Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) have been explored for their antifungal properties in previous studies, yet gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) offer distinct advantages owing to their biocompatibility, stability and multifunctional roles in plants. In this study, we report the innovative application of Au-NPs in suppressing anthracnose disease in chilli plants. Treatment with 75 mg L-1 Au-NPs inhibited Colletotrichum gloeosporioides mycelial growth by 61% and reduced spore germination to 25%, while increasing membrane permeability and lowering disease incidence to 21% in detached fruits and 17% in attached fruits. Beyond pathogen suppression, Au-NPs uniquely enhanced plant physiology, significantly increasing total phenols, chlorophyll, free amino acids and glycine betaine. Unlike Ag-NPs, Au-NPs improved nutrient uptake and translocation, elevating phosphorus, nitrogen, zinc and potassium concentrations in roots, leaves and fruits, likely via modulation of root physiology. Moreover, Au-NPs activated defense-related genes and transcription factors, boosting plant resilience during infection. This study highlights the innovative dual functionality of Au-NPs, combining potent antifungal action with plant growth and immunity enhancement, positioning them as a superior and sustainable alternative to traditional silver-based nanoparticle approaches in crop protection. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.

Anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum species is one of the most economically important, frequently leading to substantial yield and quality losses. This study investigated the biocontrol potential of two rhizosphere-associated bacteria, Paenibacillus polymyxa GYUN-2285 and Pseudomonas protegens GYUN-2679 isolated from soil. GYUN-2285 and GYUN-2679 were evaluated separately, and the two strains were subsequently co-applied to examine whether their combined treatment improved pathogen suppression relative to individual applications. Dual culture assays showed that both strains inhibited a broad range of plant pathogenic fungi, including several Colletotrichum species. The combined application of the two strains significantly promoted plant growth, enhancing seedling vigor and development. In planta experiments on pepper fruits revealed that individual applications GYUN-2285 and GYUN-2679 significantly reduced disease serverity. Notably, the combined treatment showed greater numerical suppression than the individual treatments under the tested conditions. This improved performance may be associated with the complementary functional traits of the two bacteria, which may broaden their antagonistic activity against pathogens. These findings suggest that the integration of GYUN-2285 and GYUN-2679 into biocontrol strategies offers a promising, sustainable, and eco-friendly alternative for managing anthracnose in peppers.

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp. is harmful to orchidaceous plants including Pleione yunnanensis. The use of microorganisms for biocontrol is considered safe and effective. This study demonstrated that Trichoderma virilente Z53 not only exhibits strong antagonistic activity against 12 phytopathogenic fungal species but also promotes maize seed germination and seedling growth under in vitro conditions and effectively suppresses anthracnose disease in Pleione yunnanensis. Pot studies demonstrated that Z53, when used as a soil inoculant, significantly promoted plant height, root length, and fresh weight of maize, while markedly inhibiting the severity of leaf anthracnose caused by C. orchidophilum in P. yunnanensis. The Z53 genome spans 39.56Mb and contains 10,521 coding genes. The draft genome analysis of Z53 revealed the genetic attributes for antagonistic properties, nitrogen assimilation, phosphate solubilization, siderophore production and production of volatile organic compounds. Gene clusters for antifungal metabolites trichoxide, Ascochlorin, and Clavaric acid, along with transcription factors such as C2H2 and bZIP, were also identified in the Z53 genome. Furthermore, the LC-MS/MS of crude cell pellet extract of Z53 identified 3,743 high-confidence secondary metabolites. These include antimicrobial compounds such as trichodermin, viridin, palmitic acid, isoprene, camphene, and 2-pentylfuran, as well as plant growth-promoting metabolites including indole-3-acetic acid, gibberellin A7, phosphoric acid, and L-tryptophan. Collectively, these findings establish T. virilente Z53 as a promising candidate for the development of biopesticides to control fungal pathogens and enhance plant defence.

Anthracnose disease causes significant yield losses in a wide range of crops, necessitating the development of effective and environmentally responsible fungicides. In this study, a computational multi-criteria framework integrating quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR)–based descriptor analysis, ADMET profiling, agrochemical-likeness assessment, and molecular docking was employed to comparatively evaluate selected fungicides against anthracnose disease. Key physicochemical descriptors governing absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity were computed to examine molecular behavior relevant to agricultural application. Agrochemical suitability was further assessed using Tice’s rules, which are associated with plant uptake and systemic behavior. Molecular docking was performed to explore fungicide–target binding interactions, providing mechanistic insight at the molecular level. The integrated analysis enabled a comparative in silico assessment of fungicides by jointly considering binding interactions, ADMET properties, and agrochemical-likeness. The proposed framework offers a conceptually consistent and exploratory strategy for in silico evaluation and prioritization of fungicides in crop protection research.

Anthracnose disease, caused by Colletotrichum species, poses a significant threat to global litchi production, yet the molecular mechanisms governing host resistance remain poorly understood. To dissect the genetic basis of anthracnose resistance, we employed a comparative transcriptomic approach using two contrasting cultivars: 'YuJinQiu' (DR, disease-resistant genotype) and 'BaiTangYing' (DS, disease-susceptible genotype). Field evaluations and controlled infection assays demonstrated evident phenotypic divergence, with DR exhibiting delayed disease progression and 43.7% smaller lesion areas compared to DS at 72h post-inoculation (hpi). Time-resolved RNA sequencing (0-72 hpi) revealed genotype-specific transcriptional dynamics, where DR displayed fewer differentially expressed genes (DEGs; 819-1457) compared to DS (5195-5735), suggesting a more targeted and efficient defense response. Functional enrichment analyses highlighted rapid activation of innate immunity pathways in DR, including pattern-triggered immunity, MAPK signaling, and jasmonic acid/ethylene biosynthesis, whereas DS prioritized cell wall modification and compensatory secondary metabolic processes. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) pinpointed three modules tightly linked to anthracnose resistance, enriched for receptor-like kinases (RLKs), nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis genes. Hub regulators, including WRKY transcription factors (e.g., WRKY33), ubiquitin ligases, and pathogenesis-related proteins (PR1, PR5), were identified as central coordinators of defense signaling. Strikingly, DR exhibited sustained upregulation of effector-triggered immunity markers, particularly nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) genes, and early accumulation of phytoalexins, correlating with pathogen suppression. Experimental validation via qRT-PCR confirmed the reliability of transcriptomic data. Our study unravels the multilayer regulatory network underlying litchi anthracnose resistance, providing not only a mechanistic model of cultivar-specific responses but also a robust gene toolkit for accelerating the development of resistant cultivars through marker-assisted breeding.

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of fungicides and GRAS compounds against anthracnose disease of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

‘Ambika’ is a coloured mango variety with high export potential; however, it suffers substantial postharvest losses due to decay, primarily caused by anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc.) and stem-end rot (Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griff. & Maubl.). Being a late-maturing cultivar harvested during the rainy season, infections often originate in the field and progress during postharvest handling, thereby reducing fruit quality, shelf life and marketability. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of different hot-water treatment (HWT) combinations in controlling decay and maintaining quality in mango cv. ‘Ambika’. Naturally infected fruits were subjected to hot water treatments at 48 °C for 60 min and 52 °C for 10 min, dips in 5 % salt solution, plain water and an untreated control. After treatment, fruits were air-dried, packed in corrugated fibre board boxes (CFB) with or without ethylene ripening sachets and stored at ambient conditions. The lowest incidence of anthracnose (1.8 %) and stem-end rot (18.2 %) after 9 days of storage was recorded in fruits treated at 52 °C for 10 min. This treatment also maintained higher fruit firmness (> 1.0 kg cm-2) and total soluble solids (TSS) (> 20 °Brix). In contrast, fruits treated at 48 °C for 60 min exhibited superior biochemical quality, including higher total phenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, antioxidant activity and improved skin colour development (higher a* and b* values). Overall, hot water treatment at either 48 °C for 60 min or 52 °C for 10 min is recommended as an effective postharvest practice to reduce anthracnose and stem-end rot diseases and enhance the quality of mango cv. ‘Ambika’ during storage.

Abstract Chili ( Capsicum sp.) is a horticultural plant that has quite complete nutritional content and has high economic value. One of the factors causing problems that are often encountered in chili cultivation is anthracnose disease caused by the fungus Colletotrichum capsici . This research aims to determine the effect of filtrate culture Trichoderma virens that contain secondary metabolites as an antifungal and to obtain the best concentration in inhibiting the growth of the C. capsici fungus. This research was carried out experimentally using a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of six treatments and four replications. The results of the analysis of variance were continued with a further honest significant difference (HSD) test at the 5% level. The results of research on growth inhibition of C. capsici showed that culture filtrate of T. virens and various secondary metabolite concentrations provided growth inhibition of C. capsici . Concentration of culture filtrate T. virens of 40% was able to inhibit the growth of the Colletotrichum capsici in vitro with an inhibitory power of 100%, and culturate filtrate concentration of T. virens by 40% resulted in the initial symptoms appearing and the intensity of fruit rot disease to be the longest (6.60 days). The concentration of culture filtrate T. virens 40% and 50% showed the the intensity of fruit rot disease at 5.25% and 3.75%.

Morphological identification of fungi responsible for disease anthracnose in Dendrobium sp. orchids and antagonistic testing of Bacillus spp. on the pathogenic fungi

Soybean (Glycine max), a protein- and oil-rich crop, supplies approximately 80% of oil requirements globally. The crop is susceptible to a wide variety of phytopathogens, among them Colletotrichum truncatum (CT) causes pre- and post-emergence damping-off in seeds and seedlings, leading to significant yield loss in the soybean crop. Here in this study, we assess the antifungal efficacy of peppermint oil nanoemulsion (PNE) against C. truncatum and also evaluate the disease suppression potential of PNE on soybean crop through seed priming. During the evaluation of fungicidal potential, 1% treatment of PNE reduces the growth of C. truncatum by 80% under in vitro conditions. PNE treatments induce oxidative stress by ROS accumulation, as suggested by Nitro Blue Tetrazolium (NBT) staining. Consequently, this redox imbalance affects the defence mechanism, cytosolic leakage and disruption of essential cellular processes leading to cell death. During PNE stress, stress enzyme activities were suppressed, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 26% and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) by 63%, while oxidative stress leads to enhanced lipid peroxidation by (LPX) 22% and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), 28%. Notably, scanning electron microscopy revealed significant aberration in hyphal structure, confirming the antifungal efficacy of PNE. Moreover, GC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate extracts from treated fungal cells identified 28 compounds, including thymol, menthol, phenyl alcohol, p-menthane, phenol, 1-docosanol, and 1-octadecene, present at elevated levels, related to antifungal activity. In addition, the nurturing effect of PNE was evaluated by a seed germination assay; PNE-treated seeds showed improved seed germination compared to Pathogen alone-infected samples. These findings suggest a potential role of PNE as an eco-friendly alternative for managing C. truncatum in soybean cultivation.

Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is a major cash crop in India, with Rajasthan being one of the key producing states, though it is heavily affected by fungal diseases such as anthracnose that can severely reduce yield. Accurate identification of Colletotrichum species causing anthracnose is essential, requiring integrated morphological and molecular approaches due to their taxonomic complexity. In the present study, a roving survey was conducted during Kharif 2021–22 in different cotton-growing regions of Rajasthan to assess the occurrence of anthracnose incidence on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) caused by Colletotrichum gossypii. A total of five diseased samples showing typical symptoms such as leaf lesions and boll spots were collected for isolation and detailed examination. The results revealed that the disease was endemic in all surveyed regions. The maximum mean disease severity was recorded in Hanumangarh district (42.25%), followed by Sri Ganganagar district (38.00%). Among the five isolates, isolate RJCG-3 was found to be the most virulent. The pathogen produced hyaline, smooth-walled, falcate to curved conidia with brownish to yellowish acervuli. The length and width of conidia varied from 20.25–28.92 µm and 3.35–3.91 µm respectively in different isolates. The fungal colony exhibited dull white to greyish-white mycelial growth on PDA medium and recorded maximum radial growth (90.00 mm) with profuse sporulation on the seventh day after inoculation.

Abstract BACKGROUND Colletotrichum camelliae is a major pathogen causing yield and quality losses in tea plants. Chemical control methods face challenges, including environmental concerns and drug resistance, therefore developing microbial‐derived biological control agents has become a research priority. This study investigated the antifungal activity and mechanism of action of the volatile compound 4‐ethyl‐2‐methoxyphenol derived from Ceriporia lacerata HG2011 against C. camelliae . RESULTS 4‐ethyl‐2‐methoxyphenol exhibited significant antifungal effects against C. camelliae (EC 50 = 132.06 μg/mL), with significant inhibitory effects also observed in the volatile phase (EC 50 = 4.70 μL/L air). In vitro leaf assays showed protective and therapeutic efficacies of 76.28% and 50.98%, respectively, at the EC 50 concentration and the protective efficacy increased in a concentration dependent manner. Microscopic observations revealed that 4‐ethyl‐2‐methoxyphenol induced mycelial folding, shrinkage, membrane rupture, disintegration and loss of continuity without damaging the cell wall. Further analysis indicated that the compound reduced the activity of antioxidant enzymes, leading to abnormal reactive oxygen species accumulation, increased malondialdehyde content, decreased ergosterol levels and disrupted cell membrane permeability and stability. Transcriptomic and qPCR analyses confirmed that 4‐ethyl‐2‐methoxyphenol significantly affected the expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis and antioxidant enzyme pathways. In summary, 4‐ethyl‐2‐methoxyphenol inhibits C. camelliae by disrupting the structure and function of fungal cell membranes and regulating oxidative stress‐related pathways. CONCLUSION This study provides a theoretical foundation and practical insights for developing novel biological control agents against tea anthracnose disease. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.

Cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L.) is a commercially important fruit crop that is widely cultivated in Thailand. In June 2025, anthracnose disease was observed on cantaloupe during postharvest storage at 25–32°C and 70–75% relative humidity over a period of 3 to 7 days in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. The disease incidence was 15% to 20% among 100 fruits per pallet box. The symptoms appeared as small, water-soaked lesions on the fruit surface that expanded over time, becoming depressed and dark brown to black spots. In advanced stages, the lesions coalesced, leading to extensive fruit rot, and pink to orange spore masses developed on the lesions under humid conditions. Two fungal isolates (SDBR-CMU752 and SDBR-CMU753) with similar morphology were obtained from lesions using the single conidial isolation method (Choi et al. 1999). Colonies on potato dextrose agar (PDA) reached 80–85 mm in diameter after 1 week of incubation at 25 °C. The colonies were white to pale gray, cottony in texture, with the reverse side appearing pale orange to pale brown. Both isolates produced asexual structures after 1 week at 25 °C on PDA. Light conidial masses were observed. Conidiophores were hyaline, septate, and clavate to cylindrical in shape. Conidiogenous cells were also hyaline, clavate to cylindrical, measuring 15–20 × 3–5 μm (n = 50). Conidia were subcylindrical to oblong, rounded tips, guttulate, and sized 10–20 × 4–5 μm (n = 50). The morphological characteristics of the present isolates align with those of Colletotrichum species within the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex. This species complex contains plant pathogens associated with anthracnose diseases and other diseases afflicting various crops (Jayawardena et al. 2021; Suwannarach et al. 2025). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), β-tubulin (TUB), actin (ACT), and calmodulin (CAL) regions were amplified using the primer pairs ITS1/ITS4, GDF1/GDR1, T1/Bt2b, ACT-512F/ACT-783R, and CL1C/CL2C, respectively (Weir et al. 2012; Jayawardena et al. 2021). The resulting sequences were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers PX533053 and PX533054 for ITS, and PX582285 to PX582292 for the other four gene regions. A maximum likelihood tree constructed from concatenated ITS, GAPDH, TUB, ACT, and CAL sequences placed the two isolates within the C. siamense clade. To confirm pathogenicity, healthy commercial cantaloupe fruits (Cu. melo) from the market were surface disinfected by 0.1% NaClO for 5 min, rinsed three times with sterile distilled water, and wounded (Nuangmek et al. 2019). Conidia were collected from 2-week-old cultures on PDA and suspended in sterile distilled water. Fifteen microliters of a conidial suspension (1 × 106 conidia/ml) were dropped onto the wounded fruits. Mock inoculations were performed using sterile distilled water as a control. Each treatment was conducted with ten replications and repeated twice. The inoculated fruits were stored individually in sterile plastic boxes at 25°C with 70 to 80% relative humidity. After 7 days, all inoculated fruits exhibited brown to dark brown lesions, while control fruits remained asymptomatic. Colletotrichum siamense was consistently reisolated from the inoculated tissues on PDA and identified to complete Koch's postulates. Cantaloupe fruit is commonly affected by fungal pathogens such as Alternaria, Colletotrichum, Didymella, and Fusarium species (Nuangmek et al. 2019; Giménez-Santamarina et al. 2025). Prior to this study, C. siamense was known to cause anthracnose on several fruit crops worldwide, including avocado, culinary melon, mango, papaya, and strawberry among others (Talhinhas & Baroncelli 2023; Suwannarach et al. 2025), but has not been reported in cantaloupe fruit. To our knowledge, this is the first global report of C. siamense causing postharvest anthracnose on cantaloupe fruit. The outcomes will contribute to guiding epidemiological studies and further developing improved management approaches for the disease.

Mango (Mangifera indica L.), being a climacteric fruit, is highly perishable due to rapid ripening and post-harvest diseases like anthracnose, which significantly shorten its shelf life and limit long-distance sea export. To mitigate these constraints, a chemical-free secondary metabolite-based formulation (SMsF) was developed to delay ripening and control post-harvest anthracnose during storage. The SMsF possesses dual-action properties and is derived from the culture filtrate of Priestia aryabhattai, exhibiting ACC deaminase activity that restricts ethylene formation. It is also rich in antifungal compounds such as vanillic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, palmitic acid, and BBIT, which inhibit anthracnose development. Additionally, it contains antioxidants including quercetin, coumaryl quinic acid, oleic acid, and acetylglycitin that enhance shelf life and disease resistance. The efficacy of SMsF was evaluated in mango cv. Banganapalli was stored at 12 ± 1 °C and 85-90% relative humidity under simulated reefer conditions (SRC). Integration of gamma irradiation with SMsF provided superior results in disease control and shelf-life extension. The combined treatment maintained higher fruit firmness (0.86 kg cm-2), optimal total soluble solids (14.3 °B), desirable acidity (0.22%), and complete suppression of anthracnose (PDI = 0) up to 40 days of storage under SRC compared with the control. The findings conclusively demonstrate that the synergistic application of SMsF and gamma irradiation effectively regulates ripening, enhances fruit quality, and ensures complete disease suppression, thereby significantly extending storage life. This approach holds strong scientific and commercial significance as a sustainable, residue-free, and export-oriented technology capable of improving long-distance transportation, reducing post-harvest losses, and promoting safe mango trade.

Anthracnose disease caused by the fungus Colletotrichum sp. is one of the main problems in chili cultivation (Capsicum annuum L.) and can cause significant yield losses. The intensive use of chemical pesticides in controlling this disease has a negative impact on the environment and health. This study aimed to evaluate the antagonistic potential of phyllosphere fungi isolated from five medicinal plants, namely Phaleria macrocarpa, Curcuma domestica, Kleinhovia hospita, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, and Morus macroura, against the pathogen Colletotrichum sp. Isolation was performed from leaf surfaces, and a total of 7 phyllosphere fungal isolates were tested using a double culture method with three replicates. The results showed that all isolates were able to inhibit the growth of Colletotrichum sp. through mechanisms of competition for space and nutrients as well as antibiosis, with inhibition levels ranging from high to very high. Among the tested isolates, Trichoderma sp. exhibited the highest inhibitory activity with an inhibition percentage of 92.78%, categorized as very high. Macroscopic and microscopic characterization supported the identification of several isolates belonging to the genera Trichoderma. This study concluded that phyllosphere ungi from medicinal plants have the potential as environmentally friendly biological control agents in combating anthracnose disease in chili plants.

Anthracnose fruit rot and leaf blight caused by Colletotrichum species, are significant diseases affecting pecan in the subtropical regions of China. From 2018 to 2021, disease surveys were conducted in the provinces of Zhejiang, Anhui, Shandong, Yunnan, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Jiangxi, and Guangxi, leading to the isolation of 108 Colletotrichum isolates from symptomatic samples. Species identification was performed through multigene phylogenetic analysis of the ITS, ACT, CAL, GAPDH, TUB2, and CHS-1 DNA regions. The isolates were classified within the C. gloeosporioides, C. acutatum, C. gigasporum, and C. orchidearum species complexes, with over 52% belonging to the C. gloeosporioides complex. Twelve Colletotrichum species were identified: C. fructicola (n=48), C. fioriniae (n=18), C. siamense (n=15), C. gloeosporioides (n=5), C. nymphaeae (n=5), C. aenigma (n=4), C. jiangxiense (n=4), C. henanense (n=2), C. gigasporum (n=2), C. conoides (n=1), C. sojae (n=1), and C. cliviicola (n=1). Pathogenicity tests via point inoculations confirmed that C. fioriniae, C. fructicola, and C. siamense showed higher virulence. In wound inoculation assays, leaves inoculated with C. fioriniae, C. conoides, C. fructicola, C. siamense, and Colletotrichum sp. developed larger lesions (diameters ranging from 4.0 to 8.3 mm) compared to those inoculated with C. gigasporum, C. jiangxiense, C. sojae, C. nymphaeae, C. cliviicola, and C. henanense (lesion diameters from 2.0 to 2.5 mm). The prevalence and diversity of Colletotrichum species associated with pecan anthracnose varied among the eight provinces, with relatively greater diversity observed in Yunnan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Anhui. C. fructicola (50.3 %) was the most prevalent species across most pecan-growing regions studied in China, followed by C. fioriniae (15.5 %). This study provides the first report of C. conoides, C. aenigma, C. henanense, C. jiangxiense, C. gigasporum, C. sojae, and C. cliviicola infecting Carya illinoinensis in China.

In this study, mango fruit trees cv. Kent (Mangifera indica L.) grown in Nayarit, Mexico, during the 2024 and 2025 seasons were preharvest-treated with four applications of microencapsulated Meyerozyma guilliermondii LMA-Cp01 (0.4g L⁻¹), either alone or combined with sodium benzoate (SB, 1g L⁻¹) to manage anthracnose disease. Benomyl served as a positive control, while untreated trees were considered negative controls. The impact of preharvest treatments on mango trees' flowering and bud development was examined, and population dynamics of M. guilliermondii on flowers and fruit surfaces were monitored. Postharvest evaluations included natural anthracnose incidence, severity index, and fruit quality under two storage conditions. Flowering and bud development were unaffected by any treatment. M. guilliermondii successfully adhered to and colonized flower and fruit surfaces, maintaining its viability throughout the experiments. All tested treatments significantly reduced anthracnose incidence and severity. Individually, microencapsulated M. guilliermondii or SB showed limited efficacy, whereas their combination demonstrated additive and synergistic effects, achieving higher anthracnose reduction. Combined treatments performed comparably to Benomyl across both seasons. Postharvest spraying did not enhance bio-efficacy beyond preharvest applications. Overall, the biofungicide combining M. guilliermondii with SB consistently reduced anthracnose and maintained fruit quality, representing a promising alternative to chemical fungicides for sustainable mango production.

Abstract Vietnam is the world’s second-largest coffee exporter, renowned for its strong, bold Robusta coffee. The Central Highlands, particularly Dak Lak Province, offer ideal conditions for coffee cultivation, thanks to a cool climate, red basalt soil, and distinct rainy and dry seasons. However, climate change has intensified challenges for Vietnam’s coffee industry, leading to a rise in anthracnose disease, which significantly threatens coffee productivity. Current management strategies rely heavily on chemical fungicides, raising concerns about human health, environmental pollution, and disruption of microbial ecosystems. In this study, the anthracnose-causing pathogen was isolated from infected coffee plants in Dak Lak and identified through morphological and molecular characterization as belonging to the genus Colletotrichum . The pathogen’s growth was completely suppressed when incubated in the fermentation supernatant of Streptomyces flaveus RT1-1. Furthermore, cell powder derived from the fungal biomass was found to be utilized by S. flaveus RT1-1 to produce chitinase. The findings suggest that S. flaveus RT1-1 can be potentially used for management of anthracnose in coffee, offering a sustainable alternative to chemical fungicides.

The potential of chlorine and oligochitosan in controlling the fungus Colletotrichum sp. causing anthracnose disease on yellow horn pepper under net house and post-harvest storage conditions. Research objective (1) is to evaluate the efficacy of Chlorine 0.2% and Oligochitosan 3% in controlling anthracnose disease on yellow horn pepper fruit under net house conditions. Results showed that applying both Chlorine 0.2% and Oligochitosan 3% twice (before and after inoculation) was effective in controlling anthracnose disease on yellow horn pepper fruit. Specifically, Chlorine 0.2% achieved a disease reduction efficacy of 31.2% at 11 Daises After Inoculation (DAI). (2) the application time of chlorine 0.2% and oligochitosan 3% for inhibition against Colletotrichum sp. The Col-8-ĐT strain causing anthracnose disease on horn pepper fruit under laboratory conditions (post-harvest storage), both chlorine 0.2% and oligochitosan 3% were capable of controlling post-harvest anthracnose disease on pepper fruit; soaking pepper fruit in chlorine 0.2% for 5 minutes showed an inhibition efficiency of up to 93% at 6 DAI

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a major phytopathogenic ascomycete that causes anthracnose disease in cardamom plants. Here, we report the discovery of a novel double-stranded (ds) RNA virus in C. gloeosporioides. The virus genome consisted of four dsRNA segments, ranging in length from 2522bp to 1236bp. Each dsRNA has a single open reading frame flanked by 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs). dsRNA1 codes for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and dsRNA2 codes for a hypothetical protein with maximum similarity to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides polymycovirus 1 and Colletotrichum camelliae filamentous virus 1, respectively. The methyltransferase encoded by dsRNA3 and the proline-alanine-serine-rich protein (PASrp) encoded by dsRNA4 showed similarity to those of Fusarium redolens polymycovirus 1. Phylogenetic analysis based on RdRp sequences revealed that this virus clusters with known members of the family Polymycoviridae. Based on these observations, this virus isolate is tentatively named Colletotrichum gloeosporioides polymycovirus 2 (CgPmV2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of a polymycovirus from India.