Anemone Nemorosa Research Articles

Relative importance of exchangeable and soil solution cation concentrations to the distribution of vascular plants

The distribution of the 11 most frequent vascular plant species in a beech forest with highly variable top-soil chemistry in southern Sweden was compared to the concentrations of cations in the soil solution (obtained by centrifugation) and the exchangeable soil pool (obtained by extraction with 0.1 M BaCl 2). Cations analyzed were H, K, Ca, Mg, Mn and Al (in soil solution, both total and easily-reacting Al). The plant species considered were Anemone nemorosa, Deschampsia flexuosa, Gagea spathacea, Galium odoratum, Lamium galeobdolon, Luzula pilosa, Melica uniflora, Milium effusum, Oxalis acetosella, Stellaria holostea and Stellaria nemorum. The exchangeable and soil solution fractions of most cations accounted to the same extent for the distribution of plants. Close relationships to plant distributions were found at the upper and lower pH intervals studied. The distribution of species at intermediate pH could only marginally be accounted for by soil cation concentrations.

Flora, vegetation, and soil in broadleaved ancient and planted woodland, and scrub on RøsnÆs, Denmark

9 small ancient woodlands (>200 years), 9 planted woodland sites (25 — ca. 100 years), and 6 sites in grazed scrub (ca. 100 years) on the RøsnÆs peninsula, Denmark, showed characteristic differences: in ancient woodland, the tree and shrub layer was fairly rich, the field layer rather poor in species. The dominance of spring flowering geophytes, the abundance of Anemone nemorosa, and the occurrence of Corylus avellana and Polygonatum multiflorum were characteristic. pH of the soil was relatively low, organic matter content high, and light intensity at the forest floor in summer low. In planted woodland there was more light, and the field layer was rich in short‐lived species, but poor in spring flowering geophytes. Many woodland species were rare in planted woodland, some did not at all occur there, and none were specific for this type of woodland. The scrub was marked by grazing and a strong relief, hence pH was high and organic matter content low. The field layer was rich both in shortlived species and in spring flowering geophytes. — It is suggested that ancient woodland species (i.e. species restricted to or preferably occurring in woodlands existing prior to the enclosure ca. 200 years ago) is a heterogenous group, consisting of a) species favoured by traditional woodland management; b) species restricted to woodlands where specific environmental (e.g. soil) conditions have had sufficient time to develop; c) species with limited ability to spread or establish; or d) species which in ancient woodland are represented by small and scattered populations.

Effects on beech forest species of experimentally enhanced nitrogen deposition

Three and nine times the current nitrogen deposition in southern Sweden (60 and 180 kg ha -1 year -1 , ammonium nitrate) was applied to two beech stands in Scania, south Sweden, to study effects on cover and biomass of the field-layer vegetation. The study demonstrates that this application had rather small effects on field-layer species in the sites studied. The species composition was unaltered during the 5-year experiment. In one site the vegetation was also in other aspects relatively little changed apart from Impatiens parviflora that increased in cover. In the second site, cover and biomass were reduced for half of the common species ( Anemone nemorosa, Maianthemum bifolium, Oxalis acetosella, Poa nemoralis, Viola rivinianalreichenbachiana ) and no species increased. Species increasing in retrospective studies, probably because of the enhanced nitrogen deposition, have not changed in the present study ( Rubus idaeus, Stellaria nemorum ). Plausible explanations for the negative effects on the vegetation are the acidification of the soil solution due to excess nitrogen in relation to other nutrients, nutrient imbalance in the plants and the decreasing mycorrhizal infection.

The effects of management on the ground flora of ancient woodland, Brigsteer Park Wood, Cumbria, England

Data from 50 permanent 4 m 2 quadrats are used to describe changes in the ground flora of an ancient deciduous woodland in response to silvicultural management over an 18 year period. In areas undisturbed since 1969, percentage cover increased due to increased openness of the canopy, but decreased in areas subject to major disturbance due to subsequent canopy closure. Species ‘lost’ altogether from the quadrats in 1969–1987 were largely ruderal and grassland species. Most losses from individual quadrats were also from these species groups and of tree and shrub seedlings and saplings. Species characteristic of woodland shade were little affected by losses or gains. Changes in the cover of ten abundant shade-tolerant species amplified this picture. Anemone nemorosa and Mercurialis perennis both showed a significant overall increase in mean percentage cover, and an increase in four and two plot groups, respectively. Rubus fruticosus decreased significantly overall, and in all but one of the plot groups. All the other species showed no overall significant change in mean percentage cover, but between one and four significant changes in the plot groups. Shoot counts of Narcissus pseudonarcissus showed important changes which did not show up in the percentage cover results. Overall, from 1973, there was about a 4% year −1 exponential decline in shoot numbers. Half of the eight plot groups followed this trend. In the one coppiced site, however, shoot numbers increased throughout most of the period. Difficulties of interpreting these varied results are discussed but it is concluded that coppicing is likely to be effective in maintaining the existing ground flora in perpetuity.

Feeding Ecology of Roe Deer, Capreolus capreolus L., during summer in southeastern Norway

Ten radiocollared Roe deer were followed over three summers, resulting in 2316 map locations. The animals utilized a mixture of forest and agricultural land. Cover and forage availability were the main determinants of habitat selection. Forest plantations on rich sites were the most preferred habitat. Open habitats like meadows were used mostly at night. Grain-fields were avoided. The animals fed on a variety of forbs and browse species, particularly wood anemone (Anemone nemorosa L.) in early spring, and meadosweet (Filipendula ulmaria L.) throughout the summer. Browsing increased from early to late summer. This coincided with a change in the feeding-resting rhythm, indicating a decrease in overall forage quality. Carrying capacity of the study area is discussed in relation to quality of summer habitat.

A population approach to vegetation structure

Abstract A synthesis is presented of some research results on the structure and dynamics of populations with respect to the phytocoenosis structure. The first aspects to be considered are concerned with the dynamism, distribution and reproductive strategy of Anemone nemorosa: the vegetation structure either favors or inhibits the various reproductive strategies, thereby influencing the distribution pattern of the species. The second area of the present study is the demography and quantitative structure of Cytisus sessilifolius populations with respect to the problematic of secondary successions: the first results obtained open up interesting prospectives on the relationship between the vegetation dynamics and the frutescent populations structure.

Cytological studies of Anemone nemorosa L. (Ranunculaceae)

Investigations of mitosis in 10 populations of Anemone nemorosa L. all indicated that this species has a chromosome number of 2n = 30. No B chromosomes were found. There were no significant differences in chromosome morphology between the populations. Meiosis in the anthers, studied in three populations, was found to be mostly regular, with 15 bivalents, although occasional irregularities such as bridges and pentads were observed. Pollen viability was tested in 12 populations and although fairly low, with micro pollen grains in four of the populations, was not low enough to prevent a high proportion of fertilized achenes.

La recolonisation des champs abandonnés par l'espèce forestière Anemone nemorosa L.: II - Rythme saisonnier, reproduction et potentialité générative des populations de forět, de broussailles et de prairie

Abstract The recolonization of abandoned fields by means of the forestal species Anemone nemorosa L.: II - Seasonality, reproduction and generative potentiality of forest, shrubs and grassland populations. - Anemone nemorosa as pioneer of the forest recreation on oldfields was investigated in permanent study areas on the Bialowieza Primeval Forest and Bialowieza clearing (Poland). Studies on seasonality, seeds production and generative reproduction potentiality were carried out. Considerable differences were found between three population of Anemone nemorosa (in Tilio-Carpinetum forest, shrubs and grassland) showing, in spite of reaction to the exceptional climate, a bigger role of generative reproduction as normal characteristic for the individuals in pioneer conditions.

La recolonisation des champs abandonnés par l'espèce forestière Anemone nemorosa L.: I - Distribution et dynamique

Abstract The recolonization of abandoned fields by means of the forest species Anemone nemorosa L.: I - Distribution and dynamics. - Anemone nemorosa like pioneer of the forest recreation on previously cultivated areas was investigated. The investigation was carried out on permanent study areas on the Bialowieza Primeval Forest and Bialowieza clearing. A map of distribution and dynamics of A. nemorosa is given. Results show that the state of vegetation is the most important factor limiting the distribution of this species. The comparison of three populations of A. nemorosa (in Tilio-Carpinetum forest, in shrubs and grassland zones) demonstrate some different characteristics on the individuals in pioneer conditions.

Bioindikation zur Verminderung von Stickstoffdüngerverlusten und der Stickstoffbelastung von Gewässern

Prerequisite to the nitrogen leaching from agricultural soils in spring is the ecologically optimum control of the first nitrogen fertilizer application. On the basis of investigations having been carried out for some years, a method for determining the optimum time of fertilization with the aid of phenological data is presented. The blossoming data of Anemone nemorosa proved to be a suitable sensitive indicator, their onset of blossoming is the optimum time for the first nitrogen application. In dependence on the height and variation of weather, in the subdued mountains this time is 90 … 116 d after the beginning of the year and corresponds to a temperaturetotal ≥ 5°C of 80 … 120°C or > 0°C: 160 … 230°C. Possibly, the leaf development of Alchemilla vulgaris or the first development of Poa pratensis are suitable as other bioindicators. The boundary conditions and disturbance variables of the bioindication are discussed. By the phenological date‐determination of the beginning of fertilization the nitrogen losses can be reduced by 10 … 20% and the nitrate leaching can be considerably reduced especially in drinking‐water protection areas.

Population Biology and Mineral Nutrition of Anemone nemorosa with Emphasis on its Parasitic Fungi

Summary Fruit production, germination and plant growth were studied in a population of Anemone nemorosa , a perennial rhizome geophyte, in deciduous woods in Northern FRG. Most of the reproductive strategy is directed to vegetative reproduction, less than 5% to generative reproduction. The same tendency is present for the storage of nutrients, especially phosphorus and nitrogen, which are predominantly accumulated in the rhizome. The leaf rust fungi Ochropsora ariae and Tranzschelia anemones affect leaf performance as well as vegetative and generative reproduction. Ochropsora reduces fruit production for up to 70%, whereas Tranzschelia completely inhibit generative reproduction. The rhizome inhabiting ascomycete Sclerotinia tuberosa strongly affect the mineral nutrition and reproduction of Anemone nemorosa.

Accumulation and exclusion of metals in Collybia peronata and Amanita rubescens

Concentrations of metals in sporophores of the litter-inhabiting Collybia peronata and the soil-inhabiting Amanita rubescens from 30 beech woodland sites in southern Sweden were compared with substrate concentrations of the same metals. Cd, Rb, K, Cu, and As (in decreasing order) accumulated in C. peronata compared with the substrate, whereas Na, Pb, Fe, Al, and in particular Mn and Ca, were excluded; Zn and Mg showed no differences. A. rubescens was similar except that Cd was accumulated to a lesser extent. Soil or litter variables (metal concentration, acidity, organic matter and clay contents) were with few exceptions much less satisfactory in predicting metal uptake by the two fungi than by the vascular plant Anemone nemorosa from comparable sites.

An indirect gradient analysis of the ecological relationships between ancient and recent reiverine woodlands to the south of Bruges (Flanders, Belgium)

Riverine forests to the south of Bruges were sampled according to the principles of the Braun-Blanquet approach. Cartographic data allowed a distinction between old (pre-1775) and recent (planted after 1775) woodland. Using a chi-square criterion and/or a Fisher exact probability test, the association of species with the two historical types of woodland was tested. Corylus avellana, Lamium galeobdolon, Primula elatior, Anemone nemorosa, Deschampsia cespitosa and Thamnium alopecurum are confined to ancient woodland. Glechoma hederacea, Prunus padus, Lysimachia nummularia, Ribes rubrum and Lychnis floscuculi have a significant affinity for recent woods. R-type prineipal components analysis produced an effective ordination of species and releves. Interpretation of the scatter diagrams was performed using indicator values for the species and some environmental parameters for the releves. Two major gradients were detected: the first one is the coenocline from wet, basic clay soils towards drier, more acidic, sandy soils. Anthropogenic dynamics, through the general management which effects the micro-climate in the wood, particularly the relative light intensity, has been recognized as the second ecological parameter. The potential natural vegetation of the valleys is thus determined primarily by soil texture and soil moisture, and secondarily by former land use (and age). It takes at least 200 years before old woodland species start to colonize recent woodland. We are much indebted to Prof. Dr. P. Van der Veken for his criticism of the manuscipt and to B. Kuziel en G. Dujardin for reviewing the English text.

Soil Factors Controlling Metal Ion Absorption in the Wood Anemone Anemone nemorosa

The concentrations of twelve metal elements (Na, K, Rb, Mg, Ca, Al, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) in roots, rhizomes and shoots of the wood anemone Anemone nemorosa L. from 50 woodland sites in southern Sweden were related to various soil properties incl. extractable concentrations in the soil, using a stepwise regression programme. As a mean of the three materials >500% of the variability in the biomass concentrations of most of the metals were accounted for (in Ca 76%, in Mn 68%). Extractable amount in the soil offered the best prediction of plant concentration in most elements, when only one variable was considered, but inclusion of some function of the acid-base conditions of the site usually improved the prediction considerably. In Al, Fe, and Rb the clay content was more closely related than extractable amount to plant concentration. Organic matter content was only related to the Cu concentration of the roots. A very close relationship was measured between the Rb:K ratios of the three plant components. No relationship between the exchangeable Rb: K ratio of the soil and the Rb: K ratios of the plant was found.

Optimum Mean Temperature for a Plant Growth Calculated by a New Method of Summation

The relationship between temperature and stem elongation has been investigated for representative herbaceous plants sampled from populations of seven species which were growing under semi—natural conditions in the Botanical Garden of the University of Padua (Italy). The growth of the floral stem was measured for the following species: Galanthus nivalis L., Corydalis cava Schw. et Krt., Anemone nemorosa l., Symphytum tuberosum L., Symphytum tuberosum L., Allium ursinum L., Aegopodium podagraria L., and Campanula rapunculoides L. Official records of daily maximum and minimum air temperatures have been elaborated by means of a new method of temperature summation. This method takes into consideration the concept that plants possess a range of sensitivity to temperature between maximum and minimum thresholds and that there is an optimal temperature for each stage of development. Data for stem elongation have been optimized (using the technique of best fit) as a function of a logistic curve which may represent growth under ideal conditions. Differences between the logistic curve and the real curve of growth may be related to the amount of deviation of values for environmental factors form optimal values. The temperature ranges between 0° C and 30° C which gave the best correlations with stem elongation have been calculated for the entire period of this process of growth. The average between the two thresholds on each day has been considered as the optimum mean temperature for that day. The optimum mean temperature increases from the start of the process to ripening, with the exception of a period just before flowering when all plants seem to require lower daily temperatures. The results of this analysis have also indicated that unknown factors other than temperature are affecting stem elongation.

Life Cycle and Temperature Requirements of Seven Herbaceous Species

Abstract A series of observations were made on the life cycle, phenology, and germination capacity of Galantbus nivalis L., Corydalis cava Schw. et Krt., Anemone nemorosa L., Symphytum tuberosum L., Allium ursinum L., Aegopodium podagraria L., and Campanula rapunculoides L. The studies were conducted in field, in the Arboretum of the Botanical Garden of Padua, in experimental field chambers, and in growth cabinets maintained at temperature of 4°, 15° and 25°C. The various stages of life cycle of plants require different optimal thermoperiods. High temperature induce dormancy in A. nemorosa and S. tuberosum, while in G. nivalis and A. ursinum the rest period at the end of the vegetative cycle, is not broken by temperature treatments. A. podagraria and C. rapunculoides respond with a different morphogenesis to different temperatures. Temperature change (in the controlled conditions from one constant temperature to another) induced subsequent stage development. Vernalization is essential for all the species under study. However the minimum temperature for vernalization and the duration of exposure at this temperature varies in different species. The life cycle observed of the various species may be considered as examples of different types of adaptation to a same environment.

THE LIGHT COMPENSATION POINTS OF SOME HERBACEOUS PLANTS INSIDE AND OUTSIDE DECIDUOUS WOODS IN GERMANY

The light compensation points and respiration rates of cut leaves of Ranunculus ficaria, Anemone nemorosa, and Allium ursinum were determined at 18–19 °C at intervals throughout the growing season of 1959 from plants grown inside and outside the forest. The light compensation points of leaves from inside and outside the forest decreased progressively during the growing season from March to June, but showed two sharp increases following severe frosts in the mid-season. The compensation points of plants in the forest were consistently lower than those in the open, and showed a smaller increase due to frost damage. The drift in light compensation points could in most cases be correlated with a decrease in the dark-period respiration rate. However, the marked exceptions which occurred after the frosts were presumably due to a decrease in the efficiency of photosynthesis.The light compensation points of Allium were consistently lower than those of Anemone, which were in turn frequently lower than those of Ranunculus. Field observations suggested that Allium was the most tolerant of shade conditions and persisted above ground for the longest period under the forest canopy. When the light compensation points of these species were compared on the basis of equal respiration rates, Allium was lowest and presumably had the most efficient photosynthetic apparatus and Anemone was highest and presumably had the least efficient.

Variation of the Number of Sepals in Anemone Nemorosa

Variation of the Number of Sepals in Anemone Nemorosa

Societies and Academies

PARIS. Academy of Sciences, July 16.—Maurice Lévy in the chair.—On the uranium radiation, by M. Henri Becquerel. By mixing uranium chloride with barium chloride and precipitating with sulphuric acid, a precipitate of barium sulphate is obtained which is more or less radio-active according to the quantity of barium salt introduced. The radio-activity of the uranium salt remaining undergoes a corresponding diminution. It cannot be settled from these experiments whether uranium salts possess a radio-active power of their own, or whether this property is due to an admixture of an impurity.—Preparation and properties of two borides of silicon, by MM. Henri Moissan and Alfred Stock. By heating together, with special precautions, in a tube of infusible material a mixture of silicon and boron in the electric furnace, two new borides of silicon are produced, SiB3 and SiB6, which can be separated by taking advantage of the facts that SiB3 is more readily attacked by fused potash, and SiB6 is more readily destroyed by concentrated nitric acid. Both compounds resist the attack of most reagents and are very hard, scratching ruby with facility.—On the crystallisation of gold, by M. A. Ditte. Gold leaf, heated with a mixture of salt and sodium pyrosulphate or ferrous sulphate, is attacked, and shows traces of crystalline structure, although the temperature has been far below that of the fusion of gold. Platinum gives rise to similar phenomena under the same treatment.—On the solubility of calcium phosphate in the water of soils in presence of carbon dioxide, by M. Th. Schicesing. Neutral Ca3(P04)2, obtained free from sodium salts, is practically insoluble in water free from dissolved carbon dioxide. The solubility increases with the amount of dissolved carbonic acid, but if this is accompanied in solution with the corresponding amount of calcium bicarbonate, the solvent action is practically destroyed.—New researches on double fertilisation in angiosperms, by M. L. Guignard. In addition to the cases previously given of double fertilisation in monocotyledons, this has now been observed in Narcissus poeicus and Scilla bifolia. In dicotyledons, Anemone nemorosa has been most completely studied.—The movements of the air on encountering surfaces of different forms, by M. Marey.—Observations of the planets (F.G.) and (F.H.) made with the large equatorial of the Observatory of Bordeaux, by MM. G. Rayet and F. Féraud.—On the formation of coal basins, by M. Grand' Eury. Remarks on the mode of formation of the Loire basin.—M. Lipschitz was nominated a correspondent in the section of Geometry.—On the instability of certain periodic solutions, by M. Levi-Civita.—On the ternary bilinear forms of Hermite, by M. Louis Kollros.—On the law of corresponding states, by M. Daniel Berthelot. After discussing various modifications that have been suggested for bringing Van der Waals' formula into closer agreement with experiment, the author concludes that the three constants fc, vc, Tc are not sufficient to rigorously define the function f (f, v, T) of a substance. It is necessary to add two new constants, Tm and Vm, corresponding to the displacements of the zeros of volume and temperature —On the temperature of maximum density of aqueous solutions of ammonium chloride and lithium bromide and iodide, by M. L. C. de Coppet. The molecular lowering of the temperature of maximum density varied from 7.16 for ammonium chloride to 8.3I for lithium iodide.—On the electrolytic estimation of bismuth, by M. Dmitry Balachowsky. It is possible to get a coherent metallic deposit of bismuth allowing of washing, provided the following conditions are observed: