-day inequitable exposure to intra-urban heat. Both housing characteristics and the location of housing play a crucial role as similar housing will experience different exposure to intra-urban heat if not located in a heat canyon. Through this literature review, it became evident that there is a gap in the research that fails to connect building characteristics and overheating with heat vulnerability. Research involving UHI and heat vulnerability has continued to advance through energy analysis and mitigation studies, but future studies need to redefine the HVI index, especially by incorporating city and housing characteristics, which can help architects/urban designers make informed design decisions.

Net impact of air conditioning on heat-related mortality in Japanese cities

BackgroundAir conditioning (AC) presents a viable means of tackling the ill-effects of heat on human health. However, AC releases additional anthropogenic heat outdoors, and this could be detrimental to human health, especially in urban communities. This study determined the excess heat-related mortality attributable to anthropogenic heat from AC use under various projected global warming scenarios in seven Japanese cities. The overall protection from AC use was also measured. MethodsDaily average 2-meter temperatures in the hottest month of August from 2000 to 2010 were modeled using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with BEP+BEM (building effect parameterization and building energy model). Risk functions for heat–mortality associations were generated with and without AC use from a two-stage time series analysis. We coupled simulated August temperatures and heat–mortality risk functions to estimate averted deaths and unavoidable deaths from AC use. ResultsAnthropogenic heat from AC use slightly augmented the daily urban temperatures by 0.046 °C in Augusts of 2000–2010 and up to 0.181 °C in a future with 3 °C urban warming. This temperature rise was attributable to 3.1–3.5 % of heat-related deaths in Augusts of 2000–2010 under various urban warming scenarios. About 36–47 % of heat-related deaths could be averted by air conditioning use under various urban warming scenarios. DiscussionAC has a valuable protective effect from heat despite some unavoidable mortality from anthropogenic heat release. Overall, the use of AC as a major adaptive strategy requires careful consideration.

Human heat health index (H3I) for holistic assessment of heat hazard and mitigation strategies beyond urban heat islands

Certain urban neighborhoods are more susceptible to heat than others, primarily because of the unequal distribution of imperviousness, building and vegetation morphology, social vulnerability, and anthropogenic heat release. Here, we demonstrate that using the surface urban heat island intensity obtained through remote sensing approaches to evaluate urban heat vulnerability (UHV) can be misleading due to the interannual and seasonal variability of rural land surface temperature (LST). We present the disparity in the heat vulnerability index (HVI) when LST and air temperature are used as hazards and show that the LST-based approach overestimates the HVI during daytime. Thus, we contend that while HVI may be appropriate for comparing the relative UHV of different neighborhoods, it should not be used to assess absolute daytime heat vulnerability. To address this limitation, we propose a new metric: human heat health index (H3I) that can be utilized to (i) assess and compare heat hazard in different neighborhoods and (ii) evaluate the effectiveness of environmental interventions for heat mitigation. H3I was applied to demonstrate the reduction in heat hazard due to 3-D urban structures using street-level modeling in Austin, Texas. Our findings emphasize the need for combining 3-D urban data, modeling, and community feedbacks efforts to assess daytime UHV for prioritizing the implementation of heat mitigation strategies.

Urbanization Heat Flux Modeling Confirms It Is a Likely Cause of Significant Global Warming: Urbanization Mitigation Requirements

Recent ground-based measurements find the magnitude of the urbanization effect on the global average annual mean surface air temperature corresponds to an urbanization contribution of 12.7%. It is important to provide modeling to help understand these results as there are conflicting concerns. This study models the global warming contribution that urbanization heat fluxes (UHF) can make due to anthropogenic heat release (AHR), and solar heating of impermeable surface areas (ISAs), with additional secondary effects. Results help explain and support ground-based observations. Climate models typically omit anthropogenic heat release (AHR) as warming estimates are below 1%. In agreement, the baseline assessment in this paper has similar findings. However, in this study, the methods of climate amplification estimates (MCAE) with data-aided physics-based amplification models are used. When the MCAE are applied at the global and microclimate levels that consider greenhouse gases (GHGs), feedback, and other secondary effects; the results show that AHR fluxes can amplify, increasing to have an estimated global warming (GW) influence of 6.5% from 1950 to 2022 yielding a 0.9% decade−1 increase. This increasing rate due to energy consumption is found as anticipated to be reasonably correlated to the increasing population growth rate over this time. Furthermore, using the MCAEs, this paper studies heat fluxes assessment due to solar heating of unshaded impermeable surfaces including likely secondary amplification effects. Impermeable surface areas (ISAs) such as asphalt roads, roofs, and building sides have been reported with high land surface contact temperatures (LSCTs) relative to non-ISAs and significantly found to contribute to urbanization warming. Results indicate that high-temperature unshaded impermeable surfaces (including building sides) are estimated to average around 10–11 °C above the earth’s ambient temperature of 14.5 °C (showing albedo ISA estimates between 0.133 and 0.115 respectively); the ISA heat fluxes with secondary effects are estimated to have about a GW influence of 6.5%. This is broken down with average contributions of 4.0% from urban ISAs and 2.5% from rural ISA heat fluxes. Asphalt road ISA heat fluxes are estimated to have about a 1.1% global warming influence. Then the total UHF effect from ISAs and AHR with secondary effects is assessed in modeling to yield a combined average GW influence of 13% helping to confirm ground-based measurement results. Several key adjustment values were used for shading, cloud coverage, and rural-to-urban ISA ratios. Microclimate GHGs and related water vapor feedback (WVF) were assessed to increase urban warming by about 50%. As well an assessment of water vapor and radiation increases from UHF is provided. This study also shows the need to incorporate urbanization heat fluxes with secondary effects into climate models and indicates the necessity for Paris Agreement urban heat flux mitigation goals. Results also found that given average climate conditions, it is possible to mitigate much of the UHI effect with an albedo increase of 0.1 that is anticipated to lower the average impermeable surface temperatures by about 9 °C. Studies show this can be accomplished with cost-effective cool roads and roofs. Although roads are only estimated to occupy 14% of ISAs, changing roads from asphalt to concrete-type surfaces would improve reflectivity by about a factor of 5 and is estimated to mitigate about 5.5% of global warming. Unfortunately, the current overuse of black asphalt on pavements and roofs is highly dangerous to our environment causing UHI increases in heatwaves, excessive temperatures, and global warming issues and should be banned. Asphalt usage also reduces opportunities for solar geoengineering of urbanization.

Anthropogenic heat release due to energy consumption exacerbates European summer extreme high temperature

Anthropogenic heat release (AHR) is the release of heat generated by anthropogenic energy consumption. The global mean flux of AHR is 0.03 W m−2, while AHR is geographically concentrated and fundamentally correlates with economic activity; furthermore, AHR can reach a level sufficient for impacting regional even large-scale climate. In this study, the impacts of AHR on the summer European heatwaves (EHWs) are examined by using the Community Earth System Model version 1 (CESM1). The results show that in Europe, AHR increases the summer mean 2-m temperature by 0.26 °C and the surface minimum and maximum temperatures by 0.14 °C and 0.41 °C, respectively. AHR exacerbates the extreme high temperatures in the summer in Europe, increasing EHW days by 1–2 days in central and eastern Europe in the summer annually from 1992 to 2013. AHR strengthens the surface wind that flows from the ocean to the land in Europe by increasing the land surface temperatures. AHR decreases the lower-troposphere stability (LTS) and reduces the low-cloud amounts in Europe, which leads to more solar shortwave radiation reaching the surface. AHR affects water vapor and the surface energy balance in Europe, which impacts on European summer heatwaves further. AHR acts as a non-negligible factor for summer extreme high temperature in Europe and a potential factor impacting EHW days.

Anthropogenic heat due to energy consumption contributes to cooler and wetter summers in Southwest China

Anthropogenic heat release is the release of heat generated by anthropogenic energy consumption. The regional mean Anthropogenic heat release flux in Southwest China grew quickly from 0.06 Wm-2 in 1992 to a peak of 0.37 Wm-2 in 2019. This study examines the climatic effects and feedbacks of Anthropogenic heat release due to energy consumption in Southwest China during the boreal summer using simulations from the Community Earth System Model. The modeling results show that Anthropogenic heat release impacts on the lower-troposphere stability and affects large-scale atmospheric circulation in Southwest China, which transports more water vapor and consequently increases the humidity and low cloud cover in Southwest China. This effect impacts the energy balance at the surface by reducing the amount of incoming shortwave radiation that reaches the ground. Anthropogenic heat release decreases the average 2-m air temperature in Southwest China by 0.10 ± 0.01 K (1σ uncertainty) and also decreases the minimum and maximum air temperatures in Southwest China as well. Anthropogenic heat release contributes to cooler and wetter summers in Southwest China. The results show that Anthropogenic heat release is a non-negligible factor that impacts the climate of Southwest China. This study improves our understanding of the climate change resulting from human activities in Southwest China.

Quantifying the Impacts of High‐Resolution Urban Information on the Urban Thermal Environment

AbstractDetailed urban information, including land use/land cover (LULC), anthropogenic heat (AH) release, and urban canopy parameters (UCP), play critical roles in meteorological field simulations. It is particularly relevant for the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with the single‐layer urban canopy model (SLUCM). Thus, we develop high‐resolution LULC, AH, and UCP data sets for Nanjing, a megacity in China, and conduct a series of numerical experiments with WRF/SLUCM to evaluate the impacts of urban parameters on the urban thermal environment. Model simulations with LULC scenarios have good agreement with the observed 2‐m temperature with a correlation coefficient of around 0.85, and present strong spatial homogeneity due to the more realistic representation of urban categories. The LULC change directly decreases the surface wind speed and increases (decreases) the sensible (latent) heat flux ( ()) in urban areas during the daytime; meanwhile increases and releases ground heat storage () during the nighttime, resulting in urban warming by 0.91°C in urban areas, compared with the control simulation (CTL) that does not take into account urban surfaces. In the LULC experiments combined with the UCP or AH, the UCP change enhances and releases more during nighttime, which increases by 0.13°C relative to LULC simulation. Also, the UCP effect reduces surface roughness and increases the width of the urban canopy, resulting in slightly enhanced wind speed, which is favorable for a warming environment in the urban area; the AH change contributes to increasing by 0.19°C through directly enhancing relative to LULC simulation. AH combined with the UCP further strengthens the UCP effect in the urban area. Overall, the influence of urban parameters on the is more pronounced during nighttime than daytime, which presents a decreasing trend with an increase in wind speed and spatial humidity in the urban area.

Spatial and temporal dynamics of the urban heat island effect in a small Brazilian city

AbstractThis study examined the spatial and temporal patterns of the canopy layer urban heat islands (UHIUCL) in a small city in southeastern Brazil using the local climate zone (LCZ) system. We analysed the influence of weather conditions, LCZs characteristics, and local surface relief on the UHIUCL magnitudes. Mobile traverses were used to measure air temperatures during representative nights of wet and dry seasons. Daily maximum magnitudes were observed in compact classes (LCZs 3 and 7) under ideal weather conditions (dry, clear skies, and calm) and higher anthropogenic heat release (weekdays). Seasonal effects on LCZ thermal differences were negligible. The peripheral landscapes were warmer than the city centre in both seasons. Among the warmer areas in the city, magnitudes in compact LCZs 3 and 7 were consistently higher than in LCZ 6. In general, representative sites of the main ‘built’ LCZs in the study area exhibit similar inter‐zone temperature patterns to those reported for cities of different sizes from tropical and midlatitude regions. Thermal contrasts of ΔTLCZ 3 − D in the study area reveal significant evidence that small cities can have as strong heat islands as bigger cities. These findings highlight the importance of the LCZ system to identify the main controlling factors driving such thermal differences and the need to extend the application of this approach in other South American cities to yield systematic data of UHIUCL for urban planning given the coming challenges of climate change over the region.

Urban‐Rural Gradient in Urban Heat Island Variations Responsive to Large‐Scale Human Activity Changes During Chinese New Year Holiday

AbstractLarge‐scale human activity changes in megacities during Chinese New Year (CNY) are believed to significantly affect urban heat islands (UHIs). However, the urban‐rural gradient in UHI variations responsive to human activity changes in cities remains largely unclear. Using in‐situ surface air temperature obtained from a meteorological network that includes 3000‐plus stations, we show that the mean UHI intensity (UHII) in 31 Chinese capitals is 0.52 ± 0.23 K during the CNY holiday and 0.77 ± 0.29 K in the reference period, indicating a UHII reduction of 0.25 ± 0.20 K during the holiday. The reduced UHII decreased more from city core (0.54 K) to city periphery (0.071 K). We find that these UHII reductions were larger at night than during the day and were larger in northern subtropical and warm temperate climates than in other climates. These UHII reductions were mainly attributable to the decline in anthropogenic heat release.

Detecting the sinks and sources of transportation energy consumption and its forces driving at multiple spatiotemporal scales using trajectory data

Accurate and detailed transportation anthropogenic heat release (TAHR) datasets would benefit atmospheric research and public health. However, detailed temporal and spatial descriptions are yet to be obtained because of the low spatiotemporal resolution of basic data in previous studies. Therefore, we here developed a low-cost and efficient TAHR construction method by introducing trajectory data. Furthermore, we constructed an index to examine TAHR sinks and sources. This enabled the quantification of spatial associations between workplace/residential functional zones and TAHR sinks/sources. The results showed that TAHR varied dramatically at multiple temporal scales. Peak‒trough shapes of TAHR variations were found at hourly levels, while increasing trends were found at daily levels. Central downtown areas experienced significant variation trends at both hourly and daily levels. Sinks of TAHR were more closely associated with workplaces, while TAHR sources were more closely associated with residential functional zones at daily levels. This study provides a reference for the explanation of ecological scientific questions using spatiotemporal big data and provides insights into the mechanisms underlying urban energy consumption, urban planning, and energy conservation.

Estimating urban spatial temperatures considering anthropogenic heat release factors focusing on the mobility characteristics

As climate change intensifies, it is an important task in reducing heat disasters to derive which areas are most vulnerable by exploring factors that affect thermal environment. Anthropogenic heat release factors have contributed to local temperature increases in cities. However, existing studies have mainly focused on the static sector of anthropogenic heat release factors. Therefore, this study addresses the effects of urban spatial temperatures considering anthropogenic heat release factors, with a focus on the mobility sector. An average summer temperature (avS) estimating model was developed with deep neural network (DNN) and random forest (RF) in detailed spatial units within a city (1 km spatial resolution) using eight mobility sector and four static sector indicators as input variables. The feasibility of introducing mobility indicators was verified by performing a correlation analysis between temperature and traffic flows. Mobility exhibited a higher correlation with the climate sector than with static road indicators. The RF model with mobility indicators effectively estimated spatial distribution of air temperatures, with an RMSE of 0.0777 and R2 of 0.9121, and outperformed the DNN model. This study provides a reference for heatwave risk management and the control of various urban anthropogenic heat release factors, including the mobility sector.

A Responsible Tourism System at Glacier Tourism Sites: Reducing the Impacts of Tourism Activities on Glaciers

The anthropogenic heat release from tourism activities has a cumulative effect on glacial retreat when coupled with climate change. Mitigating the impacts of glacial tourism activities on glaciers and promoting the sustainable development of glacial tourism have become urgent issues. Taking Yulong and Hailuogou glacier tourism destinations as examples, we collected survey questionnaires related to glacial tourists (n=1113) and tourism companies (n=329) by systematic field surveys during 2016–2017, and we obtained data on energy consumption from catering, accommodation, transportation, sightseeing, shopping, entertainment, and waste disposal. This study builds a responsible tourism system and discusses the strategies and measures used to engage stakeholders (mainly tourism companies, tourists, local governments, tourism associations, and the central government) in responsible tourism in order to reduce the impacts of tourism activities on glaciers. These strategies mainly include: improving the energy efficiency of the supply of tourism products and services, promoting the consumption of low-energy tourism products and services, strengthening the supervision and management of low-energy consumption tourism development, creating an environment for energy savings and consumption reduction, and establishing a long-term operational mechanism for responsible tourism management. A rewsponsible tourism system allows stakeholders to properly address this dilemma, internalize sustainable development goals to find their intrinsic self-discipline, and work together to fulfill the public responsibility of realizing the sustainable development of glacial tourism.

Estimation of anthropogenic heat release in Mexico City

The urban heat island (UHI) is a phenomenon that appears in cities due to the alteration of the energy balance caused by the drastic land use change. A factor that can contribute to its development is the energy generated by the city inhabitants, or the anthropogenic heat flux (QF). Therefore, the determination of this component can improve the predictability of UHI development and variability. The objective of this work was to estimate the main sources of anthropogenic heat flux, based on a vehicle classification (taxis, cars, minibuses and buses), surveys of electricity consumption and population density in Mexico City. The anthropogenic heat determination is based on a simple distribution of heat generated by vehicles, buildings and people. Vehicle classification was made through video analysis and the vehicle flow was also accounted for with sensors at the road level, within a radius of 1 km. The consumer surveys were applied to businesses and homes, and with the support of basic geostatistical areas the population density was determined. The analysis showed that the highest heat emission occurs from 15:00 to 21:00 h. This heat flux in average was not significant when compared to net radiation. However, anthropogenic heat flux generation in dense areas of Mexico City, can exceed 75 W·m−2 for certain times of the day, while the inventory carried out QF averaged 24.7 W·m−2 at San Agustin, in the historical center. With the obtained results, also a standard car was idealized, and the electricity consumption profiles of some sectors were generated, which will allow obtaining the heat flux more easily and quickly. According to the results, it is advisable to integrate the anthropogenic heat flux component into the energy balance for future studies of the UHI.

Effects of heat waves on urban warming across different urban morphologies and climate zones

Heat wave (HW) periods, which are characterized by unusual high temperatures and heat stress, are known as one of the global issues that negatively affect the land and atmosphere, especially in urban areas. Higher urbanization rates in cities may result in high temperature warming, which is known as the Urban Heat Island (UHI). Recently, researchers have revealed pronounced effects based on HW and UHI interactions; however, studies that linked their effects with surface energy fluxes in different urban landscape and climate are still inadequate. This study utilized the Community Land Model (CLM) to assess the effect of HW towards UHI, while considering energy fluxes variations in Seoul, Tokyo, Kuala Lumpur, and Melbourne, with different climate influences and urban morphologies. Generally, Seoul and Tokyo showed intense HW magnitude from 2000 to 2018 based on the HW indices. The surface energy flux components demonstrated a distinct pattern especially from 11:00 to 17:00, with the exception of sensible heat in Melbourne. Further energy-flux partitioning revealed that changes in the heat storage ratio were most significant in Seoul, with 1.39 partitioning due to its larger impervious area. A smaller height-to-width (H/W) canyon ratio of open mid-rise building has enhanced urban warming in Melbourne, whereas smaller impervious and larger pervious road fraction could mitigate urban warming effects in Kuala Lumpur. Seoul showed the highest changes in daytime UHI under HW at 2.01 °C, due to the low convection efficiency in compact high-rise building, while nighttime UHI was highly influenced by heat storage and anthropogenic heat release.