Mobile Phone Antenna Research Articles

Compact design of UHF RFID and NFC antennas for mobile phones

A small size and low-profile antenna has been developed in order to provide any mobile phone with ultra-high frequency (UHF) radiofrequency identification (RFID) reader functionality. For that purpose, a patch antenna topology has been chosen on account of the mobile phone battery, which exhibits an electromagnetic behaviour similar to a metal plane. The low-profile patch antenna has been designed to operate at the European UHF RFID band. To communicate the mobile phone with the RFID reader module, near-field communication (NFC) technology has been considered. Thus, an NFC antenna, based on square coils, operating at 13.56 MHz has been also designed. Such antenna has been etched on the opposite side of the patch antenna. Overall dimensions of the prototype are 60 mm × 100 mm, i.e. small enough to fit the dimensions of a mobile phone. As proof of concepts to evaluate the performance of the designed antennas, an UHF RFID reader module and an NFC reader module are tested. The measured read range reaches up to 1 m for some commercial tags.

Investigation of Dosimetry in Four Human Head Models for Planar Monopole Antenna with a Coupling Feed for LTE/WWAN/WLAN Internal Mobile Phone

— The objective of the present study is to evaluate the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) within the human head model exposed to the radiation of planar monopole antenna with T-shaped coupling feed and an inductive shorting strip. The presented design has a compact structure, a planar configuration and occupying a small size of 36×20mm 2 . Two wide bands can be generated by the proposed antenna 546 MHz (734-1280 MHz) and 1066 MHz (1934-3000 MHz) for the LTE/WWAN/WLAN internal mobile phone. The antenna performance parameters comprising return loss, radiation patterns, and gain are discussed. In this research work four different human head models have been implemented: homogenous spherical head, spherical seven layer model, Specific Anthropomorphic Mannequin (SAM) phantom and HUGO human head model. On the other hand the effects of operating frequency and gap distance between the mobile phone antenna and the human head model on distributions of the SAR inside the human head are investigated. All the simulations are done for three different distances between the antenna and the head model (5 mm, 10 mm and 20 mm). Moreover, the SAR levels for the head tissues are calculated in accordance to the two currently accepted standards: Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP).

The effect of Base Transceiver Station waves on some immunological and hematological factors in exposed persons

Since the number of mobile subscribers has significantly increased in recent years, the installation and deployment of Base Transceiver Station (BTS) antennas sending and receiving signals has become common and inevitable in different regions. In this study, we have tried to evaluate the effect of the waves on some immunological and hematological parameters in exposed individuals. In this study, the exposed and non-exposed individuals were used as the test and control groups, respectively. The test group was healthy people who resided in the vicinity of the Base Transceiver Station (BTS) antenna and received the maximum of radiation. The control group was selected from the healthy individuals that were matched with the exposed group by age. They resided in a distance of Base Transceiver Station (BTS) antenna and received the minimum of radiation. After stating complete explanations and obtaining the consent, the venous blood samples were taken from them. Then, CBC and the level of cytokines including IL-4, IL-10 and interferon γ were performed on the samples and the results were analyzed by SPSS software. In the test group, the whole number of white blood cells, the level of hematocrit, percent of monocytes, eosinophils and basophils were significantly lower than the control group. The number of red blood cells, their average volume and the mean concentration of hemoglobin were notably higher than the controls. There was not observed a significant difference between the two groups in hemoglobin, its mean concentration, platelet count, percent of lymphocytes and neutrophils as well as serum levels of cytokines IL-4, IL-10 and interferon γ . It seems that radiation of mobile phone antennas influenced the blood and immune systems, but further study should be done to exactly determine the targets.

Specific Absorption Rate Assessment on Human Head Due to Radiations by Mobile Phone Antenna

Abstract Development of mobile phone communication infrastructure in the world has promoted which lead public concern over possible health effect exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic energy (RFEME) emanating from mobile phone antenna. The Micro-strip patch antenna plays an important role in electromagnetic energy transmitting and receiving phenomena in mobile phone. This paper makes an effort to assess the mobile radiation exposure effect on 4 years child, 8years child and an adult head model. Hand held device model having micro-strip antenna is used for human interaction. The software simulation performed by Computer simulation technique (CST) software based on Finite difference Time Domain Technique yields specific absorption rate and 3D-thermal distribution on spherical human head.

Impedance Analysis of Mobile Phone Antenna in the Presence of User's Hand

User interaction (UI) has been identified to degrade the performance of the antenna. A system that measures impedance characteristics of a planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) when there are user interactions is designed using Keysight VEE Pro. The operational frequencies of the antenna are 900 MHz and 1800 MHz at low band and high band, respectively. The obtained results are compared and then a new impedance matching circuit is proposed and designed by using ADS (Advanced Design System). The proposed matching circuit at each operating frequency is a basic lumped circuit using the L network. Both simulation and experimental work have been done.

Comprehensive personal RF-EMF exposure map and its potential use in epidemiological studies

In recent years, numerous epidemiological studies, which deal with the potential effects of mobile phone antennas on health, have almost exclusively focused on their distance to mobile phone base stations. Although it is known that this is not the best approach to the problem, this situation occurs due to the numerous difficulties when determining the personal exposure to the radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF).However, due to the rise of personal exposimeters, the evolution of spatial statistics, the development of geographical information systems and the use of powerful software, new alternatives are available to deal with these epidemiological studies and thus overcome the aforementioned difficulties. Using these tools, this paper presents a lattice map of personal RF-EMF exposure from exterior mobile phone base stations, covering the entire 110 administrative regions in the city of Albacete (Spain). For this purpose, we used a personal exposimeter, Satimo EME Spy 140 model, performing measurements every 4s The exposimeter was located inside the plastic basket of a bicycle, whose versatility permitted the access to all the zones of the city.Once the exposure map was prepared, its relation with the known antenna locations was studied. The 64 mobile telephone antennas of the city were also georeferenced; the randomness of both variables (exposure and antennas) were studied by means of the Moran's I test. Results showed that the distribution of the antennas follows a grouped pattern (p<0.001), while the distribution of the average exposure values have a random distribution (p=0.618). In addition, we showed two Spearman correlation studies: the first between the average exposure values and the number of mobile telephone antennas per administrative region, and the second, also considering the antennas of the neighbouring regions. No substantial correlation was detected in either of the two cases.This study also reveals the weaknesses of the epidemiological studies, which only take into account the distance to the antennas, which would provide a new approach to the problem. By precisely knowing the resident population of each administrative region of the city, this proves to be highly useful to rely on a prepared aggregate data map based on the mean exposure values to RF-EMF in these sections. The displayed map would permit the execution of more accurate epidemiological studies, since it would be possible to compare the exposure measurements with the incidence data of a disease.

SAR reduction in the modelled human head for the mobile phone using different material shields

AbstractEvery mobile phone emits radio frequency electromagnetic energy. The amount of this energy absorbed by the human head is measured by the specific absorption rate (SAR). There are standard limits, according to which phones sold should be below certain SAR level. To maintain these limits, shields can be used for the mobile phones. In this paper using ANSYS HFSS, modelling of the human head is done. The modern mobile phone design is used for simulation. SAR distribution is measured for different layers of the head due to exposure to radiation from the mobile phone operating at GSM-1800 frequency band. The performance of the mobile phone antenna due to different shields is observed. Proper shielding material properties are found.

Design of Miniaturized Printed Antenna for Mobile Phones

Design of Miniaturized Printed Antenna for Mobile Phones

Design of the Twelve-bands MIMO Antenna for the Metal Cover Mobile Phone

Design of the Twelve-bands MIMO Antenna for the Metal Cover Mobile Phone

Multiband Printed Loop Mobile Phone Antenna for LTE/WWAN/GNSS Application

A multiband printed loop mobile phone antenna for LTE/WWAN/GNSS application is presented. It covers seven communication bands (VSWR &lt; 3) and GNSS band (VSWR &lt; 1.5). The so-called GNSS (global navigation satellite system) band includes COMPASS, GALILEO, GPS, and GLONASS. From the analysis of the structure, the coupled-fed antenna mainly consists of three parts: the feeding strip, shorted strip, and U-shaped parasitic coupling strip. The proposed antenna works in three resonant modes, respectively, at 860 MHz (0.25λ), 1620 MHz (0.5λ), and 2620 MHz (1λ). A solution is provided, by which the navigation antenna can be integrated into the communication main antenna to save space. The antenna not only can work in GSM850/900/1800/1900/UMTS2100/LTE2300/2500 bands but also covers the world’s four major navigation systems. Moreover, the proposed antenna can be easily printed on the circuit board without loading any lumped element and only occupies a small volume of 18 × 32 × 3 mm3, which is suitable for smartphone application. In addition, the redundant design of multinavigation system is quite favorable for the elimination of errors or shadow area caused by single navigation system, especially for outdoor investigation, national security, and so on.

Analysis and Optimization of a PIFA Antenna Radiation Performance in the Presence of a User

This paper presents the analysis and optimization of a PIFA antenna radiation performance in the presence of the user. The antenna covers GSM-900 (0.86-0.96 GHz) and DCS-1800 (1.71-1.8 GHz). The user is quantified and interprets with a Specific Anthropomorphic Mannequin (SAM). We used the method of adaptation. Indeed, we used an LC resonator placed between the power supply and radiating patch to ensure adaptation (to maximize gain).The simulation results show a good compromise between the factors in the design of mobile phone antennas. The parameters considered in this work are the resonant frequency, return loss, bandwidth, radiation pattern, gain and the specific absorption rate (SAR). All simulation results were made by the CST Microwave Studio.

DESIGN OF T-SHAPED FRACTAL PATCH ANTENNA FOR WIRELESS APPLICATIONS

Since the evolution of the patch antennas, there is rapid growth observed in the applications of the patch antenna. There are number of advantages such as small size, ease of fabrication and installment, and a stable performance, so there are huge number of designs has been developed and presented by the researchers time to time. Taking an example of the mobile phone antennas, the antenna must have a small size and must be capable to resonate at multiple frequency bands. Reviewing about the various requirements of the antenna design for the wireless applications a novel multiple band fractal patch antenna has been designed. In this paper, a T-shaped patch antenna has been designed and discussed and fractal geometry has been applied to it in order to obtain self-similar characteristics. The dimensions of the Square Patch has been taken as 36 x 36 mm. Dimension of ground has been taken as been taken as 50 x 50 mm. The substrate material used for antenna design is FR-4 having dielectric constant 4.4. Antenna resonates at four operating bands 3.5 GHz, 4.48 GHz, 6.1 GHz and 8.17 GHz. This antenna has return loss of -16.76 dB, -16 dB, -28.63 dB and -15.03dB with bandwidth of 432 MHz, 332 MHz, 295 MHz and 364 MHz at resonant frequencies. Further this antenna has impressive gain of 3.55 dBi, 5.7 dBi and 3.16 dBi and 3.27 dBi at corresponding frequencies. This antenna can be useful for Wi-Max, 4G network, WLAN, Satellite & RADAR communication applications.

基于零阶谐振超材料的新型LTE智能手机天线设计

With the rapid development of next-generation wireless communication systems, a novel smart mobile phone antenna covering Long-Term Evolution (LTE) bands is proposed based on the theory of composite rightand left-handed (CRLH) transmission lines, which can be used to design a miniaturized and multi-band antenna. In this paper, the theory of zeroth-order resonance (ZOR) is particularly recommended for antenna design to produce the equivalent left-handed capacitor and left-handed inductor. In the meantime, the ground current is also used to achieve miniaturization. The proposed ZOR metamaterial antenna can cover LTE747/GSM850/900 and DCS1800/PCS1900/UTMS/LTE2300/2600; further, it provides the performance benefits of an effective radiation pattern, as well as high gain and high efficiency, which can meet the requirements of a LTE smart mobile phone. The performance impact of the proposed antennas operating characteristics is also analyzed. The measured results of the fabricated antenna are in good agreement with the simulated antenna. They confirm that the fabricated ZOR metamaterial antenna offers the advantages of miniaturization and good performance.

Design of GSM/LTE multiband application for mobile phone antennas

A novel compact multiband planar antenna fed by a microstrip line structure is presented. The proposed antenna is developed for wireless communication applications of the global system for mobile (GSM) communication and long-term evolution (LTE) in different service bands of 900, 1800, 1900, 2300, and 2500 MHz. The antenna has five bands, and the structure is a combination of a monopole antenna and a coupled ground line fabricated on an FR4 substrate. The proposed antenna can be embedded in mobile phones for GSM and LTE applications. The measured peak gains are ∼2.12 and 3.82 dBi for the GSM and LTE bands, respectively.

Design and Implementation of Multiband Internal Antenna for LTE Mobile Handset

In this paper, we proposed a multiband internal antenna for LTE mobile handset that could be used for mobile devices. The proposed antenna has a volume of , ground plane size is , and covers 9 service frequency bands including LTE(Long Term Evolution) band with VSWR(Vlotage Standing Wave Ratio) less than 3. With rapid change of technologies, people wants to include more function into one device. In addition, each country uses different frequency band for traffic service, it is necessary to design multiband antenna for mobile phone since traveling foreign country needs roaming. And if we can cover several services with one antenna, cost and volume needed for antennas are minimized. A HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator) of the Ansoft Corporation based on a finite element method is employed to analyze the proposed antenna in the design process and to compare the simulation and experimental results.

Simulation of mobile phone antenna performance

Simulation of mobile phone antenna performance

접지에 둘러싸인 휴대폰을 위한 6중 밴드 하이브리드 MIMO 안테나

본 논문에서는 6중 이동통신 대역을 만족하는 단말기용 PIFA(Planar Inverted F Antenna) + IFA(Inverted F Antenna) 하이브리드 MIMO(Multi Input Multi Output) 안테나를 설계하고, 이를 구현하였다. 커플링 급전구조를 이용하여 PIFA와 IFA가 동시에 동작하도록 함으로써 접지 면이 많은 현재의 스마트폰에 효과적으로 적용될 수 있도록 시도하였다. 후면이 접지인 부분에는 PIFA를 설계하였고, 접지가 없는 휴대폰 상단 작은 공간에는 IFA를 설계하였다. 안테나는 폰과 동일한 크기로 carrier가 없는 PCB embedded로 대각선 급전 MIMO 안테나로 구현하였다. 베어보드에 구현된 안테나는 CDMA, GSM900, DCS, KPCS, USPCS, WCDMA의 6중 이동통신 서비스 대역에서 VSWR 3 : 1 이하의 특성을 만족하였다. 평균이득과 효율은 CDMA, GSM900대역에서 -5.19~-3.16 dBi 및 30.27~48.26 %를 보였다. 또한, DCS, KPCS, USPCS, WCDMA 대역에서는 -9.50~-5.19 dBi의 평균이득과 11.23~30.28 %의 효율특성을 가짐으로써 휴대폰 안테나로 적용될 수 있음을 보였다. In this paper, we designed and implemented a PIFA(Planar Inverted F Antenna) + IFA(Inverted F Antenna) hybrid MIMO(Multi Input Multi Output) antenna for the hexa mobile communication service band. By the simultaneous operation both PIFA and IFA using the coupled feeding structure, we tried for application to modern mobile phones that have large ground size. A PIFA is applied to the ground area, and an IFA is applied to no ground small space on top of the phone. A diagonal fed MIMO antenna is implemented PCB embedded type without antenna carrier component. Implemented antenna on the bare board measured within 3 : 1 for VSWR under hexa mobile communication band as CDMA, GSM900, DCS, KPCS, USPCS, and WCDMA. Measured average gains and efficiencies were -5.19~-3.16 dBi and 30.27~48.26 % for the CDMA, GSM900 band, and -9.50~-5.19 dBi and 11.23~30.28 % for the DCS, KPCS, USPCS, WCDMA band. It's shown that studied antenna can be applied to the antenna for the modern mobile phone.

Buffeting Wind Load on Antennas with Rooftop Site

Most of the mobile phone antennas are located in urban areas. An economical solution is to place the antennas on top of existing buildings. In practice, any effect that the building has on the antenna wind load is neglected. Wind tunnel investigations and numerical simulations show that the wind loading might increase in some cases by up to 30% compared with the free flow.

LTE smartphone antenna design based on zeroth-order resonant metamaterials

With the rapid development of next-generation wireless communication systems, a novel smart mobile phone antenna covering Long-Term Evolution (LTE) bands is proposed based on the theory of composite rightand left-handed (CRLH) transmission lines, which can be used to design a miniaturized and multi-band antenna. In this paper, the theory of zeroth-order resonance (ZOR) is particularly recommended for antenna design to produce the equivalent left-handed capacitor and left-handed inductor. In the meantime, the ground current is also used to achieve miniaturization. The proposed ZOR metamaterial antenna can cover LTE747/GSM850/900 and DCS1800/PCS1900/UTMS/LTE2300/2600; further, it provides the performance benefits of an effective radiation pattern, as well as high gain and high efficiency, which can meet the requirements of a LTE smart mobile phone. The performance impact of the proposed antennas operating characteristics is also analyzed. The measured results of the fabricated antenna are in good agreement with the simulated antenna. They confirm that the fabricated ZOR metamaterial antenna offers the advantages of miniaturization and good performance.

Novel Miniaturized Octaband Antenna for LTE Smart Handset Applications

A novel octaband LTE mobile phone antenna is presented, which has a compact size with the overall dimension of 35 mm × 9 mm × 3 mm. The miniaturized octaband antenna is implemented by a simple prototype of three parts which include a folded monopole as feeding element, main radiator element, and parasitic radiator element. The main and parasitic radiator elements are excited by the folded monopole feeding element coupling and shorting to the handset ground plane. A wide bandwidth in low-frequency bands covering from 747 MHz to 960 MHz (LTE Band13/GSM850/GSM900) is contributed by both main and parasitic radiator elements. In addition, the folded monopole is designed to resonate at 2530 MHz, and the coupling between the feeding element and main radiator element is designed to resonate at 1840 MHz. Subsequently, the wide bandwidth in high-frequency bands covering from 1710 MHz to 2690 MHz (DCS1800/PCS1900/WCDMA2100/LTE2300/LTE2500) is contributed by both structures. The antenna has the total efficiency up to 30% in low bands and up to 75% in high bands, respectively. At the same time, the proposed miniaturized octaband LTE mobile phone antenna is fabricated and tested to verify the design.