Annual Review Of Anthropology Research Articles

Science Education and Student Diversity: Synthesis and Research Agenda – By Okhee Lee and Aurolyn Luykx

Science Education and Student Diversity: Synthesis and Research Agenda – By Okhee Lee and Aurolyn Luykx

Women, science, and technology: a reader in feminist science studies

Women, science, and technology: a reader in feminist science studies

Preface: The New Look of the Annual Review of Anthropology

Preface: The New Look of the <i>Annual Review of Anthropology</i>

Introduction

Introduction

Body Trade: Captivity, Cannibalism, and Colonialism in the Pacific (review)

Scholars in several fields have recently begun to view the human body as a product of specific social, cultural, and historical contexts, challenging the truth claims of the medical and epidemiological sciences concerning the physical body and the assumed universality of its biological base (see, eg, Margaret Lock's 1993 article, "Cultivating the Body," in the Annual Review of Anthropology 22:133-155). Discontent with a discursive trend that appears to him to remain overly narrow, David Harvey also suggests in his book, Spaces of Hope, that proponents of the body as a locus of analysis should take a broader approach to body politics. Body talk, he says, should be integrated with globalization talk (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001).

Forum on Institutionalizing International Anthropology

Anthropology NewsVolume 43, Issue 3 p. 10-10 Forum on Institutionalizing International Anthropology June Nash, June Nash Cuny June Nash is Distinguished Professor Emerita at CUNY. She worked on the International Directory of Anthropology as a research assistant for Sol Tax, and has published articles on “Ethnographic Aspects of the World Capitalist System” (Annual Review of Anthropology) and “Global Integration and Subsistence Insecurity” (American Anthropologist, 1994).Search for more papers by this author June Nash, June Nash Cuny June Nash is Distinguished Professor Emerita at CUNY. She worked on the International Directory of Anthropology as a research assistant for Sol Tax, and has published articles on “Ethnographic Aspects of the World Capitalist System” (Annual Review of Anthropology) and “Global Integration and Subsistence Insecurity” (American Anthropologist, 1994).Search for more papers by this author First published: 21 January 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/an.2002.43.3.10.1Citations: 1 AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume43, Issue3March 2002Pages 10-10 RelatedInformation

Reception, Identity, and the Global Village

Reception, Identity, and the Global Village

Advances in Ceramic Ethnoarchaeology

Ceramic ethnoarchaeology has developed considerably since Kramer's (Kramer, 1985, Annual Review of Anthropology 14: 77–102) review. More sophisticated readings of social theory and analyses that consider multiple variables and levels of variability have led to better understandings of social boundaries. Perceptions of ceramic change are becoming increasingly sophisticated, thanks to more long-term projects as well as research that takes advantage of new opportunities, including historic collections and nontraditional settings. The newly developing ethnoarchaeology is contributing to general anthropological understandings of material culture and society.

Can a Muslim Be an Indian?

I want to begin this paper with two simple points. One is that nations are established by constructing a core or mainstream—the essential, natural, soul of the nation, as it is claimed. The other is that minorities are constituted along with the nation—for they are the means of constituting national majorities or mainstreams. Nations, and nationalisms, are established by defining boundaries. However, these are not always—or perhaps, ever—sharply or easily defined. Nationalisms have therefore commonly moved along the path of identifying the core or mainstream of the nation. Alongside this emerge notions of minorities, marginal communities, or elements,Brackette F. Williams makes the point as follows in her discussion of ethnicity in the context of territorial and cultural nationalism. Like tribe, race, or barbarian, she notes, the label ethnicity identifies those who are at the borders of empire or nation. “Within putatively homogenous nation-states, this border is an ideologically produced boundary between ‘mainstream' and peripheral categorical units of this kind of ‘imagined' social order.” Williams, ‘A Class Act: Anthropology and the Race to Nation across Ethnic Terrain,' Annual Review of Anthropology, 18 (1989), 439. the fuzzy edges and grey areas around which the question of boundaries—geographical, social, and cultural—will be negotiated or fought over.

Physical work causes suppression of ovarian function in women.

The suppression of reproductive function is known to occur in women engaging in activities that require high energetic expenses, such as sport participation and subsistence work. It is still unclear, however, if reproductive suppression is a response to high levels of energy expenditure, or only to the resulting state of negative energy balance. To our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence that work-related energy expenditure alone, without associated negative energy balance, can lead to the suppression of reproductive function in women. We document suppression of ovarian function expressed as lowered salivary progesterone levels in women from an agricultural community who work hard, but remain in neutral energy balance. We propose two alternative evolutionary explanations (the 'pre-emptive ovarian suppression' hypothesis and the 'constrained down-regulation' hypothesis) for the observed results.

Bibliography

Bibliography

"The First Twenty Years," by Bernard J. Siegel. Annual Review of Anthropology, 22 (1993), pp. 1-34, Annual Reviews, Inc, Palo Alto

After twenty years as editor of the Annual Review ofAnthropology (ARA), Professor Siegel took on a daunting task with this article. In his words, he set out to "ponder the developments in the several subfields of anthropol­ogy over this period of time, as reflected in the topics selected for review in this enterprise" (p. 8). To this end Siegel, a cultural anthropologist, mined the collective knowledge contained within twenty years of the ARA. In his presentation, he considers the intellectual developments within each of the five subdisciplines separately (he includes applied anthropology), concluding with some brief remarks on the importance of maintaining a four or five) field approach to anthropology. For our purposes here, I will limit my comments to his section on archaeology.

The First Twenty Years

After twenty years as founder and editor of the Annual Review of Anthropology (ARA) I have been requested by the Editorial Committee to ponder the developments in the several subfields of anthropology over this period of time, as reflected in the topics selected for review in this enterprise. Where I feel some competence to do so, I shall offer a critique of where we have come from and where we might be going. Before entering into the fray, I will provide some history of the ARA and a brief account of my background, both of which affect the structure and the content of these volumes. I am pleased to report that the new editor is William Durham, a distinguished biological anthropologist whose research interests lie in the interface between biological and cultural evolution.

The First Twenty Years

After twenty years as founder and editor of the Annual Review of Anthropology (ARA) I have been requested by the Editorial Committee to ponder the developments in the several subfields of anthropology over this period of time, as reflected in the topics selected for review in this enterprise. Where I feel some competence to do so, I shall offer a critique of where we have come from and where we might be going. Before entering into the fray, I will provide some history of the ARA and a brief account of my background, both of which affect the structure and the content of these volumes. I am pleased to report that the new editor is William Durham, a distinguished biological anthropologist whose research interests lie in the interface between biological and cultural evolution.

Linguistic theory in second language acquisition Edited by Suzanne Flynn and Wayne O'Neil (review)

202LANGUAGE, VOLUME 68, NUMBER 1 (1992) to another discussion in Aitchison's chapter on psycholinguistics. The chapter on sociolinguistics by James Milroy & Leslie Milroy does not cross-reference the chapter by Martin Durrell on dialectology, and vice versa. These are minor flaws, though, in a very useful and welcome contribution to the basic reference literature. REFERENCES Bright, William (ed.) 1992. Oxford international encyclopedia of linguistics. 4 vols. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press. Crystal, David. 1987. The Cambridge encyclopedia of language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hanks, William F. 1989. Texts and textuality. Annual Review of Anthropology 18.95— 127. Newmeyer, Frederick J. (ed.) 1988. Linguistics: The Cambridge survey. Vol. I, Linguistic theory: Foundations; vol. II, Linguistic theory: Extensions and implications ; vol. IH, Language: Psychological and biological aspects; vol. IV, Language: The sociocultural context. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ogden, C. K., and I. A. Richards. 1956. The meaning of meaning. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Department of Anthropology[Received 24 January 1991 ; University of Arizonarevision received 12 March 1991.] Tucson, AZ 85721 Linguistic theory in second language acquisition. Edited by Suzanne Flynn and Wayne O'Neil. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1988. Pp. xii, 443. Cloth $79.00. Reviewed by Sara Thomas Rosen, University of Kansas Linguistic theory in second language acquisition (LTSLA) contains papers presented at the Conference on Linguistic Theory and Second Language Acquisition held at MIT in the Fall of 1985. The purpose of the conference, and of the book, was to relate the principles and parameters view of the representation of language to the representation and acquisition of a second language. The value of the book lies in placing the field of second language acquisition within theoretical linguistics. On a strong theory of the innateness of the principles of grammar (as espoused in, e.g., Chomsky 1986), much knowledge of language is not, and indeed cannot be, learned: because the core universal principles of grammar are part of our biological endowment, they need not be learned and cannot be broken or violated. Further, what is learned includes the settings ofa limited number ofparameters. Thus, a major portion oflearning a first language consists of determining the correct values of innately defined parameters. The main questions addressed in LTSLA concern the availability of this innate universal core to an adult second language learner. Is universal grammar (UG) available in any form to the second language learner, or must the learner resort to nonlinguistic cognitive mechanisms in order to learn a second language? The reader quickly finds that the answers to these questions are quite subtle and complex, and the evidence does not resoundingly favor one view or the other. REVIEWS203 In the introductory chapters to the book, Flynn & O'Neil, Ken Hale, and Frederick J. Newmeyer & Steven H. Weinberger outline the main questions the field of second language acquisition has faced and place them within a UG framework. The two prominent theories for addressing these questions are (i) contrastive analysis, which posits the transfer offeatures or parametric settings from the speaker's first language (Ll) to the second language (L2), and (ii) creative construction, which holds that the L2 learner reverts to UG and creates from scratch the features or parameter settings of the second language. Most chapters in LTSLA examine these two hypotheses (e.g. the papers by Flynn, Harald Clahsen, Irene Mazurkewich, Lydia White, Michael Sharwood Smith, Juana M. Liceras, J. W. Gair, Liliane Haegeman, Sascha W. Felix, Ellen Broselow, and Barbara Lust). The general approach is to choose a parameter P of UG for which the setting differs in speakers' Ll and L2, and to examine the L2 acquisition of constructions affected by P. With respect to the two prevailing theories of L2 acquisition, the various authors consider whether the L2 acquirer copies the setting of P from Ll to L2 (contrastive learning, or transfer), or whether the acquirer reverts to the unmarked setting of P, and proceeds from there (creative construction). In studying the availability of UG to the L2 learner, Flynn examines the acquisition of the values of the head parameter and of anaphora, Mazurkewich and White each argue for a markedness hierarchy in L2 acquisition similar to that in Ll acquisition. Clahsen presents evidence from word order in German...

On Being a Linguistic Anthropologist

Like those who have preceded me in writing Overviews for the Annual Review of Anthropology, I became an anthropologist through a series of accidents. It was still true during my undergraduate years at Columbia (1932-36) that anthropology programs existed only at the graduate level, and even then at only a few universities. The central figure was, of course, Franz Boas at Columbia, and anthropology programs at other universities were, to my knowledge, all founded by students of Boas. Anthropology during that period had a very important component in museums and governmental institutions such as the Bureau of American Ethnology, a role which has diminished proportionally during my life. Because of Boas' stature in the field and its chronological priority, the Columbia program during the period that I was an undergraduate there had an indisputable primacy in the country. As an undergraduate, however, I was completely unaware of all this until the summer of 1935, just before I entered my senior year. During that summer I chanced to read a volume edited by Calverton, The Making of Man (5), available in the then popular and easily affordable Modem Library series. My

"Any Comments on the Sociology Section, Tony?": Committee Work as Applied Anthropology in Fishery Management

I suppose this paper was provoked more than inspired.' In 1979 Miller and Van Maanen (1979) published an otherwise excellent article on Gloucester fishermen in which they sharply criticized the fishery management process established by the U.S. Fishery Conservation and Management Act (FCMA) of 1976 (Public Law 94-265). Though sympathetic to the local Regional Management Council, Miller and Van Maanen attacked the concept of "optimum y ie ld and the "gross insensitivity" of government policies (1979:384; 377) that engendered hostility, systematic law-breaking, and conflict among the fishermen themselves. I agreed with much of what Miller and Van Maanen had to say and welcomed their much-needed concrete, ethnographic data on the responses of fishermen to management measures. Nonetheless, I felt that their broadside against the management process unnecessarily tainted their arguments and would hamper rather than promote solutions to precisely the kinds of fishery management problems they so clearly and deftly documented. Moreover, by association I felt personally abused; I am one of those few anthropologists who are members of committees that advise regional fishery councils, noted by Acheson (1 98 1 : 304). Since 1978 I have been a member of the Scientific and Statistical Committee (SSC) of the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council (GMFMC), first as a member of a special Socio-Economic Committee, then, since 1979, a member of the Standing Committee. This essay is not about fishermen, fishing, or maritime anthropology; it is about applied anthropology in the rather specialized context of the fishery management committee on which I have served. "Maritime anthropology" has come of age, as evidenced by Acheson's recent (1 98 1) chapter in the Annual Review of Anthropology, and a few anthropologists have achieved considerable national visibility in fisheries management. Nonetheless, the involvement of anthropologists at the regional level, where fishery management plans are initiated, is rather anonymous and obscure. Thus, I am making this report to my colleagues. In effect this is a brief ethnographic report, perhaps "autoethnographic" report, on the role of an anthropologist in the Scientific and Statistical Committee of the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council. As an applied anthropologist I present these remarks in the spirit of George Foster's (1969:91) now rather commonplace-seeming but nonetheless important dictum that "knowledge about the social and cultural forms of the innovating organization, about the structure and functions of bureaucratic institutions, is just as essential as knowledge about recipient peoples to successful planned change." My "findings" are based upon participant observation spanning a four-year period encompassing 12 meetings of the Committee, comprising some 22 days of activity, plus reading of an astounding number of reports, memoranda, and other documents. I have been very much more a participant than an observer. I have written not a single "field note" on my experiences, and now some of my own comments recorded in official minutes of meetings are incomprehensible even to me. The press of simply understanding the many issues before the Committee and performing responsibly as a Committee member precluded any detached field study of the Committee. Hence, it might be wisest to describe the basis for this paper as "participant-retroflection," to coin a phrase. The Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council is one of the eight Councils established by the Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976. The Gulf Council is one of the largest of the eight, having 17 voting members, the same as the New England Council and exceeded only by the MidAtlantic Council with 19 members. The Gulf Council is charged with developing management plans for the "fishery conservation zone" encompassed by the entire Gulf coast from the Florida Keys to the Mexican border. This region's fisheries "account for over 34 percent by volume and 21 percent by value of the U.S. commercial harvest" (GMFMC 1980:2). Commercial fishing on the Gulf Coast varies from beach seining and oyster tonging in the inshore fisheries to roller trawling and long-lining in the offshore fisheries. Likewise, the Gulf Coast attracts millions of recreational fishermen, ranging from those far out at sea in the wake of the Hemingway mystique searching for the dramatic blue marlin, to those humble souls like myself who are content to dangle a chicken neck from a bit of string in some shallow inlet hoping to snag a few blue crabs. As of June 1982 the Gulf Council with 1 1 plans led all the regional councils in number of fishery management plans in development, extending from corals to sharks (NMFS 1982:s-7). The Gulf Coast is a region of great human variety as well. Coastal communities range from sprawling metropolises to

Connaissance et emploi des langues à l'Île Maurice By Peter Stein (review)

950LANGUAGE, VOLUME 60, NUMBER 4 (1984) REFERENCES Andersen, Roger. 1983 (ed.) Pidginization and creolization as language acquisition. Rowley, MA: Newbury House. Bickerton, Derek. 1975. Dynamics of a creóle system. Cambridge: University Press. ----- . 1976. Pidgin and creóle studies. Annual Review of Anthropology 5.169-93. ----- . 1977. Creole syntax. Final Report on NSF Grant No. GS-39748, vol. 2. Honolulu: University of Hawaii. ------ . 1979. Beginnings. The genesis of language, ed. by Kenneth C. Hill, 1-22. Ann Arbor: Karoma. ----- . 1981. Roots of language. Ann Arbor: Karoma. Chaudenson, Robert. 1974. Le lexique du parler créole de la Réunion. Paris: Champion. ------. 1979a. À propos de la genèse du créole mauricien: Le peuplement de l'île de France de 1721 à 1735. Études Créoles 2.43-57. ------ . 1979b. Les créoles français. Paris: Nathan. ----- . 1982. Review of Bickerton 1981. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 5.82-102. DecAMP, David. 1971. Introduction: The study of pidgin and creóle languages. Pidginization and creolization of languages, ed. by Dell Hymes, 13-39. CambridgeUniversity Press. Meisel, Jürgen M. 1983. Review of Bickerton 1981. To appear in Lingua. Rickford, John R. 1979. Variation in a creóle continuum: Quantitative and implicational approaches. University of Pennsylvania dissertation. Sankoff, Gillian, and Penelope Brown. 1976. The origins of syntax in discourse. Lg. 52.631-66. Sankoff, Gillian, and Suzanne Laberge. 1974. On the acquisition of native speakers by a language. Pidgins and creóles: Current trends and prospects, ed. by David DeCamp & Ian Hancock, 61-72. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. [Received 1 September 1983.] Connaissance et emploi des langues à l'île Maurice. By Peter Stein. (Kreolische Bibliothek, 2.) Hamburg: Buske, 1982. Pp. xxii, 661. Reviewed by Chris Corne, University ofAuckland This massively impressive survey of the sociolinguistics of Mauritius provides what is undoubtedly the most comprehensive and detailed survey of language use in any multilingual but basically creole-speaking community. Language use, and the concomitant question of language instrumentalization, is a burning issue in Mauritius, and this objective survey by an outsider with no axe to grind cannot but have an influence of the kind usually accorded to governmental select committees and white papers. For this reason, the book's only important flaw is potentially the more serious. There have been other surveys of Mauritius (the most recent is Chaudenson 1979, devoted to an examination of the place of French in the community), but Stein's is the first one based on the widespread use ofa detailed questionnaire— which, with related matters, is described at length in Chap. 4 (247-75). S begins that chapter by justifying his decision to paint the most comprehensive canvas possible. The questionnaire covers language knowledge and language use, as well as age, sex, religion, occupational details, schooling, residence, ethnic- REVIEWS951 ity—all of which can have a determining influence on language. S carefully describes the composition of his sample (720 people), and discusses this in relation to the parameters included in his questionnaire. Aware of the political sensitivity of language use, S approached most of his Mauritian consultants via personal introductions (cf. 271), rather than relying on random sampling techniques. This allowed him to maintain an uncontroversial profile, but has led to a skewed sample: Hindus under-represented, Chinese and Francophones over-represented. S is of course aware of this problem in his sample, and therefore in his results; and he attempts to provide in his discussions (e.g. 504 ff.) a more balanced picture than emerges from his statistics (e.g. Table 7.8, p. 545). Nonetheless, the end result is that the book over-emphasizes the role of French, and demotes the importance of Mauritian Bhojpuri and other Indian languages. Though this flaw is regrettable, and politically exploitable in various ways, it does not affect the over-all accuracy of S's portrayal of the linguistic behavior and trends observable in the population as a whole (e.g. the greater knowledge of French, as opposed to English). What is crucial, in the context of language instrumentalization, is S's overwhelmingly irrefutable evidence of the central role of Creole on a community-wide basis, in informal (if not formal) situations. The book begins with an 'Introduction' (1-67...

Topical Sorting: A Technique for Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis

Maass, Arthur, and Raymond L. Anderson 1978 . . . And the Desert Shall Rejoice: Conflict, Growth, and Justice in Arid Environments. Cambridge: MIT Press. Mitchell, William P. 1976 Irrigation and Community in the Central Peruvian Highlands. American Anthropologist 78(1):25-44. Netting, Robert M. 1974 Agrarian Ecology. In Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 3. pp. 21-56. Palo Alto: Annual Reviews.

References Cited

References Cited