Exploring the relationship between critical state friction angle and angle of repose using the discrete element method

Effect of particle sphericity on size segregation in rotating drums

Ciprofloxacin is a broad spectrum antibacterial agent active against gram positive and gram negative organism. It is very bitter in taste. In the present work an attempt has been made to develop taste masked rapid disintegrating tablet of Ciprofloxacin using ion exchange resins (Tulsion 335, Indion 204, Indion 214) as a taste masking agent. Different drug: resin ratios were tried to prepare taste masked complex. Depending upon the taste masking and drug loading efficiency the complex with Tulsion 335 in the 1:1.5 (drug: resin) ratio was selected for the formulation of tablet. FT-IR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry were used to investigate the physical characteristics of the complex. Tablets were prepared by direct compression technique using three super disintegrants viz. croscarmellose sodium, cross povidone and sodium starch glycolate. The blend was examined for angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density and Hausner’s ratio. Tablets of all batches were tested for various evaluation parameters. Tablets formulated with 4.3% (F9) of croscarmellose sodium showed low disintegration time (19±1.23 sec), wetting time (25±1.75 sec) and friability (0.23±0.13%) than the other batches. The % cumulative release of drug from tablet (F9) was found to be more than 95% within 20 mins. It was concluded from the study that Ciprofloxacin shows optimum drug loading with Tulsion-335. Among different superdisintegrants croscarmellose sodium was found suitable. Keywords: Ion exchange resin, Ciprofloxacin, Rapid disintegrating tablet, Super disintegrants

"Design and development of an ethyl cellulose bulk-engineered spherule-based capsule system".

This study proposes several key improvements based on detailed analysis of the Minkowski difference. In the Gilbert–Johnson–Keerthi (GJK) algorithm, a stable orthogonal search direction is constructed at the midpoint of a line-segment simplex to eliminate zero-vector degeneracy, while the origin position relative to a triangular simplex is rapidly determined using the triangle normal. In the Expanding Polytope algorithms (EPA), the simplex is expanded directly along the triangular normal to form a tetrahedron. A novel outward normal vector determination method is also introduced using the vector between two non-coplanar tetrahedral vertices, resolving failures when the origin lies on a face. The improved GJK-EPA algorithm was implemented in a discrete element framework for gravitational stacking simulations of ellipsoidal–polyhedral particles. Validation against physical experiments showed excellent agreement, with an average repose angle difference of only 4.18° and a relative error in pile height of 4%. Large-scale polyhedral stacking simulations demonstrated denser packing structures with smoother surface profiles. Compared with the conventional GJK-EPA, the proposed algorithm reduces computational time by 13%, decreases the maximum number of iterations by up to three, and improves maximum contact depth accuracy by 8%. Although its contact depth accuracy is slightly lower than that of the GJK-EPA-IPM method, its computational time is only 52% of the latter. These results confirm that the improvements provide a superior balance between accuracy and efficiency for polyhedral particle simulations.

To address the issue of missing discrete element simulation parameters for sweet sorghum seeds, this study systematically calibrated their contact parameters using a method combining physical experiments and numerical simulations. First, a discrete element model of sweet sorghum seeds was constructed via 3D scanning and the multi-sphere filling method, and their basic physical parameters were measured (mean triaxial dimensions: 4.51 mm × 3.20 mm × 2.40 mm, density: 1.156 g/cm³, moisture content: 9.8%). The static friction coefficient (0.303), rolling friction coefficient (0.038), and coefficient of restitution (0.534) between the seeds and polylactic acid (PLA) material were calibrated using inclined plane sliding/rolling tests and free-fall collision tests. Based on the physical test results of the dynamic angle of repose (measured value: 34.61°), the inter-seed static friction coefficient and rolling friction coefficient were screened out as significantly influential parameters via a single factor test. A quadratic regression model was then used to establish a mapping relationship between parameters and the angle of repose, optimizing to obtain the optimal parameter combination (static friction coefficient: 0.124, rolling friction coefficient: 0.020). Simulation verification showed that under this parameter combination, the simulated dynamic angle of repose was 34.59°, with a relative error of only 0.03% compared to the actual value. The parameter calibration method established in this study features high precision and good repeatability, providing reliable parameter support for the discrete element simulation of sweet sorghum sowing equipment, and holding significant engineering application value for optimizing seed metering device design and reducing seed damage rates.

To address the lack of reliable discrete element method (DEM) parameters for wheat leveling using grain leveling robots, Wan Ken Mai 22 wheat grains were selected as the research material. Intrinsic and contact parameters – including static friction, coefficient of restitution, and rolling friction – between wheat grains, steel plates, and rubber surfaces were determined through physical experiments. Using the angle of repose as the response variable, Plackett–Burman, steepest ascent, and Box–Behnken experimental designs were employed to identify significant factors, determine optimal parameter ranges, and obtain optimized parameter combinations. The reliability of the calibrated parameters was verified using a t-test comparing simulation and experimental results. The results indicate that the static friction coefficient, coefficient of restitution, and rolling friction coefficient are 0.5023, 0.4700, and 0.1110 for wheat–steel; 0.622, 0.419, and 0.137 for wheat–rubber; and 0.53, 0.52, and 0.04 for wheat–wheat contacts, respectively. The simulated angles of repose (27.57°, 27.25°, and 26.83°) showed no significant difference from the experimental values (P = 0.5485 > 0.05). The calibrated DEM parameters provide a reliable basis for structural design, parameter optimization, and coupled simulation of tracked grain leveling robots.

Bronchial asthma demands rapid pharmacological intervention, yet conventional oral tablets of terbutaline sulphate, a widely used β₂-adrenergic bronchodilator are limited by slow disintegration and a delayed onset of action that can prove consequential during acute episodes. This study addresses that clinical gap through the formulation and optimization of fast dissolving tablets (FDTs) of terbutaline sulphate using novel co-processed superdisintegrants. Crospovidone and croscarmellose sodium were co-processed via solvent evaporation in varying ratios and incorporated into tablet formulations by direct compression. Three formulations (F1, F2, F3) were prepared with increasing superdisintegrant concentrations and evaluated for pre-compression parameters (angle of repose, bulk density, Carr's index, Hausner's ratio) and post-compression parameters (hardness, friability, weight variation, drug content, disintegration time, wetting time, and in-vitro dissolution). The optimized formulation, F3, stood out with a disintegration time of just 45 seconds and nearly complete drug release (99%) within 5 minutes, results attributable to the synergistic combination of crospovidone's wicking action and croscarmellose sodium's swelling capacity, both amplified by the intimate particle-level association achieved through co-processing. Accelerated stability testing (40°C/75% RH, 1 month) confirmed no clinically significant change in drug content or disintegration performance. These findings establish co-processed superdisintegrants as a practical and scalable strategy for developing high-performance FDTs, offering patients with asthma a faster, more accessible, and more effective dosage form.

Red algae (Kappaphycus alvarezii) are a marine resource containing bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids and carotenoids, with potential antioxidant properties. This study aimed to develop lozenge formulations of red algae powder using direct compression, optimize the excipient composition, and evaluate the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity. Red algae powder was characterized microscopically and by LC–MS, confirming the presence of quercetin, rutin, kaempferol, and astaxanthin in the powder. Five lozenge formulations (F1–F5) were prepared using varying concentrations of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and starch. In-process evaluation included flow rate, angle of repose, loss on drying, and particle size distribution, while post-compression testing covered organoleptic properties, weight variation, hardness, friability, surface abrasion, and disintegration time. Antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH radical scavenging assay, with quercetin as the standard. All formulations met the pharmacopeia standards, with hardness ranging from 74.3–111.1 N, friability 0.61–0.98%, and disintegration times 6.61–15.88 min. Optimization using a Simplex Lattice Design identified Formula 3 (3.5% HPMC and 10.5% starch) as the most desirable composition. The red algae powder and lozenge exhibited weak antioxidant activity, with IC₅₀ values of 5,969 ppm and 6,854 ppm, respectively. These findings demonstrate that lozenges containing red algae powder can be successfully produced with acceptable physical properties; however, improvement of raw material standardization or enrichment is required to enhance antioxidant efficacy.

To provide fundamental data for the design and experimental evaluation of pneumatic precision seed metering devices for small-seed crops, the material characteristics of millet, broomcorn millet, and rapeseed were systematically investigated in this study. The moisture content, thousand-seed weight, density, principal dimensions, equivalent diameter, and angle of repose of the three seed types were determined through physical measurements. The Poisson’s ratios of millet, broomcorn millet, and rapeseed were measured using a universal testing machine and were found to be 0.27, 0.33, and 0.29, respectively. In addition, the static and dynamic friction coefficients between each seed type and acrylic, stainless steel, and resin surfaces were obtained. The elastic moduli of millet, broomcorn millet, and rapeseed were measured using a texture analyzer as 351.76, 589.14, and 133.37 MPa, respectively, which were closely related to seed density and structural characteristics. To further clarify the influence of seed–surface collision behavior on seed motion trajectories during the seed metering process, a high-speed imaging test system was established to determine the coefficients of restitution of seeds with moisture contents of 15%, 20%, and 25% after collision with different material surfaces. The results showed that the coefficient of restitution was significantly affected by seed moisture content and decreased markedly with increasing moisture content. Among the three seed types, the coefficient of restitution decreased in the order of broomcorn millet, millet, and rapeseed. For each seed type, the coefficient of restitution decreased sequentially for collisions with acrylic, stainless steel, resin, and the corresponding seed surface. These results provide important data support for the structural design and simulation analysis of pneumatic precision seed metering devices.

Objective: The objective of the present investigation is to develop a formulation of sublingual tablets of Nadolol. Materials and Method: For the preparation of sublingual tablets various super disintegrants were used like Kyron T-314, and SSG. A 3² factorial design was employed to optimize the formulation by systematically evaluating the effects of two independent variables. Kyron T-314 (X1) and sodium starch glycolate (SSG) (X2) were selected as the formulation factors. The study aimed to investigate their influence on key performance responses, namely in vitro disintegration time (Y1) and percentage cumulative drug release at 12 minutes (Y2). Results and Discussion: All precompression parameters like Carr’s Index, Hausner’s Ratio and Angle of Repose meets the standard values of powder indicating good flow properties. FTIR was performed to check compatibility between drug and excipients and no major changes were found. The average weight, friability and hardness were within compendial limits which showed that all formulations possessed good mechanical strength. The optimized formulation N9 showed minimum disintegration time of 17.41 ± 1.64 secs, and drug release of 99.48 % in 12 mins among all other batches of tablets. The result of stability study of the batch N9 showed that there was no significant change in hardness, in-vitro disintegration time, drug content, and in vitro dissolution profile for a period of one month when stored at 40° ± 2°C / 75 ± 5% RH for period of one month. From the study it was concluded that sublingual tablets of Nadolol is an acceptable dosage form which suggests that it is likely to become one of the choices of Nadolol preparations for the treatment of hypertension.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia resulting from impaired insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The present study aimed to formulate and evaluate fast dissolving tablets (FDTs) of Sitagliptin in order to improve drug dissolution, patient compliance, and oral bioavailability. Fast dissolving tablets were prepared by the direct compression method using different concentrations of superdisintegrants such as croscarmellose sodium (CCS) and sodium starch glycolate (SSG). Six formulations (S1–S6) were developed and evaluated for pre-compression and post-compression parameters. Preformulation studies indicated that Sitagliptin possessed suitable physicochemical properties with bulk density 0.46 g/ml, tapped density 0.54 g/ml, Carr's index 14.81, Hausner's ratio 1.17, and angle of repose 28.6°, confirming good flow characteristics. FTIR compatibility studies revealed no significant interaction between the drug and excipients. The prepared tablets were evaluated for weight variation, hardness, friability, thickness, disintegration time, wetting time, water absorption ratio, drug content, and in vitro dissolution. Among the developed formulations, S3 showed the best performance, exhibiting rapid disintegration (21 sec), high water absorption ratio (90%), and drug content of 100.2%. The dissolution study demonstrated that formulation S3 released 65.3% of drug within 5 minutes, indicating rapid drug release. In vitro permeability studies using the Caco-2 cell model showed improved apparent permeability for the optimized formulation (Papp 4.21 ×10⁻⁶ cm/s) compared with the marketed tablet (2.85 ×10⁻⁶ cm/s). Stability studies conducted for three months showed no significant change in physical appearance, drug content, disintegration time, or dissolution profile. The results indicate that the developed Sitagliptin fast dissolving tablets provide rapid drug release and enhanced permeability, suggesting improved oral bioavailability and better patient compliance compared to conventional tablet formulations.

Millets are rich sources of nutrients that exhibit excellent functional and health benefits. This study aimed to investigate the engineering and physical properties of kodo and little millet kernels, as well as the physicochemical, nutritional, functional, rheological, and thermal properties of their flours, with refined wheat flour used as a control. The physicochemical and functional properties of Kodo and Little millet flours were systematically investigated using standard protocols, including rheological assessment of pasting behavior and color determination via a Chroma meter. According to our results, kodo millet kernel exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) higher geometric mean diameter, thousand kernel weight, and sphericity, whereas little millet kernel showed higher length, porosity, and angle of repose. Refined wheat flour had significantly higher protein content, whereas kodo millet flour had higher fiber and carbohydrate contents. Kodo flour also exhibited higher swelling and solubility indices, while little millet showed superior water absorption, oil absorption, bulk density, and foaming capacity. Little millet had higher protein, fat, and mineral contents, whereas kodo millet exhibited higher fiber and carbohydrate contents. Furthermore, kodo millet flour had higher peak, trough, breakdown, setback, and final viscosities, as well as higher pasting temperature and peak time compared to little millet. The rheological properties such as peak torque, water absorption, stability, softening, and mixing tolerance index were determined to be higher in kodo millet flour as compared to little millet flour. All the millets under study exhibited high nutritional and functional attributes. The underutilized minor millets could be considered for development of functional food for a sustainable approach with maintained human health and minimizing nutritional security. Moreover, the underutilized millet and their nutritional bioavailability and accessibility should be further investigated in future.

Sugarcane is an important economic crop in southern China. Affected by typhoons, it is prone to lodging, which not only increases the difficulty and loss rate of mechanical harvesting but also reduces the sugar content. The mechanical properties of the sugarcane root–soil system are crucial to its lodging resistance. However, accurate discrete element parameters are still lacking for DEM-based research on the mechanical properties of this system. Therefore, this study adopts a method combining the angle of repose test, shear force test, and discrete element simulation of single roots to calibrate DEM parameters. Using the angle of repose and maximum shear force of a single root as response values, Plackett–Burman, steepest ascent, and Box–Behnken tests are sequentially carried out with Design-Expert 13 software to calibrate the contact and bonding parameters of individual sugarcane roots. The relative errors between the physical and simulation test results for the angle of repose and shear force are 1.29% and 0.66%, respectively. This study provides a reference for the establishment of discrete element simulation models for sugarcane roots and for the subsequent development of sugarcane root–soil composite models.

Objective: Bosentan, a biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) Class II drug (low solubility, high permeability), suffers from poor oral bioavailability due to its limited solubility and extensive first-pass metabolism. The objective of this study was to formulate, develop, and evaluate mouth-dissolving tablets (MDTs) of Bosentan to enhance its dissolution rate, patient compliance, and potentially improve bioavailability by pre-gastric absorption. Methods: MDTs were prepared by direct compression method using various superdisintegrants such as croscarmellose sodium (CCS), sodium starch glycolate (SSG), and crospovidone (CP) in different concentrations (2%, 4%, 6% w/w). Microcrystalline cellulose and mannitol were used as diluents. The formulated tablets were evaluated for pre-compression parameters (angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, Carr’s index, Hausner’s ratio) and post-compression parameters (weight variation, hardness, friability, drug content, wetting time, water absorption ratio, in-vitro disintegration time, and in-vitro dissolution studies). Results: All formulations showed good pre-compression properties. The post-compression evaluation revealed that all tablets complied with pharmacopoeial standards. Formulation F5, containing 6% w/w crospovidone, exhibited the shortest disintegration time (14.2 ± 1.3 seconds) and the highest drug release (99.45% within 15 minutes), which was significantly higher than the conventional tablet. The results of the optimized formulation (F5) were found to be satisfactory. Conclusion: The study successfully demonstrated that mouth-dissolving tablets of Bosentan with enhanced dissolution characteristics can be formulated using superdisintegrants by direct compression. Croscarmellose sodium and crospovidone were particularly effective, with crospovidone at a higher concentration yielding the best results, offering a promising approach to improve the therapeutic efficacy of Bosentan.

Existing discrete element studies on wheat predominantly utilize simplified models, which fail to accurately characterize differences in fracture behavior resulting from the anisotropic structure of wheat grains. Furthermore, there is a lack of systematic calibration for the core parameters of the crushing model employed in these studies. To address these issues, this study systematically calibrated and validated the contact parameters and crushing parameters of wheat grains using the Tavares crushing model. Employing a combined approach of physical experiments and simulation, contact parameters between wheat grains and the grinding roller surface material (white cast iron), as well as between wheat grains, were first determined. The accuracy of these parameters was validated via angle of repose tests. Subsequently, uniaxial compression tests and drop hammer impact tests were conducted to systematically calibrate the fracture energy distribution characteristics and cumulative damage coefficient for the Tavares model. Results indicate that: the elastic restitution coefficient, static friction coefficient, and rolling friction coefficient between wheat grains and white cast iron are 0.399, 0.426, and 0.179, respectively; the corresponding coefficients for wheat grain-wheat grain contact are 0.405, 0.322, and 0.039. The deviation between the simulated and experimental values of the angle of repose obtained using these parameters is only 1.05%. The fracture energy of wheat grains follows a log-normal distribution, with a median value of 2069.78 J/kg and a cumulative damage coefficient of 5. Substituting the calibrated parameters into the Tavares model enabled the establishment of a wheat compression-fracture simulation model that accounts for grain anisotropy. Quantitative comparison between the simulated and experimental compression force-displacement curves shows that the relative errors of the ensemble-averaged fracture force and fracture energy are 4.47% and 1.27%, respectively, providing objective quantitative validation for the calibrated model parameters. This study provides a theoretical foundation and practical tool for numerical simulation and process optimization in wheat roller milling, and offers significant reference value for improving wheat processing quality and efficiency.

ABSTRACT The discrete element method (DEM) is widely used, but its predictive capability strongly depends on microscopic contact parameters that are difficult to measure directly. This work presents a systematic calibration approach using rotating drum experiments combined with image‐based analysis. Two macroscopic flow properties, the dynamic angle of repose and the roughness index, are extracted from experimental and simulated image sequences with a unified workflow. Individual metrics often agree only partially between experiment and simulation. Therefore, a new area‐based comparison method is introduced: the mean absolute error (MAE) between sequence matrices of particle occurrence. The MAE integrates differences in surface structure and dynamic flow behavior, providing a more robust calibration metric. First results demonstrate that the MAE enables a more reliable identification of suitable DEM parameter combinations.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with different molecular weights on the crystal form as well as the properties of mannitol. The liquid properties, morphology, and flowability of the composite excipients were first characterized. Then, the differences in compactibility, disintegrability, and in vitro release behavior of the composite excipient and curcumin-loaded samples were discussed by nanoindentation, disintegration force, etc. Finally, the effect of PVP with different molecular weights on the crystal form of mannitol and the mechanism of improvement of the properties were analyzed. Liquid properties and scanning electron microscopy showed that the solution viscosity of PVP was higher than that of mannitol, resulting in a larger particle size of the composite excipient. X-ray diffraction results revealed that PVP K12 had a stronger crystalline inducing effect on mannitol. This may be due to the shorter molecular chain of PVP K12, which may easily contact with mannitol molecules. Measurements of angle of repose, tensile strength, and nanoindentation showed that mannitol-PVP K90 had the lowest angle of repose and the highest tensile strength and plastic deformation energy, resulting in the best flowability and compactibility of mannitol-PVP K90. This suggests that modifier viscosity had a stronger influence on the functional properties of mannitol than on its crystalline properties. The in vitro release results indicated that mannitol-PVP K17 had a stronger promoting effect on the release of curcumin. This study provides guidance for the application of mannitol and the improvement of its properties.

Introduction: This study aimed to formulate, characterize, and evaluate quercetinloaded mucoadhesive tablets using natural polymers for sustained release and effective gastric ulcer treatment. background: Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a prevalent gastrointestinal disorder categorized by ulcer location: gastric ulcers in the stomach, esophageal ulcers in the esophagus, and duodenal ulcers in the duodenum . Gastric ulcers, also called stomach ulcers, are characterized by sores or lesions in the stomach lining. These ulcers may also develop in the upper small intestine, where they are termed duodenal ulcers Methods: Quercetin-loaded mucoadhesive tablets were formulated using direct compression with MCC, HPMC and chitosan. Pre-compression tests (angle of repose, bulk density, and compressibility index) and post-compression parameters (thickness, hardness, friability, and swelling index) were evaluated. Mucoadhesive properties were tested with goat stomach mucosa (ex vivo), and in vitro drug-release studies were conducted in 0.1N HCl over 24 h. objective: This study aimed to formulate, characterize, and evaluate quercetin-loaded mucoadhesive tablets using natural polymers for sustained drug release and effective gastric ulcer treatment. Results: FTIR showed no significant drug-excipient interactions. Pre-compression studies indicated good flow properties (angle of repose between 25.5° and 30° and Carr’s index ranging from 10.00% to 16.66%). The tablets had a uniform yellow appearance with a smooth texture. Hardness, friability, and swelling index ranged from 3.00 to 7.75 kg, 0.64% to 0.99%, and 135% to 452%, respectively. Ex vivo mucoadhesive strength ranged between 14-23 g, with a retention time of 3 to 24 h. The optimized formulation (F9), containing xanthan gum, HPMC, and chitosan, showed in vitro sustained drug release (94.863 ± 2.735% CDR) over 24 h. method: Quercetin-loaded mucoadhesive tablets were formulated using direct compression with HPMC and chitosan as mucoadhesive polymers. Pre-compression tests (angle of repose, bulk density, and compressibility index) done for flow properties. Post-compression parameters, such as thickness, hardness, friability, and swelling index, were evaluated. Mucoadhesive properties were tested with goat stomach mucosa, and in-vitro drug release studies in 0.1N HCl demonstrated sustained release over 24 hours. Discussion: Both pre- and post-formulation evaluations showed satisfactory results, and the ex vivo mucoadhesive strength and in vitro sustained drug release of the F9 formulation showed promising outcomes. Further in vivo and pharmacokinetic studies are required to confirm its therapeutic potential. result: FTIR confirmed no significant drug-excipient interactions. Pre-compression studies indicated good flow properties with an angle of repose between 25.5° to 30.0° & Carr’s index ranging from 10.00% to 16.66%. Tablets had a uniform yellow appearance with smooth texture. Hardness ranged from 3.00 to 7.75 kg, friability was 0.64% to 0.99%, and swelling index varied from 135% to 452%. Mucoadhesive strength ranged between 14-23g, with retention time from 3 to 24 hours. The F9 formulation, containing xanthan gum, HPMC, and chitosan (1:3), showed sustained drug release (94.8 Conclusion: The study successfully developed quercetin-loaded mucoadhesive tablets, of which the optimized formulation (F9) demonstrated prolonged gastric retention, low friability, high mucoadhesive strength, and sustained drug release. Further in vivo and pharmacokinetic studies are required to confirm its therapeutic potential. conclusion: The study successfully developed quercetin-loaded mucoadhesive tablets were F9 formulated with xanthan gum, HPMC & Chitosan (1:3) showed prolonged gastric retention, low friability (0.64%), high mucoadhesive strength (23g) and sustained drug release (94.8 other: NA

ABSTRACT Populus euphratica is pivotal to ecological restoration in arid regions, while seed cleaning constitutes a major bottleneck for intensive seedling cultivation. To address the lack of simulation parameters for Populus euphratica seeds in cleaning device design, this study adopted a combined approach of physical experiments and simulations for parameter calibration. First, physical tests were conducted to measure the intrinsic parameters, contact parameters, and actual repose angle of the seeds. Subsequently, a discrete element model was established using Discrete Element Method software (EDEM). The model accuracy was verified by a comparative analysis of the experimental, theoretical, and simulated values of seed suspension velocity. Taking the actual repose angle of 18.69° as the optimization target, the Plackett-Burman test, Steepest climbing test, and Box-Behnken test were performed for parameter calibration. Results showed that the simulated repose angle with optimal parameters reached 18.82°, with a relative error of 0.696%. A two-sample t-test confirmed no significant difference (p > 0.05). This study provides valid parameters for the DEM simulation of Populus euphratica seeds. Furthermore, the proposed calibration method offers a reference for the fine calibration of seed parameters.