Ancient Literature Research Articles

Textual research on Bambusae Concretio Silicea

By studying various ancient texts such as herbal classics and medical literature from different eras, it was found that there were discrepancies in the records about Bambusae Concretio Silicea(Tian Zhu Huang). In order to establish an accurate foundation, this research was based on ancient herbal literature and combined with plant morphology and investigative studies to examine its earliest mentions in ancient texts, nomenclature, medicinal properties, indications, and quality assessment standards. In the early records, Bambusae Concretio Silicea was referred to by several different names, such as "Zhu Huang" "Tian Zhu Huang" "Zhu Gao" "Zhu Tang", and "Zhu Huang". The earliest known formal usage of the name "Tian Zhu Huang" was found in the book Ri Hua-zi's Materia Medica(Ri Hua Zi Ben Cao). Throughout various ancient texts, the earliest recorded information about Bambusae Concretio Silicea also appeared in Ri Hua-zi's Materia Medica, not in Materia Medica of Sichuan(Shu Ben Cao) or other ancient texts. Ri Hua-zi's Materia Medica provided relevant descriptions of its origin, medicinal properties, and indications, albeit with some errors due to limited knowledge. However, this has been a valuable starting point for future research on Bambusae Concretio Silicea and holds pioneering significance in forming a mature system. As the research delved deeper, the medicinal properties of Bambusae Concretio Silicea have been consistent since Ri Hua-zi's Materia Medica, and the understanding has gradually improved through years of clinical verification. During the investigation process, the authors found limited records on the quality evaluation of Bambusae Concretio Silicea in ancient texts. Although the information is scarce, it serves as a foundational basis for establishing corresponding quality grading standards for Bambusae Concretio Silicea in the future.

From Exile to a Global Citizen

In ancient Greek literature and Indian epics, Mahabharata and Ramayana, exile or banishment is depicted as a punishment meted out for sins and crimes committed by humans, whether knowingly or unknowingly. Gradually, from individual/ group punishment, exile evolved into mass exodus resulting from war, conquests and other conflicts. All forms of exiles suffer from the pain and sorrow of leaving behind one’s homeland and belongings. Consequently, the literature produced by exiled poets and writers are filled with nostalgia and agonizing memories. However, over the years, other concerns related to their new lives gain prominence in their writings. This paper attempts to trace the journey of exiles from the past to the present and move towards the future in the writings of diasporic writers of different decades. This paper will focus on the works of V.S. Naipaul, Monica Ali, Zia Haider Rahman and Tarfia Faizullah to discover the newer trends emerging in their texts. V.S. Naipaul’s A House for Mr Biswas (1961) is the epitome of the diasporic writer’s attempt to understand his past in relation to his present. The ownership of a house in the new country is like staking a claim to belong to that country, and Mr. Biswas is desperate to do so. On the other hand, Monical Ali’s Brick Lane, published at the turn of the century, deals with a husband and wife negotiating the difficulties of belonging to a new society. Zia Haider Rahman and Tarfia Faizullah belong to the next group of diaspora writers, who are second generation immigrants growing up in a new land no longer ‘foreign’ to them. The protagonist of Rahman’s novel in The Light of What We Know (2014) successfully confronts problems and complications to ‘belong’ and ‘become’ a British citizen. Tarfia Faizullah, a young Bangladeshi-American poet, uses the history of the War of Independence of Bangladesh to align it with other similar universal discourse of genocide. It appears that figuratively, the exiled writer has now arrived at an acceptable point where s/he is flying out as a global citizen. This transformation of diasporic writers from the periphery to the centre as globally read figures has given rise to the concept of transnationalism. Spectrum, Volume 17, June 2022: 1-11

Influence of Cultural and Economic Factors on the Design Form of Canglang Pavilion

The design form is often influenced by the cultural and economic factors of its creation period, aligning with the aesthetic ideals of the specific era. The exploration of Chinese classical gardens in terms of site selection, layout, landscaping, lighting, and shadow has resulted in a rich and unique spatial design approach. The humanistic concepts underlying this aesthetics, such as harmony between man and nature and emulating nature, are fundamental factors in the formation and development of traditional Chinese garden construction. This paper first analyzes the construction background of Canglang Pavilion from both cultural and economic perspectives. Secondly, it summarizes the role of the cultural environment in shaping the design form of Canglang Pavilion, including creating a transformation of the real into the virtual spatial form and fostering a spiritual orientation towards returning to nature. Building on this foundation, with references from ancient and contemporary literature, it explores the impact of economic factors on the design form of Canglang Pavilion, focusing on garden architecture, rock stacking techniques, and the cultivation of garden flora. The aim is to explore interpretative and appreciative methods and creative construction approaches that can be applied to enrich and diversify modern Chinese garden construction.

Jiawei Taohe Chengqi decoction inhibition of the notch signal pathway affects macrophage reprogramming to inhibit HSCs activation for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

Ethnopharmacological relevanceJiawei Taohe Chengqi Tang (JTCD) is a modified formulation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) known as Taohe Chengqi Decoction, which has been described in the ancient TCM literature “Treatise on Febrile Diseases”. As a formula that can activate blood circulation and eliminate blood stasis and regulate Yin and Yang in traditional Chinese medicine applications, JTCD has been reported to be effective in the treatment of chronic liver disease and hepatic fibrosis (HF). Aim of studyThe current study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of JTCD in modulating hepatic macrophages by regulating the Notch signal pathway, and to further investigate the mechanisms underlying macrophage reprogramming that leads to HF. Materials and methodsMolecular assays were performed using in vitro cultures of human mononuclear THP-1 cells and human-derived hepatic stellate cells LX-2. CCl4-induced mice were utilized as an in vivo model to simulate HF. ResultsOur results demonstrated that JTCD exhibited dual effects by inhibiting hepatic stellate cell (HSCs) activation and modulating the polarisation of macrophages towards the M2 phenotype while decreasing the M1 phenotype. Network pharmacological analyses and molecular docking studies revealed that the Notch signal pathway was significantly enriched and played a crucial role in the therapeutic response of JTCD against HF. Moreover, through the establishment of a co-culture model, we validated that JTCD inhibited the Notch signal pathway in macrophages, leading to alterations in macrophage reprogramming, subsequent inhibition of HSC activation, and ultimately exerting anti-HF effects. ConclusionIn conclusion, our findings provide solid evidence for JTCD in treating HF, as it suppresses the Notch signal pathway in macrophages, regulates macrophage reprogramming, and inhibits HSC activation.

Socio-Political and Psychological Factors of Ulil Amri in Determining The Beginning of The Hijri Month

The several approaches used in Indonesia to determine the start of the Islamic month are not the only factor; Ulil Amri, the person in charge, is also an aspect to consider. The study of this is necessary since Ulil Amri is typically thought of as the head of state or the administration. Ulil Amri's commands are deemed to have been disintegrated when something differs from a result of the government's judgment. This article attempts to examine the history of the notion of Ulil Amri as it emerged from various Muslim groups and organizations in Indonesia. Literature reviews were used to gather data about the concept of Ulil Amri as it was perceived by classical academics as well as as it was understood by various Muslim groups and organizations in Indonesia. This study demonstrates that the idea of Ulil Amri, which Muslims in Indonesia claim as their own, originates from ancient fiqh literature that makes reference to the ulama and the government (hukkam). These two ideas are also discussed in relation to the type of Ulil Amri that Muslims in Indonesia own. Other versions, such as Murshid Tariqah (Sufi Master) and the Jamaat chief, are the outgrowth of both thoughts, nevertheless. The social, religious, and political contexts of Indonesia contributed to the development of the Ulil Amri type variety. In addition, the similarity of the methods and criteria used by the Muslim community, with those used by the government, also influenced the difference in the concept of Ulil Amri.

КОНЦЕПТУАЛІЗАЦІЯ ОБРАЗУ ВОЛОДИМИРА СВЯТОГО В ПИСЕМНИХ ПАМ’ЯТКАХ КИЇВСЬКОЇ РУСІ (ад’єктивно-субстантивний аспект)

The article is devoted to the study of the features of conceptualizing the image of Volodymyr Svyatoslavych (Volodymyr the Saint) in East Slavic written monuments of the 11th-13th centuries, to the reconstruction of the static socio-ethical portrait of the grand duke in the substantive-adjective aspect. It has been found that the socio-ethical portrait of the Volodymyr the Saint is built with the help of fifteen laudatory epithets (блаженыи, свѧтыи, страньнолюбьць, etc.), which implement the semantics of devotion to the Christian faith, righteousness, divine holiness, benevolence, respect, truthfulness, courage. A special role in creating an individualized image of Volodymyr belongs to the use of words that were almost never used in relation to a person (божьствьныи, прѣмоужьственыи, славьныи, трьблаженыи, чьстьныи). The assessment lexemes are attested in autonomous use and in the composition of the formulaic syntagms «честьныи и славьныи», «благовѣрныи и христолюбивыи», «милостивъ къ нищимъ и къ сиротамъ и къ вдовицамъ». The predominant majority of laudatory epithets used next to the name of the grand duke are hagiographic terms (блаженикъ, блаженыи, христолюбьць, благовѣрьныи, etc.). The semantics and the frequency of use of lexemes страньнолюбьць, прѣмоужьственыи, равьнохристолюбьць, равьнохристосолюбьць, блаженыи, трьблаженыи have been clarified. The lexemes блаженыи, трьблаженыи, страньнолюбьць have more specific meanings than it is indicated in the dictionaries; in the use of the epithet прѣмоужьственыи about Volodymyr, there is an influence of ancient Bulgarian Christian literature; the composite равьнохристолюбьць arose as a result of Hilarion’s word-making; the use of the epithet правьдивъ contains an allusion to a quote from Paremiynyk. Peculiarities of the use of the words блаженыи and трьблаженыи in the portrait of Volodymyr reveals the position of Iakov Mnih in the matter of canonization of the prince. The mention of Volodymyr in «Life of Alexander Nevsky» contains an allusion to the history of Saints Theodore and John and the history of the Apostle Paul. Chronology of the use of a hagiographic term свѧтыи next to the name of Volodymyr testifies in favor of scientific assumptions that he was recognized as a saint in the period between the second half of the 11th century and the middle of the 13th century. Semantics and specifics of the use of assessment adjectives and substantives in «The Tale of Bygone Years», «Memory and Praise to Prince Volodymer» by Iakov Mnih, «Sermon on Law and Grace» by the Kievan Metropolitan Hilarion, texts about Boris and Glib and other literary monuments 11th-13th century testify to the fact that in the aspect of the adjectival-substantive expression of the moral assessment of the Volodymyr his church praise is dominated. The absence of an idealized socio-ethical portrait of Volodymyr modeled with the help of laudatory epithets in «The Tale of Bygone Years» is caused by the dualistic nature of his personality as a pagan prince and a Christian prince. The use of laudatory epithets-designations, the simile of the Volodymyr to holy martyrs, biblical prophets, holy Caesars (above all to Constantine the Great), served as a factor in the conceptualization of his image in Eastern Slavic religious texts of the 11th-13th centuries and created the ground for for the liturgical honoring of the prince. The double name Volodymyr-Vasily semantically symbolized the combination of royal and church power, marked such key connections of Prince Volodymyr with his spiritual patron — Basil the Great, as actions in the field of Christianity, receiving the heavenly protection of Basil the Great, honoring the memory of Basil the Great in Korsun’ and Kyiv.

Sophora tonkinensis and active compounds inhibit mitochondrial impairments, inflammation, and LDLR deficiency in myocardial ischemia mice through regulating the vesicle-mediated transport pathway

Ancient Chinese medicine literature and modern pharmacological studies show that Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep. (ST) has a protective effect on the heart. A biolabel research based on omics and bioinformatics and experimental validation were used to explore the application value of ST in the treatment of heart diseases. Therapeutic potential, mechanism of action, and material basis of ST in treating heart diseases were analyzed by proteomics, metabolomics, bioinformatics, and molecular docking. Cardioprotective effects and mechanisms of ST and active compounds were verified by echocardiography, HE and Masson staining, biochemical analysis, and ELISA in the isoproterenol hydrochloride-induced myocardial ischemia (MI) mice model. The biolabel research suggested that the therapeutic potential of ST for MI may be particularly significant among the heart diseases it may treat. In the isoprenaline hydrochloride-induced MI mice model, ST and its five active compounds (caffeic acid, gallic acid, betulinic acid, esculetin, and cinnamic acid) showed significant protective effects against echocardiographic changes and histopathological damages of the ischemic myocardial tissue. Meanwhile, they showed a tendency to correct mitochondrial structure and function damage and the abnormal expression of 12 biolables (DCTN1, DCTN3, and SCARB2, etc.) in the vesicle-mediated transport pathway, inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10, etc.), and low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). The biolabel research identifies a new application value of ST in the treatment of heart diseases. ST and its active compounds inhibit mitochondrial impairments, inflammation, and LDLR deficiency through regulating the vesicle-mediated transport pathway, thus achieving the purpose of treating MI.

Николай Заболоцкий и Мария Юдина: к истории творческого общения

The article discusses the history of the creative dialogue between the great pianist Maria Veniaminovna Yudina and the outstanding poet Nikolay Alekseevich Zabolotsky. The material was not only Yudina’s memories of her joint work with the poet on equirhythmic translations of the collection Schubert’s Songs conceived by the pianist, but also Yudina’s thoughts expressed in various sources about the specific features of Zabolotsky’s work, whose poetry Yudina “ardently” loved. Based on Yudina’s definition of the poet’s work as “liturgical”, the article attempts to decipher this characterization. Poem Forest Lake is used for analysis, Yudina having noted that the person who wrote this poem is already on the threshold of the knowledge of God. In connection with the specific features of Zabolotsky’s poetic thought, bordering on the theological understanding of the world and man and embodied in the figurative matter of the Forest Lake, the article interprets the Gospel revelation about man, revealed in the writings of St. Gregorius Dialogus. “Traces” of the creative collaboration between Yudina and Zabolotsky are found in the 1947 poem Beethoven, which is not only the result of the joint work of Yudina and Zabolotsky on equirhythmic translations, but also the verbal embodiment of Yudina’s interpretation of Beethoven’s music, which she often played during their meetings with Zabolotsky. The article shows the specific character of the creative method of typological exegesis (this term is introduced by L. Levshun for the study of ancient Russian literature), which is used by Zabolotsky in the poems Forest Lake and Beethoven. Its essence lies in the fact that for any phenomenon or event a prototype is found in the Holy Scriptures and, thus, the event is explained, interpreted within the framework of the biblical paradigm. Zabolotsky does not interpret anything, but directs the reader’s feeling to unravel what kind of sacrament occurs in his poetry. Nikolay Zabolotsky in the poem Beethoven embodied Maria Yudina’s idea about music being a “message of revealed truths”, about music, which is the realization of the universal, cosmic liturgy.

Ancient Matriarchal Kingdoms in India and China: A Case Study of Strīrājya of Mahābhārata and Nüer Guo of Journey to the West

India and China are home to ancient civilizations marked by extensive cultural and interpersonal connections dating back over two millennia. These enduring societies not only resisted external invasions but also left an indelible impact on the development of diverse and unparalleled communities throughout history. Given their vast geographical expanse, both nations hosted numerous kingdoms in East and Southeast Asia, predominantly led by male rulers, thus establishing them as patriarchal domains. However, amid this prevailing trend, certain kingdoms distinguished themselves by being exclusively governed by women, nurturing well-established matriarchal societies. Noteworthy examples of such female-led kingdoms can be found in both ancient Indian and Chinese literature, suggesting a potential impact of Indic literature and culture on shaping the mindset of the Chinese populace. Delving into these ancient matriarchal realms not only provides insights into the socio-political status of women in these two countries but also presents an opportunity to reflect on the folk ethics, customs, and beliefs that set these kingdoms apart from other male-dominated societies.

Hieronymus Odam, engraved gems and antiquarianism

This article is designed to recover and reconstruct the antiquarian, collecting, and documentary activities of Italian artist Hieronymus Odam (c. 1681–1740) in respect of engraved gems. Odam is primarily recognized as a painter, while his contribution to the development of antiquarianism and collecting of antiquities remains virtually unknown. Odam’s speciality was intaglios and cameos. The recently discovered drawings of gems in the Princes Czartoryski Museum in Kraków, the Kunstbibliothek in Berlin, and the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, as well as archival sources—Odam’s correspondence and two dactyliothecae (those of Pier Leone Ghezzi and James Tassie)—prove that he possessed a considerable number of engraved gems and was one of the experts in this particular field. But above all, Odam documented thousands of engraved gems, notably for Philipp von Stosch, in a very accurate and innovative way, straying from the traditional antiquarian approach. The co-operation between Odam and Stosch resulted in illustrations that were designed to show techniques of engraving and styles of the ancient masters, qualities that had not previously been addressed by antiquarians. In Odam’s and Stosch’s approach gems were treated as sources of evidence rather than as images useful for illustrating passages from ancient literature. Odam is a fine example illustrating the transformation of antiquarianism in the first half of the 18th century.

Life and death of Knyaz Mykhailo of Chernihiv in ancient ukrainian literature

The article examines ancient Ukrainian literary works about the life and tragic death in the Horde of Prince (Kniaz) Mykhailo of Chernihiv. The article aims to trace the process of literary transformation of the ancient story and to introduce this material into the circle of research in Ukrainian medieval studies. The content of the story reflects events from the life of Mykhailo of Chernihiv, focusing on his journey with boyar Fedir to the Horde in 1245 to obtain permission from Batu Khan to own lands in Rus. There, they refused to bow to the khan according to Mongolian custom, and were killed for it. Ancient authors saw this as a Christian feat, and Mykhailo was proclaimed a saint. This is how he appears in the «life» created by Dmytro Tuptalo. This life (early 18th century) does not fit into the Byzantine hagiographic canon because it does not tell the whole life of Mykhailo, but focuses only on his stay in the Horde, where tragic events occur that are intended to move the reader and evoke sympathy for the martyr, a faithful Christian. In addition, the hagiography was written in the Baroque period, so it is characterized by pomp and circumlocution, emblematic and symbolic images, rhetorical figures, authorial reflections, and quotations from other texts, which ultimately play a role in reinforcing the highly moral image of Mykhailo. The prince is portrayed differently in the Galician-Volhynian Chronicle: it does not emphasize Mykhailo’s feat, but praises Danylo Halytskyi, who obtained permission from the khan by obeying non-Christian customs. The deaths of Mykhailo of Chernihiv and his boyar Fedir in the Horde are striking, and historical events fade into the background, becoming the background for the depiction of strong personalities. It cannot be said that Mykhailo of Chernihiv is a strong personality. Rather, he is a victim of the circumstances. He was credited with heroism, and Danylo Halytskyi with diplomatic wisdom. This is despite the fact that the Mongol-Tatar invasion pushed back the development of the ancient Ukrainian lands for several centuries, bringing decline and languishing on the edge of Europe that survived that horror.

On the Kicking Techniques of Pankration

The ancient Hellenic art of pankration differed from that of pugilism and wrestling in that it included two additional unique aspects: joint manipulations (including chokes, in the form of groundwork) and kicks. Its history of Olympic competition spans at least 869 years, from 648 BCE to 221 CE. In the following study, the comprehensive list of compiled kicking-related terms includes five general terms, seven primary techniques, six distinct variants, and five strike placement denominations for a total of 23 descriptors, amassed for this purpose for the first time in modern literature. All terms that are to be listed were sourced directly from ancient texts. The study also includes an analysis of how the ancient Greeks viewed kicking techniques in competition based on Hellenic literature of antiquity and pankration depictions (pottery, statues, & reliefs). The goal is to create a comprehensive database of Hellenic pankration’s kicking techniques and practises to incorporate in an academically sound modern renewal of the combat sport that can support adequate teaching and competition that can carry into its return to the Olympics.

“[O]ne is lost to understand what this has to do with the [Black] experience”: Percival Everett, André Alexis, and Racialized Authorial Expectations

Percival Everett and André Alexis have each affirmed their desire to produce art free from any external obligations by producing fiction designed to provoke and then to destabilize conditioned responses in their readers. One of the many ways in which both of them accomplish this aim is to write about subjects and in modes that confound what Lavelle Porter identifies as a host of “sloppy, simplistic, lazy, and inevitable” presumptions surrounding what Black writers should and should not write about. Both Everett and Alexis have written decidedly contemporary fiction that repurposes characters and plots from ancient Greek literature in various ways, including textual parody, metamythic pastiche, and conspicuous inclusion of Classical characters and forms into otherwise contemporary narratives. By doing so, they engage with a mythic tradition that a grossly reductive view on race and authorship perceives as not-theirs and navigate between a Scylla and Charybdis of cultural appropriation on one side and race treachery on the other. They not only explore their own aesthetic/philosophical interests through their renovations of Greek mythology, but they also hold up a mirror to the ways that the presumptions their readers bring with them affect (and limit) their interpretations.

Look at the orthographic challenges of Afghanistan's Uzbek language

The Uzbek language belongs to the eastern branch of Turkic languages. Turkic languages are part of the Ural-Altaic language family. The history of orthography and ancient literature of the Uzbek language goes back to the "Orkhon Yinisey" stone in orthography ions. These petroglyphs were obtained from the beach of the Orkhon Seas in Mangolia, Yenisey (Anasay-Mother valley) in southern Siberia, Talas in Kyrgyzstan, and other areas such as Eastern Turkistan, Central Asia, Caucasus, Volga beach and parts of Europe area. These historical sites contain Turkish-Ronics writings. In the stone in orthography ions of "Orkhon Yinisey", some of which include eulogies and hymns describing Turkish kings, are carved on the tombstones of Turkish kings and princes. The orthography of the Uzbek language of Uzbekistan has always changed from the previous state. However, the Uzbek orthography in Afghanistan has never changed since the 12th century until now; they use the Arabic-Uzbek orthography. In this research, library resources are used.

From Ancient Mythology to Modern Technology: The Historical Evolution of Artificial Intelligence

Dear Editors, Recently, a fascinating article detailing the evolution of Artificial Intelligence (AI) was published, as the article describes it with the bronze creature Talos from ancient Greek myths and the groundbreaking DaVinci Si and DaVinci Xi surgical systems of the modern era [1]. The interaction of ancient myths and medical technology shows how far we have come but how deeply we remain connected to our past. As the article emphasizes, Talos, described in ancient Greek literature, may be the world's first recorded concept of an automaton with Artificial Intelligence capability. Talos, created by the god Hephaestus, used his bronze form and inner fire to patrol the coasts of Crete and deter invaders [2]. The story of a machine that moves independently, driven by an energy source and following specific instructions, is astoundingly pioneering [2]. It is interesting to think that robots, an idea we usually think of as a modern concept, were present in the imagination of ancient civilizations. Leonardo da Vinci's robot knight is a moving tribute to the versatile genius of the Renaissance [3]. However, since its operation depends on external intelligence, it is not a direct precursor to the AI we know today. The article makes this distinction. However, A claim that has been presented is open to discussion. Naming AI surgical tower da Vinci is misleading, article suggests. Although Leonardo's automaton was not autonomous, its extensive notebooks testify to a questioning and innovative mind that was always pushing boundaries. In this sense, it feels appropriate to mention the name of Da Vinci, a technological marvel. The underlying sentiment is concurred with. Hephaestus' creation of Talos offers a more direct line to the concept of autonomous machines and perhaps it deserves a more prominent position in the story of the history of Artificial Intelligence. Highlighting this overlooked intersection of mythology, history, and technology is commendable. Such discussions highlight the importance of understanding our past while understanding our rapidly evolving present and future. Sincerely yours,

Therapeutic use of Curd in Digestive Disorders in Ayurveda

Curd, a tasty popular staple diet consisting therapeutic importance too. Chikitsa has mentioned as Aahar (diet), Vihar (regimen) and Aushadhi (Shodhana, Shaman). Curd consists various properties and it is mentioned to include as a diet in diseases as Atisara (diarrhoea), Grahani (malabsorption syndrome), Arsha (haemorrhoids), Peenas (chronic rhinitis). It is found that indication of a curd is commonly mentioned in Ayurveda regarding the digestive disorders. Curd as a diet consists Deepan (appetiser), Ruchiprada (enhancing taste) and Vataghna property. Search had been performed in ancient and modern literature and research publications related to use of a curd in digestive disorders considering probiotic property of a curd. It is easily available and economic. Adding a curd in a diet of patients suffering from digestive disorders is beneficial for effective recovery. The important significance of therapeutic use of probiotics is prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. This article is a review of available literature related to research question to enlighten role of a curd in digestive disorders. The study was planned for having focused information related to digestive disorders only with preventive, promotive and therapeutic use. Observations are suggesting that curd is a probiotic source of lactobacillus with a nutritive value. Being the richest source of probiotics, curd offers beneficial and healthy microflora to our alimentary canal. Fermented milk improves diarrhoea by improving and regulating the intestinal microbiota and environment as per research conducted. Habitual consumption of fermented milk containing lactobacillus prevented constipation in Vietnamese children as per mentioned in studied article. The yoghurt has also been associated with a decreased risk of developing colorectal cancer. This review article has emphasised on Aahar Chikitsa in digestive disorders related to use of a curd.

Kabalis / Kabalia Yüksek Yayla Yerleşimlerinde Zeus ve Şimşek Demeti Kabartmaları

The worship of Zeus, the head of the gods of Olympus, is more widespread in rural areas than in urban centers in the Kabalis / Kabalia region. Zeus, who is generally seen in cities for the prosperity and well-being of the city or for amity in treaties, has a different presence in rural areas than the established cult in the cities. Zeus, who is mostly associated with the sky and celestial phenomena, also manifests himself in rural life in agriculture and animal husbandry. In this context, the bust of Zeus and the reliefs, altars and architectural blocks bearing winged or wingless thunderbolt, the attribute of Zeus and recorded in ancient literature, were analyzed on the basis of rural life and especially seasonal migration. In addition to these finds, two altars, one with an inscription, registered in the inventory of the Burdur Archaeological Museum, were also included in the research, and, in relation to rural life and transhumance activities the characteristics related to this deity were investigated. This depiction, which is sometimes seen as a winged thunderbolt and sometimes as a thunderbolt carried by an eagle on the coins of the cities of the Kabalis / Kabalia Region during the Hellenistic Period, appears on rock reliefs, architectural blocks, and altars in the high plateaus, permanent or periodic rural settlements during the Roman Imperial Period. Through the identification of the finds in the region, including those with similar reliefs, a preliminary impression of the epithets with which this deity may have been worshipped has been attempted.

Egypt as a Gateway for the Passage of Pathogens into the Ancient Mediterranean

Abstract Ancient Egypt plays a crucial role in the history of infectious disease. An intersection for communication and commerce, Egypt linked disparate civilizations and ecologies, allowing the spread of local epidemics and Mediterranean-wide pandemics. The region south of Egypt developed a pestilential reputation, due in part to Thucydides’ account of the Plague of Athens, which traced the disease’s origins to that area. Later records are modeled on Thucydides’ account, muddling the true origins and scope of later outbreaks. Critical reading of ancient literature and documents—particularly papyri—supplemented with archeological and palaeoscientific evidence, significantly improves our understanding of how Egypt facilitated the circulation of pathogens between the western Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean.

Myths, Science, and Literature – Different Fields, the Same Essence

Abstract The present study aims at analysing the relationship and establishing the similarities between ancient Eastern myths, literature, and today’s leading scientific views such as quantum physics. In ancient times, the mythic worldview was the only one being widely accepted, a dominancy that lasted up into, roughly put, the mid-nineteenth century, when most sciences as known today started to flourish and overtook the place of mythology, invalidating it. Nowadays, however, ancient myths and modern sciences have begun getting closer to each other and, at a deep insight, one may discover that they reveal the same truth. Thus, the paper shall discuss and compare ancient Buddhist texts with leading quantum theories and literary works by Béla Hamvas and Sándor Weöres that facilitate the comprehension of the essence.1

고대 세계의 우주생성론 비교연구

The purpose of this study is to compare the ancient Mesopotamian cosmogony, the Jewish cosmogony centered on the Book of Ezekiel, and Plato's cosmogony centered on the myth of Er, and reveal their commonalities and causes. Although academic interest in civilizational exchanges in the ancient world is increasing due to the excavation of ancient Near Eastern literature, the aim is to trace the cultural fusion between the three cultures representing ancient times in a situation where the Western Greek cultural tradition, which claims to be a purely indigenous culture, is still dominant. Among these, it is largely accepted that the Mesopotamian civilization had a great influence on Greece, especially in astronomy. Regarding Judaism, only its uniqueness is still emphasized. Thompson's view that Babylonian literature compares the universe to a furnace proves that there are significant similarities between the cosmogony of Ezekiel and the Mesopotamian cosmogony. Bergren's research also provided a link to connect the Greek cosmogony with the cosmogony of the Book of Ezekiel.