Angle Of Slide Research Articles

Formulation and <i>in vitro</i> Evaluation of Liquisolid Compact of Celecoxib

<i>Introduction</i>: The liquisolid technique presents a promising avenue for enhancing the dissolution rate and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs like celecoxib. This study investigated the formulation and evaluation of celecoxib tablets using this technique. <i>Aim</i>: To formulate and evaluate celecoxib tablets using the liquisolid technique, with the objective of enhancing its dissolution rate and bioavailability. <i>Methods</i>: Celecoxib tablets were prepared using the liquid-solid technique by incorporating a non-volatile liquid medication carrier and a suitable solid carrier. Various formulations were developed by altering the ratios of drug, carrier, and coating materials. The prepared tablets were characterized for their physical properties, drug content uniformity, <i>in vitro</i> dissolution behavior, and compatibility using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. <i>Results</i>: The solubility profile showed that the maximum rate of solubility was recorded in PEG-400 (11.03 ± 0.01) when compared to other non-volatile solvents. The angle of slide, indicated that the excipients used were within the acceptable limit of 33°. The FTIR spectroscopy showed compatibility of the drug and excipients. The results of the SEM showed that spherically-shaped vesicles were formed. Evaluation of the pre-compression parameters indicated that the drug content was highest in batch F-11 hence its optimization (96.1 ± 0.90). The post compression evaluation indicated that the official tests were within the acceptable range for disintegration time (2.25 ± 0.35). The results of the <i>in vitro</i> release studies of the optimized formulation, conventional tablet and reference commercial tablet showed that the amount of drug released increased steadily with time over the 1-hour period. <i>Conclusion</i>: Our findings underscore its viability as a strategy to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of poorly water-soluble drugs, offering promising prospects for pharmaceutical formulation.

Effects of traditional grinding and superfine grinding technologies on the properties and volatile components of Protaetia brevitarsis larvae powder

Particle size is an important indicator for determining the quality of products in the field of functional food. However, for edible insects, which will be important resources in the future, there is little information about the impact of particle size. In this study, traditional grinding technology and superfine grinding technology with additives were used to obtain six Protaetia brevitarsis powders, and the differences in physicochemical properties, powder properties and volatile components were determined. The results illustrated that superfine grinding technology could significantly increase the protein and total phenolic content (TPC) and improve the powder properties (including the bulk density, tap density, angle of repose, angle of slide, water holding capacity (WHC), and crystallinity index (CI)). Moreover, a total of 80 volatile components were preliminarily identified from the six P. brevitarsis powders, among which the type and relative content of volatile components in superfine grinding technology combined with 4 g/100 g additives (PBP4%) were the most abundant. In conclusion, superfine grinding technology can change the properties of the powder, which is related to the particle size. The results have a certain reference value for the development of superfine powder products of P. brevitarsis in functional foods.

Effect of Mechanical Grinding on the Physicochemical, Structural, and Functional Properties of Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv) Bran Powder.

This study investigated the functional, physicochemical, and structural characteristics of foxtail millet bran powder with different particle sizes. The morphological analysis revealed that the surface roughness declined in conjunction with the particle sizes of the millet bran powder. The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra showed that none of the samples generated any additional chemical functional groups. A decrease in the particle sizes of the millet bran powder increased their dissemination and surface areas, as well as the bulk density, tap density, water-holding capacity (WHC), angle of repose (θ) and angle of slide (α), and peak temperature, while the oil holding capacity (OHC) and crystallinity index (CI) value declined. Moreover, fine millet bran powder (54.7 μm) exhibited a higher protein, fat, soluble dietary fiber (SDF), total phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity than its coarse counterpart.

Effect of different mills on the physical and flow properties of selected black bean flour particle size fractions

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesParticle size and shape can influence inherent flour properties and eventually the quality of the finished food product. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of mill type on the physical and flow properties of selected particle size fractions of black bean flour.FindingsParticle shape differed with mill type and particle size. Disc mill and stone mill produced flour particles with lower circularity and greater elongation than did hammer mill, cyclone mill, and centrifugal mill. Greater particle elongation with a stone mill and disc mill is attributed to compression/shear size‐reduction forces applied to the particles trapped between the rotating/nonrotating stones or discs. Particle circularity increased with an increased particle size, which was reflected by a strong positive correlation between circularity and particle size (r = .93, n = 5) while elongation value was negatively correlated with average minimum particle size (r = −.90, n = 5). Particle circularity had a negative correlation of r = −.93, n = 30; r = −.81, n = 30; r ≈ −.95, n = 30; r = −.94, n = 30 with L*, angle of repose, angle of slide, and compact bulk density, respectively.ConclusionsMill type and particle size interaction significantly affected the physical and flow properties of selected particle size fractions of black bean flour. The results indicate that the large black bean particles were more circular and compact and less convex and elongated compared with small particles.Significance and NoveltyThese findings indicate that mill type affects not only particle size but also particle shape, both of which can affect the flow and functional processing properties of black bean flour.

Milling method affects the physical properties of black bean flour

AbstractBackground and objectivesDry bean milling has attracted interest due to the increased need for nonwheat ingredients available for food applications. The objective of this study was to examine the physical and flow properties of black bean flour produced using a variety of laboratory mills and mill settings.FindingsFlour from mills which utilized screens (cyclone mill, centrifugal mill, and hammer mill) showed significantly different characteristics than flour from mills without a screen (disk mill and stone mill). Geometric mean size of flour particles was negatively correlated with starch damage (r = −.92), L* (r = −.94), angle of repose (r = −.94), and angle of slide (r = −.80 to −.90, depending on surface material) and positively correlated with moisture content (r = .72) and loose bulk density (r = .72). Finely ground flour resulted in particles that tended to be less circular and more elongated and had high angles of repose and slide.ConclusionsMilling method significantly affected (p < .05) physical and flow properties of black bean flour.Significance and noveltyThese findings can be used by food processors in selecting a milling method that favors the production of black bean flour with the desired physical properties.

Liquisolid Technique: a Novel Tool to Develop Aceclofenac-Loaded Eudragit L-100 and RS-100-Based Sustained Release Tablets

One of the main problems with NSAIDs is the dosing frequency, which leads to patients’ noncompliance. To overcome this, fabrication of sustained release formulation of the drug is considered a well-reputed technique. The present study aimed to develop sustained release formulation of a model drug aceclofenac through the new liquisolid technique. Liquisolid powder prepared using glycerin as the liquid vehicle was subjected to pre-compression evaluation, including bulk and tapped densities, Carr’s compressibility index, Hausner’s ratio, angle of slide, FTIR, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray crystallography studies were investigated for any complex formation between drug and excipients, as well as crystal form alterations during the manufacturing process. Powders were compressed into tablets and quality control tests; in vitro dissolution test and storage stability studies were carried out. The release of aceclofenac was at a predetermined rate and followed zero-order kinetic models. AFM confirmed the surface morphology and particles were well adsorbed by the carrier material. FTIR and DSC studies suggested no drug–excipients interaction and the drugs were found in an amorphous form, which was confirmed through XRD. Upon storage at the given conditions of humidity and temperature, the formulation was found stable. The study proved that liquisolid technique can be used successfully to develop a sustained release formulation.

Effect of superfine-grinding on the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of Lycium ruthenicum Murray powders

Dried Lycium ruthenicum Murray (LM) fruits were ground by three different methods. The results showed that LM powders produced by superfine-grinding had smaller particle size (1.78–200.00 μm) as compared to shear-breaking and ball-milling. As a consequence, its bulk density, angle of repose and angle of slide were increased to 0.71 g/mL, 52.99° and 60.38°, respectively. Moreover, the superfine-ground LM powders displayed good dispersibility and infusion properties, showing improved water holding capacity and water solubility index than other powders during infusion. Consequently, the phytochemicals present in the superfine-ground LM powders could be released more easily, leading to the powders with higher anthocyanin and polysaccharide contents (24.50 and 160.54 mg/g) and antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS and FRAP: 34.53, 42.19 and 40.25 mM TE/g, respectively) than other powders. The results suggested that superfine-grinding could be a promising method for producing LM powders with higher contents of bioactive compounds and bioactivity.

Study on the Reducing Injection Pressure Regulation of Hydrophobic Carbon Nanoparticles.

The interest in the application of nanofluid in reducing injection pressure has been increasing especially for tight reservoirs. In this work, a new type of hydrophobic carbon nanofluid was prepared and the pressure-reducing performance was investigated. The results of particle size distribution, zeta potential, and transmission electron microscopy image showed that the dispersion of nanofluid was uniform and stable. In addition, the hydrophobic carbon nanofluid showed excellent antitemperature and antisalinity property. The contact angle of oil-wet glass slide can range from 45 to 89° after it adsorbs hydrophobic carbon nanoparticles (HCNPs). The atomic force microscope tests showed that the core surface roughness was reduced about 16.67%. The core flooding tests showed that the pressure-reducing rate of 0.15 wt % HCNP nanofluid can reach 17.00%. HCNPs show good performance in reducing pressure and have a broad application prospect in oil field development.

Application of liquisolid technology for promoting the renoprotective efficacy of walnut extracts in chronic renal failure rat model

Chronic renal failure (CRF) is among the major health problems that could lead to increased morbidity and mortality among population. ‘Nutraceuticals’ is an emerging field for natural agents from plant foods that could reduce the progression of such disease. Many newly developed drugs are having bioavailability problems owing to their water insolubility. Liquisolid technique is one of the promising technological approaches to increase solubility and hence, drug absorption. The aim of the present research is to prepare and evaluate the renoprotective effect of the walnut extracts liquisolid formulations in CRF rat model. Saturation solubility study claimed PEG 400 and Tween 20 as good solubilizers for walnut extracts, thus chosen for preparation. The angle of slide was determined for the carrier; microcrystalline cellulose and coating material; silicon dioxide and liquid load factor was evaluated. Eight liquisolid systems were prepared employing 25% and 50% of liquid medication. Their flow and compressibility parameters showed good properties. Dissolution study was more in favor of formulations prepared using PEG 400. Of these, formulation F8 comprising carrier/coat ratio (10:1) and 50% liquid medication, showing superior dissolution properties was selected to perform stability and in-vivo evaluations. Two CRF induced rat groups received F8 at two oral doses (50 and 100 mg/kg). Biochemical and nutritional parameters were compared with both normal and CRF control rats. Results showed improvement of renal function, oxidative stress, antioxidant and inflammatory biomarkers as well as increased appetite and body weight gain on administration of both doses of walnut liquisolid formulation, F8.

A design approach of wide-speed-range vehicles based on the cone-derived theory

The hypersonic gliding vehicle is attracting an increasing attention because of its high lift-to-drag ratio and cruising velocity. This kind of vehicle may experience different airspaces as well as different speed environments. Based on the design theory of the cone-derived waverider, a novel design approach of the hypersonic gliding vehicle was proposed in this article, which is accommodated in a wide speed range. The parametric method employed in the ascender line design makes it possible to control the overall configuration of the vehicle, and there are four parameters chosen to describe the ascender line. The numerical approach has been employed to validate the property of this kind of HGV. By analyzing the pressure contour of the vehicles with different Mach numbers, we conclude that this kind of aircraft own good wave-ride properties in the designed speed range. Their aerodynamic performance makes a balance by comparing with the waveriders designed with the two ultimate speeds. Different design Mach number arrangements lead to different aerodynamic properties, and all of them seem to be suitable in the designed speed range. Therefore, this kind of vehicle is worth referring in the aircraft design. The simplified trajectory performance analysis is employed, and the vehicle is assumed to reentry with a given initial condition. With the angle of attack as well as the angle of slide is set to be zero. The CFD method obtained the aerodynamic coefficients of the vehicle at different speeds. The result shows a wavy trajectory with long range, which means that this kind of vehicle is suitable for long-distance transportation.

Effects of superfine grinding on properties of sugar beet pulp powders

The effects of superfine grinding on the properties of sugar beet pulp powders were investigated in contrast to conventional grinding method. The dried sugar beet pulps were prepared to obtain four powders. The superfine grinding produced a smaller particle size powder with the median particle diameter of 24.93 μm. As particle size decreased, the bulk density (from 0.453 to 0.620 × 103 kg/m3), tap density (0.487–0.658 × 103 kg/m3), the angle of repose (33.59–57.97°) and angle of slide (30.92–60.66°) increased. The water binding capacity was affected by particle size and grinding methods. Superfine grinding technology did not improve the oil binding capacity of sugar beet pulp powders. Two endothermic peaks were observed in the differential scanning calorimetry curves. Superfine grinding decreased the melting temperature and the crystallinity index values. In addition, the X-ray diffraction patterns of sugar beet pulp powders produced by superfine grinding technology behaved different peak position but the same peak intensity.

Forms of grease ice ridges on the south coast of the Baltic Sea

Abstract The paper presents the forms of grounded grease ice ridges as well as hydrological, meteorological and physiographic conditions of their occurrence on the south coast of the Baltic Sea. The author used results of observations and measurements performed during hiking expeditions and analyzed profiles and photographs showing the morphology of grease ice ridges which occur along the coast and are usually several meters wide and 1-3 m high. Their windward slopes are very steep, usually concave, with abrasion niches and ice cornices formed by waves. The leeward slopes are gentle (20-30°) and coincident with the angle of the natural slip (angle of slide) of the grease ice, slush and shuga tossed by waves. The major factor leading to grease piling is the movement of waves generated by a strong onshore (NW, N, NE) wind. Such wind conditions occur mainly when a low-pressure area extends to the E, SE and/or S of the southern Baltic, and a high-pressure area – to the W, NW and/or N.

Flow Characterization of Ambiently and Cryogenically Ground Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) Powder as a Function of Varying Moisture Content

AbstractThe knowledge about flow properties of powders is important in case of developing powder processes and handling procedures, packaging practices and transporting the processed powders. Major flow‐characterizing parameters such as angle of slide, apparent and tapped volume, poured and compacted densities, Hausner ratio, Carr index, compressibility index, different angle of repose and particle size distribution for black pepper powder (BPP) under ambient and cryogenic grinding conditions for different moisture contents (MC) were studied. Angle of slide was found to increase from 39° to 51° with increasing MC. Bulk density of porous and compacted BPP was found to decrease with increasing MC. The powder porosity was found to increase with increasing MC (25.9–27.4% for ambient grinding and 23.2–25.8% for cryogenic grinding). Hausner ratio and Carr index were higher in case of ambiently ground BPP as compared with cryogenically ground BPP. Static angle of repose was found to be higher for ambiently ground powder than for cryogenically ground powder, and showed an increasing trend in both the cases of ambient (65.85–70.25°) and cryogenic grinding (62.78–69.34°) with increasing MC. The flow characteristics of BPP as a function of MC may aid in better selection/design of appropriate handling, transportation, packaging and processing practices for BPP.Practical ApplicationsThe flow properties of ambiently and cryogenically ground black pepper powder will be useful to have control over processing parameters and will lead to improved quality and output of the black pepper powder. The study on flow properties of black pepper powder facilitates the reliable information for design of equipments for handling, processing, packaging and transportation of ground powder spices, which will in turn be economically helpful for powder‐processing industries. Powder sticking on the surface of processing equipments and agglomeration of powder particles creates problem in processing and also leads to loss of economy. Such type of difficulties can be handled with the help of present studies.

Grain trapping by filamentous cyanobacterial and algal mats: implications for stromatolite microfabrics through time

Archean and Proterozoic stromatolites are sparry or fine-grained and finely laminated; coarse-grained stromatolites, such as many found in modern marine systems, do not appear until quite late in the fossil record. The cause of this textural change and its relevance to understanding the evolutionary history of stromatolites is unclear. Cyanobacteria are typically considered the dominant stromatolite builders through time, but studies demonstrating the trapping and binding abilities of cyanobacterial mats are limited. With this in mind, we conducted experiments to test the grain trapping and binding capabilities of filamentous cyanobacterial mats and trapping in larger filamentous algal mats in order to better understand grain size trends in stromatolites. Mats were cut into squares, inclined in saltwater tanks at angles from 0 to 75° (approximating the angle of lamina in typical stromatolites), and grains of various sizes (fine sand, coarse sand, and fine pebbles) were delivered to their surface. Trapping of grains by the cyanobacterial mats depended strongly on (i) how far filaments protruded from the sediment surface, (ii) grain size, and (iii) the mat's incline angle. The cyanobacterial mats were much more effective at trapping fine grains beyond the abiotic slide angle than larger grains. In addition, the cyanobacterial mats actively bound grains of all sizes over time. In contrast, the much larger algal mats trapped medium and coarse grains at all angles. Our experiments suggest that (i) the presence of detrital grains beyond the abiotic slide angle can be considered a biosignature in ancient stromatolites where biogenicity is in question, and, (ii) where coarse grains are present within stromatolite laminae at angles beyond the abiotic angle of slide (e.g., most modern marine stromatolites), typical cyanobacterial-type mats are probably not solely responsible for the construction, giving insight into the evolution of stromatolite microfabrics through time.

Kriging-algorithm-based Aerodynamic Model for Flush Airdata System

A novel numerical model which calculates the air data for flush airdata system was developed based on the Kriging interpolation. This method constructs the transformation matrix between the inputs i.e. the pressure measured by the sensor and the outputs i.e. angle of attack, angle of slide and Mach number; hence the required air data can be directly computed without iterations. As a result, the air data can be calculated in real-time. The accuracy of the model was compared with the neural network model with different numbers of inputs, and the positions of the sensor were also taken into account in the comparison. The Kriging model showed superior accuracy than the neural network model.

Effect of Superfine Grinding on Physicochemical Properties, Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Content of Red Rice ( <i>Oryza sativa</i> L.)

Red rice gains popularity as a functional crop owing to its high polyphenols content and antioxidant activity. However, active components are discarded in common milling. Superfine ground technology was employed in this paper. To evaluate the influence of superfine ground processing on the physicochemical properties and functional effect of red rice (Oryza sativa L.), four powders with the size of 156.74 μm, 69.53 μm, 26.35 μm, and 10.68 μm were prepared by superfine grinding technology in this paper. Results showed that the size was smaller for red rice powders, greater for the bulk density (from 0.624 g/ml to 0.745 g/ml), and smaller for the angle of repose (from 74.67° to 61.41°) and slide (from 38.99° to 26.42°). The values of water solubility index, water holding capacity and enzymatic digestibility by α-amylase significantly increased with the decreasing particle size (P < 0.05). In addition, antioxidant activity and phenolic content were enhanced by superfine ground. These results indicated that superfine ground would improve the physicochemical and functional properties of red rice, which was helpful to promote the overall quality and healthy effect of foods containing red rice.

Modern evaluation of liquisolid systems with varying amounts of liquid phase prepared using two different methods.

Liquisolid systems are an innovative dosage form used for enhancing dissolution rate and improving in vivo bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. These formulations require specific evaluation methods for their quality assurance (e.g., evaluation of angle of slide, contact angle, or water absorption ratio). The presented study is focused on the preparation, modern in vitro testing, and evaluation of differences of liquisolid systems containing varying amounts of a drug in liquid state (polyethylene glycol 400 solution of rosuvastatin) in relation to an aluminometasilicate carrier (Neusilin US2). Liquisolid powders used for the formulation of final tablets were prepared using two different methods: simple blending and spraying of drug solution onto a carrier in fluid bed equipment. The obtained results imply that the amount of liquid phase in relation to carrier material had an effect on the hardness, friability, and disintegration of tablets, as well as their height. The use of spraying technique enhanced flow properties of the prepared mixtures, increased hardness values, decreased friability, and improved homogeneity of the final dosage form.

Changes to the physicochemical characteristics of wheat straw by mechanical ultrafine grinding

To investigate changes on the physicochemical characteristics of wheat straw by mechanical ultrafine grinding, wheat straw powders of four different particle sizes and distributions were produced using a sieve-based Retsch ZM100 grind mill and CJM-SY-B ultrafine vibration grind mill. Changes on the microstructure and physicochemical characteristics of the different powders were assessed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and relevant standard laboratory analysis methods. Ultrafine grinding reduced the crystallite size and crystallinity of the wheat straw. New surfaces were exposed on the ultrafine powder with high levels of cellulose/hemicelluloses components but there was no apparent change in chemical structure. Wheat straw powders were smaller in size but had a higher bulk density (from 0.19 to 0.54 g/mL) and angle of repose (from 46.02° to 55.61°) and slide (from 37.26° to 41.00°). The hydration properties (water-holding capacity and swelling capacity) decreased with reduction in particle size of the wheat straw. Both the sieve-based and ultrafine powder exhibited a good ability to remove Pb2+ and Cd2+ and there was marginal improvement when using the ultrafine powder. The thermal stability of the ultrafine powder measured by thermogravimetric analysis decreased significantly because of the low cellulose crystallinity.

AN ENHANCEMENT OF SOLUBILITY OF PIOGLITAZONE HYDROCHLORIDE USING LIQUISOLID TECHNIQUE

The new mathematical model was developed by studying angle of slide using N, N-dimethyl acetamide, non-volatile liquid vehicle and prepared liquisolid tablets, in which the different concentrations of non-volatile liquid adsorbed over carrier and coating material separately. Both DSC and FT-IR study showed better compatibility and stability. The optimized formulation showed higher drug release during in-vitro and in-vivo study against conventional and marketed preparation. The present work concludes that N, N-dimethyl acetamide enhanced the solubility of pioglitazone HCl with higher dissolution rate through liquisolid technique.

Ambient and Cryogenic Grinding of Fenugreek and Flow Characterization of Its Powder

AbstractComparative study on ambient and cryogenic grinding based on determination of flow behavior of their powders has been discussed extensively in the present study. Cryogenic grinding helps in retention of aroma, volatile oil and protein structure of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecum). Angle of slide, volume, density of powder, Hausner ratio, Carr index, angles of repose and particle size distribution were determined at different moisture content ranging from 11 to 20% on dry basis for ambient and cryogenic grinding. Angle of slide for different planes was found to be increasing in the range of 39–60°. Dynamic and drained angle of repose were found to be increasing for ambient and cryogenic grinding. Mean, mode, median, variances, deviations, skewness, kurtosis and uniformity of powder were also evaluated. It may be concluded that ambient and cryogenically ground fenugreek powder affects its flow behavior, in turn resulted in direct influences on handling, transportation and processing practices.Practical ApplicationsThe flow characteristics of fenugreek powder will be useful to have control over processing parameters and will lead to improved quality and output of the fenugreek powder. The present work on flow characteristics of fenugreek powder provides reliable information for design of equipments for handling, processing, packaging and transportation of ground powder, which will in turn be economically helpful for powder processing industries. Sticking and agglomeration of powder also cause loss of economy that can be overcome with the help of present studies.