Anode Material For Lithium-ion Batteries Research Articles

Core–shell Fe2O3@MnO2 nanoring composites as anode materials for high-performance lithium-ion batteries

Core–shell Fe2O3@MnO2 nanoring composites as anode materials for high-performance lithium-ion batteries

DFT investigation on effectiveness of Beryllium-doped and defective graphene for anode material in lithium-ion batteries

Lithium-ion batteries employing graphite as the anode material are now widely used in powering electronic gadgets like, mobile phones, laptops, electronic watches and calculators and also to provide required power to run engine of electric vehicles. However, storage capacity, open circuit voltage, energy density and battery life are the major considerations on which researchers are trying different alternatives to achieve better performance of the battery. In this research, Beryllium-doped and defective graphenes have been investigated by employing the ab initio DFT method. It has been found that graphene with a defect and Be–doped graphene with defects can serve as an efficient materials for anode in Li-ion batteries.

Controllable Synthesis of Hollow Dodecahedral Si@C Core-Shell Structures for Ultrastable Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Silicon (Si) has attracted considerable attention as a promising alternative to graphite in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) because of its high theoretical capacity and voltage. However, the durability and cycling stability of Si-based composites have emerged as major obstacles to their widespread adoption as LIBs anode materials. To tackle these challenges, a hollow core-shell dodecahedra structure of a Si-based composite (HD-Si@C) is developed through a novel double-layer in situ growth approach. This innovative design ensures that the nano-sized Si particles are evenly distributed within a hollow carbon shell, effectively addressing issues like Si fragmentation, volume expansion, and detachment from the carbon layer during cycles. The HD-Si@C composite demonstrates remarkable structural integrity as a LIBs anode, resulting in exceptional electrochemical performance and promising practical applications, as evidenced by tests in pouch-type full cells. Notably, the composite shows outstanding cycling stability, retaining 85% of its initial capacity (713 mAh g-1) even after 3000 cycles at a high current rate of 5000mA g-1. Additionally, the material achieves a gravimetric energy density of 369Wh kg-1, showcasing its potential for efficient energy storage solutions. This research signifies a significant step toward realizing the practical utilization of Si-based materials in the next generation of LIBs.

Synthesis of C@Si composite materials for lithium battery anode using Chinese rose as carbon source

As a promising anode for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), silicon (Si) has been studied due to its high specific capacity. However, significant volume change during charge-discharge process has seriously impeded its practical application. Compounding with carbon is one of the methods to solve this problem. In this paper, biomass carbon is prepared by high temperature carbonization of Chinese rose petals. Different mass ratios of Si nanoparticles are embedded in the biomass carbon to produce C@Si composites. The as-prepared C@Si composites are assembled into LIBs to investigate their electrochemical performance. As an anode material for LIBs, the manufactured C@Si composite material (Si-25 wt%) manifests a stable cycling performance (524 mAh•g−1 at 0.1 A•g−1 after 100 cycles), a long cycle life (581 mAh•g−1 at 1 A•g−1 after 400 cycles) and excellent rate capability. And its initial coulombic efficiency at the current density of 1 A•g−1 (99.62 %) is much larger than that of pure nano-Si (29.45 %). The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results indicate that the C@Si composite materials can behave as an ideal capacitor. This study reveals the possibility of changing flower petals to carbon material and the potential applications in the field of LIBs.

Nanosizing strategy to fabricate uniformly dispersed NiO/Ni/lignin porous carbon composites for high lithium storage

Nickel oxide is considered a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Nevertheless, its performance is hindered by significant volume expansion and low electrical conductivity, particularly at larger particle sizes, which lead to a notable decrease in lithium storage capacity and rate performance. To address these challenges, we introduce a nanocomposite strategy to synthesise nickel oxide and lignin-derived porous carbon composites (LPC/Ni/NiO). Through in situ polymerization, lignin macromolecules form a uniform 3D network with nickel carbonate, which, during the subsequent carbonisation process, results in the formation of nickel oxide within a conductive carbon network. This approach reduces the nickel oxide to nanosize and enhances the composite's electrical conductivity, effectively integrating the buffering framework of porous carbon with the high storage capacity of nickel oxide. As a result, the LPC/Ni/NiO composite exhibited significantly improved lithium storage capacity. Notably, when employed as an anode material in lithium-ion half-cells, the optimized composite maintained an excellent specific capacity of 1065 mAh/g after 100 cycles at a current density of 0.2 A/g. It also shown exceptional rate performance, delivering a specific discharge capacity of 505 mAh/g at a current density of 2 A/g, with stable cycling performance. The electrochemical reaction process was further validated using in ex-situ EIS. This study offers valuable insights into scalable synthesis methods for oxide nanocomposites, highlighting their potential as promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.

Three-dimensional porous structure CoP/N-doped carbon nanospheres as anode for enhanced lithium storage performance

Transition metal phosphides (TMPs) with high theoretical capacities and safe operating voltage are recognized as prospective anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). While, the huge volume expansion and low conductivity of TMPs still restrict their applications. Engineering nanostructured composites consisting of TMPs and conductive carbon-based materials is of great importance to improve electrochemical performance. Herein, a novel and facile pyrolysis-oxidation-phosphidation approach is designed to fabricate porous nanospheres composing of CoP nanoparticles and N-doped carbon substrate. The abundant pores in CoP/N-C provide ample active sites for lithium storage and facilitate Li+ transport. The introduction of N-doped carbon substrate enhances the electrical conductivity, allowing CoP to maintain its structure during cycling. The CoP/N-C anode achieves remarkable cycle performance, maintaining an extremely stable cycle life over 2000 cycles at 5 A g−1. More importantly, the full cell consisting of CoP/N-C and LiFePO4 also exhibits a prominent cycling durability with a capacity retention of 96.5 % at 0.1 A g−1 after 150 cycles. This work proposes a simple and feasible structural engineering strategy, which can provide a new way for optimizing the electrochemical performance of conversion-type anode materials.

Unveiling Potential of Gallium Ferrite (GaFeO3) as an Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) serve as the backbone of modern technologies with ongoing efforts to enhance their performance and sustainability driving the exploration of new electrode materials. This study introduces a new type of alloy-conversion-based gallium ferrite (GFO: GaFeO3) as a potential anode material for Li-ion battery applications. The GFO was synthesized by a one-step mechanochemistry-assisted solid-state method. The powder X-ray diffraction analysis confirms the presence of an orthorhombic phase with the Pc21 n space group. The photoelectron spectroscopy studies reveal the presence of Ga3+ and Fe3+ oxidation states of gallium and iron atoms in the GFO structure. The GFO was evaluated as an anode material for Li-ion battery applications, displaying a high discharge capacity of ∼887 mA h g-1 and retaining a stable capacity of ∼200 mA h g-1 over 450 cycles, with a Coulombic efficiency of 99.6 % at a current density of 100 mA g-1. Cyclic voltammetry studies confirm an alloy-conversion-based reaction mechanism in the GFO anode. Furthermore, density functional theory studies reveal the reaction mechanism during cycling and Li-ion diffusion pathways in the GFO anode. These results strongly suggest that the GFO could be an alternative anode material in LIBs.

In Situ Construction of Crumpled Ti3C2Tx Nanosheets Confined S-Doping Red Phosphorus by Ti-O-P Bonds for LIBs Anode with Enhanced Electrochemical Performance.

Red phosphorus (RP) with a high theoretical specific capacity (2596 mA h g-1) and a moderate lithiation potential (∼0.7 V vs Li+/Li) holds promise as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which still confronts discernible challenges, including low electrical conductivity, substantial volumetric expansion of 300%, and the shuttle effect induced by soluble lithium polyphosphide (LixPPs). Here, S-NRP@Ti3C2Tx composites were in situ prepared through a phosphorus-amine-based method, wherein S-doped red phosphorus nanoparticles (S-NRP) grew and anchored on the crumpled Ti3C2Tx nanosheets via Ti-O-P bonds, constructing a three-dimensional porous structure which provides fast channels for ion and electron transport and effectively buffers the volume expansion of RP. Interestingly, based on the results of adsorption experiments of polyphosphate and DFT calculation, Ti3C2Tx with abundant oxygen functional groups delivers a strong chemical adsorption effect on LixPPs, thus suppressing the shuttle effect and reducing irreversible capacity loss. Furthermore, S-doping improved the conductivity of red phosphorus nanoparticles, facilitating Li-P redox kinetics. Hence, the S-NRP@Ti3C2Tx anode demonstrates outstanding rate performance (1824 and 1090 mA h g-1 at 0.2 and 4.0 A g-1, respectively) and superior cycling performance (1401 mAh g-1 after 500 cycles at 2.0 A g-1).

Oxygen Self-Doping Bi2S3@C Spheric Successfully Enhanced Long-Term Performance in Lithium-Ion Batteries.

High theoretical capacity of Bi2S3 propels it toward an ideal anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs); however, rapid capacity attenuation and poor long-term stability are major barriers to widespread application. In this work, an oxygen self-doping strategy was utilized to synthesize O-Bi2S3@C, significantly increasing the amount of active sites for lithium-ion storage. Meanwhile, sulfur vacancies were formed to improve the electrical conductivity and ionic transport efficiency, enhance the long-term stability, and accelerate the electrochemical kinetics of Bi2S3@C. O-BSC-S1:3 anode exhibits a reversible capacity of 673.1 mAh g-1 at 0.2 A g-1. It retains a long-term capacity of 596.3 mAh g-1 over 1100 cycles at a high density of 3 A g-1 in LIBs. Moreover, the installed O-Bi2S3@C//LiCoO2 full battery offers exceptional reversible capacity and remarkable cyclability (325.2 mAh g-1 after 200 cycles) at 0.2 A g-1. The combined strategy of oxygen self-doping and sulfur vacancy effectively enhances the reversible capacity and cycling life of Bi2S3, providing an approach for the design of high-performance transition metal sulfide anodes for LIBs.

Micron silicon-oxide-carbon coated with TiOx(OH)y layer as better performance anode for lithium-ion batteries

Micron-silicon based material is a promising anode material for high performance lithium batteries due to its ultra-high specific capacity. However, the volume expansion exceeds 300 % during charging and discharging, resulting in the collapse of the electrode structure and a rapid decline in electrochemical performance. Coating the surface of silicon-based materials with flexible ionic conductors is an effective method to maintain their high capacity and suppress swelling. Here, to further improve the electrochemical performance of silicon-based materials, we have deposited a titanate-type ionic conductor layer on a micron-sized silicon-carbon oxide (SiOX-C) material to synthesize the SiOX-C@TiOx(OH)y material. The TiOx(OH)y layer not only exhibits the elastic properties of a superpolymer to mitigate swelling strain, but also has a fast capacitance effect to improve its rate performance. In addition, the interfacial charge transport of SiOX-C@TiOx(OH)y is enhanced due to the structural diversity of the TiOx(OH)y layer. For the above mechanisms, the SiOX-C@TiOx(OH)y has a specific capacity of 278.3 mAh g−1 under high current of 3500 mA g−1. Meanwhile, the SiOX-C@TiOx(OH)y with the capacity retention of 67 % is achieved at 2000 mA g−1 after 100 cycles.

A cubic perovskite fluoride anode with the surface conversion reactions dominated mechanism for advanced lithium-ion batteries.

Perovskite fluorides are attractive anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) because of their three-dimensional diffusion channels and robust structures, which is advantageous for the rapid transmission of lithium ions. Unfortunately, the wide band gap results in poor electronic conductivity, which limits their further development and application. Herein, the cubic perovskite iron fluoride (KFeF3, KFF) nanocrystals (~100 nm) are synthesized by a one-step solvothermal strategy. Thanks to the good electrical conductivity of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), the overall electrochemical performance of composite anode material (KFF-CNTs) has been significantly improved. In particular, the KFF-CNTs delives a high specific capacity (363.8 mAh g-1), good rate performance (131.6 mAh g-1 at 3.2 A g-1), and superior cycle stability (500 cycles). Noted that the surface conversion reactions play a dominant role in the electrochemical process of KFF-CNTs, together with the stable octahedral perovskite structure and nanoscale particle sizes achieving high ion diffusion coefficients. Furthermore, the specific lithium storage mechanism of KFF has explored by the distribution of relaxation times (DRT) technology. This work opens up a new way for developing cubic perovskite fluorides as high-capacity and robust anode materials for LIBs.

Поведение электроосажденной пленки кремния на стеклоуглероде при литировании и делитировании

Silicon is one of the promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries with enhanced performance. However, the degradation of silicon during lithiation/delithiation is still the main problem that prevents it commercial use as electrodes. In this work the behavior of a silicon film of about 5–6 µm thick electrodeposited from LiCl-KCl-CsCl-K2SiF6 melt on glassy carbon was studied during its lithiation and delithiation, the film being a part of the anode half-cell of a lithium-ion battery. For this purpose, the methods of cycling in galvanostatic mode, electrochemical impedance, and scanning electron microscopy were used. The principal possibility of lithiation/delithiation of the film was shown and its energy characteristics during multiple cycling were determined. However, during 714 charge-discharge cycles with the current being 0.84 A/g the discharge capacity decreased from 723 to 58 mA·h/g. It was noted that the cause of degradation of the investigated sample was the detachment of the film from the glassy carbon substrate and its cracking.

Enhancing Tin Dioxide Anode Performance by Narrowing the Potential Range and Optimizing Electrolytes

Tin dioxide (SnO2) is a low-cost and high-capacity anode material for lithium-ion batteries, but the fast capacity fading significantly limits its practical applications. Current research efforts have focused on preparing sophisticated composite structures or optimizing functional binders, both of which increase material manufacturing costs. Herein, we utilize pristine and commercially available SnO2 nanopowders and enhance their cycling performance by simply narrowing the potential range and optimizing electrolytes. Specifically, a narrower potential range (0–1 V) mitigates the capacity fading associated with the conversion reaction, whereas an ether-based electrolyte further suppresses the volume expansion related to the alloy reaction. Consequently, this SnO2 anode delivers a promising battery performance, with a high capacity of ~650 mAhg−1 and stable cycling for 100 cycles. Our work provides an alternative approach to developing high-capacity and long-cycling metal oxide anode materials.

Effect of precursor morphology on the electrochemical performance of porous Si anodes prepared by magnesiothermic reduction

The magnesiothermic reduction of SiO2 to Si is a promising route for preparing high-energy-density Si-based anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. However, the effect of the initial morphological properties of SiO2 on the electrochemical performance of Si remains unclear. Herein, porous Si (PSi) particles were prepared from four different SiO2 precursors, namely, spherical SiO2 particles with diameters of 0.3 and 20 μm (denoted SiO2-0.3 and SiO2-20, respectively), fumed SiO2 powder (denoted SiO2-F), and well-ordered mesoporous SiO2 particles (denoted SiO2-K). Highly crystalline PSi particles were obtained after magnesiothermic reduction and subsequent HCl and HF etching. PSi prepared from SiO2-0.3 maintained its precursor morphology to some extent, whereas highly irregular Si particles were produced from SiO2-20, SiO2-F, and SiO2-K. Among the PSi particles, those prepared from SiO2-0.3 delivered the highest reversible capacity (1427 mAh g–1 at 0.1 A g–1) after 50 discharge–charge cycles. Because of the unique hierarchically porous morphology of PSi prepared from SiO2-0.3, the expansion of its electrode thickness was suppressed below 140 %. Moreover, owing to its nanosized Si domains and good electrode wetting, PSi prepared from SiO2-0.3 demonstrated improved electrochemical properties compared with those prepared from SiO2-F and SiO2-K.

Functionalized MBene, Ti[formula omitted]BX[formula omitted] (X=Si, Ge, P, As) as potential excellent anode materials for lithium and sodium-ion batteries: A first-principles study

In the search for next-generation energy storage devices, superior-performance alternative electrode materials based on two-dimensional materials for rechargeable metal-ion batteries are essential. Here, we explored group III and IV functionalization of 2D Ti2B, Ti2BX2 (X=Si, Ge, P, As) as anode materials for Li and Na ion batteries using first-principles calculations. The structures had excellent metallic properties and demonstrated energetically favorable adsorptions for metal ions. Analyzing charge transfer and electronic band structures, silicon and phosphorous-functionalized Ti2B (Ti2BSi2 and Ti2BP2) showed the most potential. The energy band diagrams showed that both Ti2BSi2 and Ti2BP2 had metallic characteristics after Li and Na-ion adsorption, which offered considerable advantage for rechargeable-ion batteries. The structures exhibited low energy barriers for Li and Na-ion migration. The minimum energy barriers calculated for Na were 0.08 eV for Ti2BSi2 and 0.24 eV for Ti2BP2. Theoretical specific capacity and open circuit voltage were calculated using maximum layer adsorption. For both Li and Na, high values of specific capacity and low values of open circuit voltage (¡ 1 V) were found. Ti2BSi2 had the best performance, with a theoretical specific capacity of 1647.10 and 1317.68 mA h/g for Li and Na, respectively. Its open circuit voltages for Li and Na were 0.65 and 0.38 V. The insights of this study will be beneficial in fabricating high-performing Ti2BX2-based anodes for rechargeable Li and Na ion batteries.

Modulation of Free Carbon Structures in Polysiloxane-Derived Ceramics for Anode Materials in Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Polymer-derived silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) ceramics have garnered significant attention as novel silicon-based anode materials. However, the low conductivity of SiOC ceramics is a limiting factor, reducing both their rate capability and cycling stability. Therefore, controlling the free carbon content and its degree of graphitization within SiOC is crucial for determining battery performance. In this study, we regulated the free carbon content using divinylbenzene (DVB) and controlled the graphitization of free carbon with the transition metal iron (Fe). Through a simple pyrolysis process, we synthesized SiOC ceramic materials (CF) and investigated the impact of Fe-induced changes in the carbon phase and the amorphous SiOC phase on the comprehensive electrochemical performance. The results demonstrated that increasing the DVB content in the SiOC precursor enhanced the free carbon content, while the addition of Fe promoted the graphitization of free carbon and induced the formation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The electrochemical performance results showed that the CF electrode material exhibited a high reversible capacity of approximately 1154.05 mAh g-1 at a low current density of 100 mA g-1 and maintained good rate capability and cycling stability after 1000 cycles at a high current density of 2000 mA g-1.

The Synergistic Effect of Cross-Linked and Electrostatic Self-Assembly Si/MXene Composites Anode for Highly Efficient Lithium-Ion Battery

Silicon is a promising anode material for high-performance lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), but its rapid capacity degradation has significantly hindered its large-scale application. In this study, we propose an in situ self-assembly polymerization method to fabricate a stable silicon-based anode by leveraging electrostatic self-assembly technology, in situ esterification, and amidation reactions. The incorporation of a cross-linked polymer, combined with the synergistic effects of electrostatic interactions between negatively charged MXene and positively charged silane-coupling-agent-modified silicon, offers a novel strategy for enhancing the electrochemical performance of LIBs. Notably, annealed electrodes with a 65 wt% nmSi-NH2/MXene ratio demonstrate outstanding electrochemical performance, achieving a capacity of 929.5 mAh g⁻¹ at a current density of 1 A g⁻¹ after 100 charge/discharge cycles. These findings suggest that the integration of cross-linked polymers and electrostatic self-assembly can significantly improve the intercalation and overall electrochemical performance of silicon anodes in lithium-ion batteries.

Optimizing anode materials for lithium-ion batteries: The role of lithium iron phosphate/graphite composites

ABSTRACT In this study, a novel composite anode material for lithium-ion batteries has been developed, targeting advancements in energy storage technology. The study is centered on integrating various percentages of LiFePO4 known for its high thermal stability and high capacity when used as an anode active material with graphite to increase capacity and thermal durability of anode electrode. This approach has led to the creation of LiFePO4/graphite composite anodes, utilizing a slurry mixing technique to combine the beneficial properties of both materials. Thermogravimetric analysis indicate LiFePO4/graphite’s higher thermal stability than its graphite counterpart, which implies that the addition of LiFePO4 alters the thermal decomposition profile of the anode electrode. Electrochemical assessments show that particularly LiFePO4: graphite = 6:94 wt% composite anode electrode delivers the highest discharge capacity of 437 mAh g−1 with Coulombic efficiency of 95%; the highest discharge capacity of 385 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 70 mA g−1 with superior capacity retention and rate performance of 311.5 mAh g−1 at 700 mA g−1 compared to the graphite anode electrode. These findings highlight the potential of the LiFePO4/graphite composite as an anode material in improving lithium-ion battery performance, making it a viable option for future energy storage solutions.

Sulfur-doped silicon oxycarbide by facile pyrolysis process as an outstanding stable performance lithium-ion battery anode.

Silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) is drawing significant attention as a potential anode material for lithium-ion batteries due to its remarkable cycle life and the distinctive Si-O-C hybrid bonding within its structure. However, a notable drawback of SiOC-based electrodes is their poor electrical conductivity. In this study, we synthesized sulfur-doped silicon oxycarbide (S-SiOC) via facile one-pot pyrolysis from a mixture of commercial silicone oil with 1-dodecanethiol. Upon testing the S-SiOC electrode materials, we observed significant attributes, including an outstanding specific capacity (650 mA h g-1 at 1 A g-1), exceptional capacity retention (89.2% after 2000 cycles at 1 A g-1), and substantial potential for high mass loading of active materials (up to 2.2 mg cm-2). Sulfur doping led to enhanced diffusivity of lithium ions, as investigated through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) tests. Consequently, this sulfur-doped silicon oxycarbide, exhibiting excellent electrochemical performance, holds promising potential as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries.

Synthesis of green anode material for lithium-ion battery from orthodontic waste by fuzzy logic

Synthesis of green anode material for lithium-ion battery from orthodontic waste by fuzzy logic