Anatomical Terms Research Articles

HF01-11 "VAGINA" IS NOT A BAD WORD: HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY CENSORSHIP OF THE WORD "VAGINA"

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 May 2022HF01-11 "VAGINA" IS NOT A BAD WORD: HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY CENSORSHIP OF THE WORD "VAGINA" Shreeya Popat, Rainey Horwitz, Karyn Eilber, and Una Lee Shreeya PopatShreeya Popat More articles by this author , Rainey HorwitzRainey Horwitz More articles by this author , Karyn EilberKaryn Eilber More articles by this author , and Una LeeUna Lee More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000002541.11AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The first recorded use of the word “vagina” was in 1680. It is the only contemporary anatomic term for the female reproductive canal and has no anatomically accurate substitute. For the last 350 years, use of the word has been intentionally avoided in media, print, and society. We sought to characterize instances of this censorship to better understand perceptions and behaviors surrounding the word “vagina.” METHODS: An internet and relevant database search was conducted for “vagina, “censor,” and related wildcard terms. Search results were filtered by three independent reviewers for relevance. Related articles were reviewed for common themes. RESULTS: Examples of censorship of the word “vagina” were compiled in the accompanying table, and several themes identified: (1) Policies surrounding censorship are unclear. Affected parties typically receive generic responses, i.e. that content “does not comply” with standards. Censoring parties rarely explicitly identify language or elements of concern. (2) Policies appear highly variable. In advertisements for similar products on the same social media platforms, some companies successfully use the word “vagina” while others are barred, highlighting puzzling inconsistencies. (3) Another related theme that emerges is differing standards between references to male and female genitalia. For example, “penis” and related references were often allowed by the same television shows that mandated censorship or omission of “vagina.” (4) Objections often call use of “vagina” overtly sexual, profane, or unprofessional. However, “vagina” refers to an anatomical term for which there is no suitable, accurate alternative. Censorship of the word forces inaccurate, over-generalized, ambiguous references to female genitalia. CONCLUSIONS: The word “vagina” is censored across multiple platforms: print, film and television, social media, politics, education, and more. It has been censored for centuries and continues to be today. This erects barriers to care for women. Our patients increasingly turn to the internet and other media platforms as accessible sources of high-quality health. Pervasive censorship of the word “vagina” perpetuates a culture of ignorance and shame about women’s bodies. Until we normalize the term “vagina,” we cannot make progress on women’s pelvic health. Source of Funding: N/A © 2022 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 207Issue Supplement 5May 2022Page: e215 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2022 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Shreeya Popat More articles by this author Rainey Horwitz More articles by this author Karyn Eilber More articles by this author Una Lee More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...

Морфологічні терміни-епоніми в стоматології як частина професійної культури

The study of eponymous terms in professional medical language is of great importance because it aims to solve an important theoretical problem of changing the status and function of a term, which has an unconditional impact on knowledge of the world in terms of the history of science. There are new terms that reflect the stages of development of medicine, the priority of a scientist or country in the discovery of new facts, but do not reflect the individual features of the objects of nomination. Currently, scientific and terminological discussions on the use of eponymous terms are ongoing. The purpose of the study. In a concise form to explain the origin of some eponymous terms in stomatology, to give an idea of the scientists whose names are given to certain terms by bibliographic analysis of the literature. Materials and methods. The work uses general philosophical and general scientific research methods, namely: dialectical, historical-chronological, bibliographic-descriptive, analytical, etc. This bibliographic analysis is based on published peer-reviewed articles, books, textbooks, monographs. Results and discussion. The objects of the study in this work were derived from eponymous terms used in stomatology and morphology. The sources of the material were specialized dictionaries and reference books devoted to the problems of eponymy in medicine, which represent the most complete collection of eponymous names of diseases and their signs. Historical and statistical data are given to explain and generalize the variety of phenomena associated with the emergence of eponymous terms, information about scientists and countries whose names actually served as eponyms for the formation of names of medical phenomena and concepts. The peculiarities of the origin of names are analyzed: anatomical terms, phenomena, as well as structures and formations of eponymous origin, depending on the nationality of their authors, the historical and cultural preconditions that formed the basis for the formation of eponymous terms are identified. Conclusion. The study is not exhaustive, and further sampling of eponymous terminological constructions from periodicals, textbooks, monographs of dental direction will expand the database, deepen and diversify the knowledge of young scientists, as well as contribute to the formation of terminological competence of medical students. Eponyms facilitate memorization, as at the mental level the recipient receives a holistic picture of the image of the object of reality. The use of eponyms in the circle of narrow specialists provides a quick understanding of the situation of the picture, conveys the continuity of knowledge, reflects the main stages of development of science, the struggle of thoughts and views, the formation of the scientific worldview of human. Despite a number of negative aspects, eponyms will always be an essential part of medical terminology

Causes of circadian rhythm disorders and methods of their treatment

The circadian rhythm is the main biological rhythm to which man is subject.During the day periods of activity and sleep, eating habits, body temperature, secretion of certain hormones and frequency of urination all change.In anatomical terms, the biological clock is located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei in the hypothalamus[3].The most important factor in the circadian rhythm is sunlight.They are particularly vulnerable to disturbances of the circadian rhythmschool students and shift workers,however, please note thatphenomenonthiscan occur in anyone.The consequences of circadian rhythm disorders include: reduced work efficiency, reduced social contacts, mood disorders, depression, obesity or metabolic diseases[1].
 Mainandcausesanddisturbances of the circadian rhythmis reduced exposure to natural sunlight[1,2].Studies have shown that the biological rhythm may be disturbed by: the aging process [3],incorrect concentrationsuch hormones asmelatoninandand cortisol[4,8-27], symptoms of various diseases such as schizophrenia and medications taken[6],extension of the circadian cycle[7,28]and factors such associal life, time spent using multimedia devices, putting off homeworkby the studentslate evening hours, decreased parental control, increased frequency of anxiety disorders,non-compliance with the rules of sleep hygiene and consumption of caffeine-containing products[7,28,29, 30].
 The treatment of circadian rhythm disorders is primarily based on the patient's adherence to the rules of sleep hygiene.The use of phototherapy is also an effective method. In case ofthe ineffectiveness of the above methodsdrug treatment may be considered. Melatonin is the drug of choice.In the case of treatment with melatonin, the correct time of administration is crucialand his dose.Pharmacotherapy with hypnotic drugs has a modest, short-term efficacy and should be used inlast resort[7.31]

Overactive bladder (OAB): a failed concept needing revision to accommodate an external anatomical control system.

In 45years, the definitions and practice of the urodynamically based overactive bladder (OAB)/detrusor overactivity (DO) system have failed to adequately address pathogenesis and cure of urinary urge incontinence, frequency and nocturia. We analysed the OAB syndrome with reference to the Integral Theory paradigm's (ITS) binary feedback system, where OAB in the female is viewed as a prematurely activated, but otherwise normal micturition caused mainly, but not entirely, by ligament damage/laxity. The ITS Clinical Assessment Pathway which details the relationships between structural damage (prolapse), ligaments and dysfunction (symptoms) is introduced. The ITS was able to "better explain" OAB pathophysiology in anatomical terms with reference to the binary model. The phasic patterns diagnostic of "detrusor overactivity" are explained as a struggle for control by the closure and micturition reflexes. The exponentially determined relationship between urethral diameter and flow explains why obstructive patterns occur, why they do not and why urine may leak with no recorded pressure. Mechanically supporting ligaments ("simulated operations") during urodynamic testing can improve low urethral pressure, negative pressure during coughing with SUI and diminish urge sensation or even DO patterns, transforming urodynamics from non-predictive test to accurate predictor of continence surgery results. High cure rates for OAB by daycare repair of damaged ligaments is a definitive test of the binary system's validity. Conceptual progression of OAB to the Integral Theory paradigms's prematurely activated micturition validates OAB component symptoms as a syndrome, explains pathogenesis, and unlocks a new way of understanding, diagnosing, treating and researching OAB.

Vulvar anatomy relevant to vaginal surgery

The objective of this video is to systematically review components of vulvar anatomy for learners, and to review standardized anatomical terms, based on Terminologia Anatomica and prior findings from the Society for Gynecologic Surgeons Pelvic Anatomy Group. The video illustrates on a patient some of the key vulvar anatomic landmarks and reviews some relevant clinical correlates of these structures. Palpable anatomic landmarks are demonstrated. Throughout the video we emphasize preferred and non-preferred terms for each anatomic structure. This video can be used by learners at all stages of clinical education to review relevant vulvar anatomy and appropriate terminology prior to vaginal surgical procedures.

Identification of Coffee Berry Borer from Similar Bark Beetles in Southeast Asia and Oceania

This guide aims to assist in the accurate identification of a highly damaging pest, the coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei. Key morphological characters are noted which may distinguish it from similar species found in coffee berries and coffee berry borer traps. Similar genera are also distinguished, though the guide does not provide identification of these genera to species. Useful to both professionals and non-professionals, the guide provides a glossary of anatomical terms used as well as annotated figures of specimens. It is hoped that increased accuracy in identification of coffee berry borer will assist in efforts to limit the spread of the beetle in coffee growing regions around the world.

Scapula revisited: new features identified and denoted by terms using consensus method of Delphi and taxonomy panel to be implemented in radiologic and surgical practice.

The scapular structures that have not yet been assigned anatomic terms generate a challenge in clinical diagnostics and surgical application, as well as in scientific observation. The aim of this study was to solve the lack in terminology concerning the scapula and the scapular region. Observation and description of 29 structures were carried out on both dry scapulae and radiographs of the shoulder joint. In addition, several terms commonly encountered throughout the literature concerning the scapula were revised. A degree of consensus was reached by using the Delphi method surveying the opinions of 21 invited experts in the field. Taxonomy panels and etymology of anatomic terminology were considered in the generation of the proposed terms. The scapula was redefined as a lamina with projecting processes, and several landmarks demarcating certain newly defined topographic spaces were highlighted via 2 rounds of Delphi systematic voting and discussion. The overall level of the peer nominees' consensus was high. Few terms received a neutral opinion. This study communicates a proposal of 16 new terms defining grossly visible structures on the scapula that have not yet been described by officially recognized terms, including a call to unify 13 previously contributed terms that have not been codified and are often used interchangeably within different surgical and scientific fields. Incorporating these terms into the anatomic nomenclature would facilitate communication accuracy and eliminate ambiguity among clinicians, surgeons, and anatomists.

Phytolith records from 15 continuously growing Bambusa emeiensis leaves and its climatic significance

In order to explore the effect of silica accumulation on the modern bamboo phytoliths, 15 consecutive bamboo leaves of Bambusa emeiensis were employed for observation of different leaf-age phytolith types and their link to the climatic environment. Phytoliths for anatomical terms are divided into six groups: short cells, long cells, bulliform cells, hair cells, silicified tissues and stomata. Short cells make a great contribution to the total percentage of phytoliths counted under the microscope. The effect of silica accumulation on the phytolith morphology of Bambusa emeiensis leaf is limited, and it can not prevent the phytolith records of the climatic information of the growth environment of Bambusa emeiensis. Three phytolith assemblage zones respond very clearly to the three major climatic stages varying from warm-humid to warm-dry and cool-dry conditions. Correlation analysis among phytolith indices and climatic factors at different time levels indicate that the warmth index (Iw) has a highly significant correlation with the 10-day mean temperature, and aridity index (S/F) has a significant correlation with 10-day total evaporation, respectively, which is in good accordance with the average maturity time (10 days or so) of a new leaf. This study reveal that the leaf phytoliths of Bambusa emeiensis can sensitively respond to the living temperature and evaporation corresponding to the growth and maturity of a new leaf. Our results will provide valuable evidence for the climatic significance of modern plant phytoliths and shed the insight into the plant ecophysiological response to the global change in the future.

Anatomical identifications of stars: Textual descriptions in Ptolemy's star catalogue

In this survey paper, we examine the language Ptolemy uses in his star catalogue to describe stars. We focus on anatomical descriptions (more than 700 in the catalogue), i.e., textual entries used to identify objects by relating them to body-parts of imaginary constellation figures. At the syntactical level, by looking at the functional roles of expressions within descriptions, we attempt to reconstruct a general formula to which the great majority of anatomical descriptions conform. We derive statistical results about the relative frequency and variability of various components of our general formula. We also perform a quantitative analysis of the anatomical terms used, and their distributions among specific constellations. We conclude that Ptolemy applies a language that is syntactically formal, in line with both the discursive function and other technical texts of antique geometry, but semantically rich, owing to the anatomical context interplaying with the geometrical one.

Corona mortis, aberrant obturator vessels, accessory obturator vessels: clinical applications in gynaecology

Corona mortis (CMOR) is a heterogeneous and often dubious term that causes much confusion in medical literature, especially in regard to its modern day significance in pelvic surgery. Some authors define CMOR as any abnormal anastomotic vessel between the external iliac and obturator vessels, whereas others define it as any vessel coursing over the superior pubic branch, regardless whether it is a vascular anastomosis, an accessory obturator vessels, an obturator vessel related to the external iliac system or a terminal small vessel. There is no standard classification of CMOR and obturator vessels variations, although there are multitudes of classifications describing the diverse variations in the obturator foramen region. We define accessory obturator, aberrant obturator vessels and CMOR as different structures, as CMOR is an anatomical term that reflects a clinical situation rather than an anatomical structure. A new clinical classification for aberrant, accessory obturator vessels and CMOR is proposed regarding the anatomical variations, and the location of vessels to the deep femoral ring. The clinical significance of accessory obturator, aberrant vessels and CMOR is delineated in oncogynaecological and urogynaecological surgery.

Anatomical Terms in Jurgis Žilinskas’ Short Textbook of Osteology and Syndesmology

Medical terminology has an extensive and rich history in Latin and Greek languages. When Romans conquered Greece, the knowledge and language of both cultures merged, resulting in new medical concepts regarding disease treatment and containment. Medical records were chronicled by hand, creating medical terms and books. Although medical terms have been drawn from many languages, a large majority originate from Greek and Latin. Terms of Greek origin occur mainly in clinical terminology, while Latin terms make up the majority of anatomical terminology. Another reason for a large number of Greek medical terms is that the Greek language is quite suitable for building compound words. The article discusses the current state of anatomical terminology in Lithuania. The history of the Lithuanian nomenclature of anatomy dates back several centuries, during which the most frequently used Lithuanian anatomical terms were gradually developed. Every time, writing and publishing textbooks, methodological aids, and other anatomy books in the Lithuanian language, the authors interpreted various Latin anatomy terms in their own way and introduced new equivalents in the Lithuanian language. However, they often did not agree on the translation of various Latin terms into Lithuanian and their application to define various structures. The development and perfection of medical terminology is a long process. The most significant contribution in regulating Lithuanian anatomical terminology was made by Jurgis Žilinskas. The terms that we currently use can be found in his textbooks “Osteologija ir syndesmologija” (“Osteology and syndesmology”) (1932) and “Splanchnologija” (“Splanchnology”) (1934) (Litevkiene, Korosteliova 2012, 208). He initiated term regulation in his first textbook, “Lectures of Neurology” (1923), containing only Latin terms, well-formed according to Baseler’s nomenclature. The nomenclature of anatomy compiled by him was applied in other anatomy textbooks and the Dictionary of Medical Terms.

Anatomy Education of Medical Students During the COVID 19 Pandemic

COVID-19 created extraordinary challenges to anatomy education and teaching practices, as the anatomists try to achieve best knowledge delivery level for their discipline, without the use of traditional teaching aids such as the cadavers and microscopic slides. The present study was conducted to collect medical students’ response and opinions regarding the pros and cons of online teaching vs traditional teaching. 2263 medical studentswere recruited from the first three academic years. A multiple choice close-ended questionnaire regarding their opinion about virtual teaching mode for the anatomy discipline during COVID-19 pandemic was designed and circulated via emails.The majority (78.12 %) of the students agreed that they missed their traditional anatomy learning mode. Moreover, (92.92 %) of the students missed their campus and the college social life. The students strongly felt there is a gap and difficulty in understanding the topics that required practicing and visual orientation such as dissections, models, microscopic slides which help them in better memorizing and recalling the anatomical terms. The lack of proper devices and the absence of high quality internet were among the top reported issues that negatively affect online learning. These results indicated that, compared with traditional methods of teachings, the online learning in the medical schools had relatively poor planning and required continuous and combined efforts in order to improve the quality of online teaching specially for anatomy discipline, which may be an essential response for any unforeseen situation such as the COVID-19 pandemic. We should look at the current situation as an opportunity to apply modern anatomy education approaches which may be a necessity at the present time, with huge accomplishments achieved in the information and online technology field.

Medicine in Ancient Egypt

Knowledge of the medicine practiced in Ancient Egypt is found mainly in the so-called medical papyri, of which the oldest is the Lahun papyrus (c. 1800 b.C) which mainly reveals knowledge of gynecology and obstetrics, including methods of contraception. Surgical cases, most of them related to trauma, are dealt with in the Edwin Smith papyrus. Specific medical and anatomical terms, such as brain, fracture, and seizure, appear for the first time in this treatise.

Ambiguous "olfactory" terms for anatomic spaces adjacent to the cribriform plate: A publication database analysis and quest for uniformity.

A precise nomenclature and terminology is the foundation of communication in Anatomy and related biomedical sciences. The olfactory bulbs and nerves lie above and below the cribriform plate (CP), respectively. Hence, many anatomical landmarks in this region have names adopting the term "olfactory" as qualifiers. Ambiguous use of these "olfactory" terms exists, with some potential repercussions on patient treatments. We performed a publication database analysis to determine the frequency of misuse of names for seven anatomical "olfactory" spaces close to the CP and nasal cavity. We searched PubMed® publications having the keyword "olfactory" in their title or abstract, plus one of seven other keywords: "groove", "fossa", "recess", "cleft", "vestibule", "sulcus", and "cistern". We reviewed all abstracts for accuracy of these terms relative to accepted norms or customary definitions. By February 2020, we found all these keywords in 1255 articles. For the terms olfactory "groove" and "fossa", the number of relevant articles (and percentage of those inaccurately using these terms) were 374 (1.1%), and 49 (8.2%), respectively. All 52 abstracts containing "olfactory" and "vestibule" were irrelevant, relating to the "nasal vestibule" and olfactory function, instead of "olfactory vestibule". Overall, terms used to describe "olfactory" spaces near the CP are seldom ambiguous or inaccurate, but the terms olfactory "groove" and "fossa" are occasionally misused, We propose several new "olfactory" terms for inclusion in the Terminologia Anatomica, and stress the need for uniform nomenclature leading to greater consistency and accuracy in clinical use of anatomical terms containing the word "olfactory" as a descriptor.

Planarian Anatomy Ontology: a resource to connect data within and across experimental platforms.

ABSTRACTAs the planarian research community expands, the need for an interoperable data organization framework for tool building has become increasingly apparent. Such software would streamline data annotation and enhance cross-platform and cross-species searchability. We created the Planarian Anatomy Ontology (PLANA), an extendable relational framework of defined Schmidtea mediterranea (Smed) anatomical terms used in the field. At publication, PLANA contains over 850 terms describing Smed anatomy from subcellular to system levels across all life cycle stages, in intact animals and regenerating body fragments. Terms from other anatomy ontologies were imported into PLANA to promote interoperability and comparative anatomy studies. To demonstrate the utility of PLANA as a tool for data curation, we created resources for planarian embryogenesis, including a staging series and molecular fate-mapping atlas, and the Planarian Anatomy Gene Expression database, which allows retrieval of a variety of published transcript/gene expression data associated with PLANA terms. As an open-source tool built using FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, reproducible) principles, our strategy for continued curation and versioning of PLANA also provides a platform for community-led growth and evolution of this resource.

Cultural Linguistics and Religion: Human Anatomical Terms in the Holy Bible

This study investigates, within the scope of Cultural Linguistics, underlying cultural conceptualisations of human anatomical (body part) terms in the Holy Bible linked to the Christian worldview. It comes as a response to the call for further research on the reciprocal relationship between language and religion from other sub-disciplines. In recent years, the analytical framework of Cultural Linguistics has shown how religious language can embody the specific worldview that lies at the core of the religion through analysis of the language and conceptualisations associated with the religion and its belief systems. This study applies corpus-linguistics and the analytical framework of Cultural Linguistics to unpack cultural metaphors, cultural categories and cultural schemas associated with body part terms in the Bible. This approach, referred to as Corpus-Cultural analysis, was used to collect data and analyse conceptualisations drawn from the original Hebrew and Greek manuscripts, Bible concordance, Bible encyclopedia and dictionary, as well as scripture commentaries. The findings reveal that body part terms in biblical texts play an important role in providing a significant conceptual base for representing the Christian worldview of the specified body parts. For example, the term ‘heart’ is conceptualised as the seat of, emotions, determination or courage, intellect, understanding and conscience in the Bible. In addition, it was found that various conceptualisations derive from several sources, including ancient Hebrew and Greek worldviews, Jewish religion and customs, translation of original text into English, biblical commentaries, and religious literature. Overall, the study concludes that the Corpus-Cultural approach contributes to the in-depth understanding of Holy texts.

The use of mnemonics for better academic performance of medical university students in the study of anatomical terms

Annotation. Mnemonics are a combination of special methods and techniques that make it easier to memorize the necessary information and increase the amount of memory by forming associations. The aim of the work is to develop techniques that will help medical students effectively learn anatomical terms by facilitating the memorization of large amounts of information. In this article, we used the following mnemonic techniques: first letter mnemonics or acronyms and the "Comparison" method - to identify common features in the studied and well-known material, namely the similarity in form. This article includes mnemonics that will help to easily learn the following terms namely the anatomy of the skeleton bones for memorizing the bones of the medial wall of the orbit, the bones in the nasal septum, the wrist bones, the ankle tarsal bones, recognition of thoracic vertebrae from the lumbar, cranial bones, upper limb bones, bones of the lower limb, the vertebral regions, the hand, the arm bones and the bone projections. Also included are mnemonics on the anatomy of the cranial nerves that pass through the superior orbital fissure and branches of the facial nerve, mnemonics on the anatomy of the peripheral nervous system, namely somatic nerve plexuses, which include the brachial plexus branches. Also included are mnemonics on the anatomy of the upper limbs muscles, namely the muscles that form the rotator cuff in the shoulder, muscles involved in elbow flexion and the anterior flexor muscles of the forearm and mnemonics on the anatomy of the trunk muscles, namely the paired erector spinae muscles and abdominal muscles. Finally, this article includes a mnemonic on the anatomy of the male reproductive system, namely the layers of the scrotum. In the future, new mnemonics will be developed that relate to splanchnology, anatomy of the central nervous system, anatomy of the sensory organs and anatomy of the cardiovascular system, which were not listed above.

ABOUT RUSSIAN LANGUAGE MEDICAL INSTITUTES IN UZBEK GROUPS

This article medical institutions groups of Uzbek Russian dialogue , as the use of anatomical terms and professionals aboutthe use of professional disciplines and practice the language of Doomsday

INDUSTRY-SPECIFIC VOCABULARY AS PART OF THE REGISTER OF THE «MOSCOW-UKRAINIAN DICTIONARY» BY VICTOR DUBROVSKYI

The article covers the study of industry-specific vocabulary in Ukrainian translated lexicography of the early twentieth century (post-revolutionary era). The analysis is based on the “Moscow-Ukrainian Dictionary” (1918) written by V. Dubrovskyi. Sector-specific vocabulary in the analyzed source has its remarks as most lexicographical works have. We selected all marked units with the help of a specially created lexicographic system. The previously published article has its detailed description. The studied material thus, counts around 4 % of industry-specific words.
 According to our calculations, the most numerically predominant dictionary units are the units of both biology (including botanical, zoological and anatomical terms) and medicine.
 The most numerous nomenclature is the botanical one. To one Russian word, we can find multiple Ukrainian equivalents including various dialectal, regional, folk names, etc. Generally speaking, synonymy is a prevailing phenomenon to many fields of knowledge.
 The zoological nomenclature is quite frequent in the analyzed dictionary too. There are many names of animals (mostly non-local) that cannot be found in the Ukrainian language today. They are absent in modern lexicographical works too. Many of them even cannot be found in the dictionaries of the post-revolutionary era.
 Many little-known, colloquial, dialectal and even stylistically reduced names are can be found in the field of anatomy. Numerous names of diseases that are recorded in the “Moscow-Ukrainian Dictionary” are not part of the common medical terminology.
 Comparing to the above mentioned fields, the analyzed work presents fewer terms from the field of grammar, mineralogy, mathematics, chemistry, music, military affairs, and technology. The biggest number of words that belong to the modern Ukrainian scientific language can be found in the fields of grammar, mathematics and chemistry.
 Few single terms that were mentioned in the dictionary belong to such sciences as veterinary medicine, hunting, construction, etc.
 Consequently, the “Moscow-Ukrainian Dictionary” contains a number of industry-specific vocabulary that is not registered in the modern Ukrainian scientific language. Moreover, synonymy is considered to be a prevailing phenomenon, despite being not typically used in all industries. Largely as a result of the analysis made, the author indeed desires to choose Ukrainian terms that would be as different as possible from the Russian equivalents.

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY IN UKRAINIAN TRANSLATED LEXICOGRAPHY OF THE 20–30 YEARS OF THE 20th CENTURY (on the material of the Russian-Ukrainian dictionary 1924–1933)

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the peculiarities of the reproduction of Ukrainian anatomical terminology in the common lexicographical works of the 20–30 years of the 20th century (on the material of the «Russian-Ukrainian dictionary» 1924–1933). It was decided to investigate the codification registers of this period, because then the basic principles for establishing the vocabulary of the Ukrainian literary language in general and terminology in particular were formed. 20–30 years of the 20th century is a time of comprehensive scientific study and codification of the norms of the Ukrainian language. The main approaches to the elaboration and introduction of terminology for the designation of anatomical concepts in the translated academic dictionary are generalized. To achieve this goal, a historiographical method was used (to study linguistic facts taking into account the historical and cultural situation) and a descriptive method (to characterize the collected factual material).
 Based on a detailed analysis of lexicographic registers of the dictionary, the main approaches to the translation of anatomical terms are identified. It was found that the main criteria when choosing a word for the dictionary was its distribution in the vernacular and compliance with the grammatical system of the Ukrainian literary language. It is determined that in the process of working with anatomical concepts, scientists: 1) critically analyzed the words recorded in terminological dictionaries that have appeared in Ukraine in recent years; 2) used borrowings from other languages when the Ukrainian language lacked a certain token; 3) tried to submit international terms without artificially translating into Ukrainian; 4) clarified the interpretation of terms by introducing examples from various sources.
 It is concluded that the common language «Russian-Ukrainian dictionary» of 1924–1933 laid the foundations for the entry of terms into the lexical system of general literary language. The prospect of further research is determined in the study of the comparative aspect of the introduction of anatomical terminology in the registers of common codification works of the first part of the 20th century.