Anatomical Construction Research Articles

<query ID="Q1"><query_paragraph>Article title: The title in the manuscript ¿Comparison of cadaveric and isomorphic virtual haptic simulation in temporal bone training¿ differs from the one reflected in the submission system which is ¿Comparison of cadaveric and isomorphic virtual haptic simulation in temporal bone training (Poliquin 2014)¿. We have proceeded and followed the manuscript. Please check and advise if action taken is

BackgroundVirtual surgery may improve learning and provides an opportunity for pre-operative surgical rehearsal. We describe a novel haptic temporal bone simulator specifically developed for multicore processing and improved visual realism. A position locking algorithm for enhanced drill-bone interaction and haptic fidelity is further employed. The simulation construct is evaluated against cadaveric education.MethodsA voxel-based simulator was designed for multicore architecture employing Marching Cubes and Laplacian smoothing to perform real-time haptic and graphic rendering of virtual bone.Ten Otolaryngology trainees dissected a cadaveric temporal bone (CTB) followed by a virtual isomorphic haptic model (VM) based on derivative microCT data. Participants rated 1) physical characteristics, 2) specific anatomic constructs, 3) usefulness in skill development and 4) perceived educational value. The survey instrument employed a Likert scale (1-7).ResultsResidents were equivocal about the physical properties of the VM, as cortical (3.2 ± 2.0) and trabecular (2.8 ± 1.6) bone drilling character was appraised as dissimilar to CTB. Overall similarity to cadaveric training was moderate (3.5 ± 1.8). Residents generally felt the VM was beneficial in skill development, rating it highest for translabyrinthine skull-base approaches (5.2 ± 1.3). The VM was considered an effective (5.4 ± 1.5) and accurate (5.7 ± 1.4) training tool which should be integrated into resident education (5.5 ± 1.4). The VM was thought to improve performance (5.3 ± 1.8) and confidence (5.3 ± 1.9) and was highly rated for anatomic learning (6.1 ± 1.9).ConclusionStudy participants found the VM to be a beneficial and effective platform for learning temporal bone anatomy and surgical techniques. They identify some concern with limited physical realism likely owing to the haptic device interface. This study is the first to compare isomorphic simulation in education. This significantly removes possible confounding features as the haptic simulation was based on derivative imaging.

Pattern of Talar Articular Facet of Human Calcaneum Bone

Calcaneum is the largest and longest tarsal bone in the foot. It forms talocalcaneal joint with talus .the joint maintains eversion and inversion of foot and named as subtalar joint. In superior aspect of calcaneum three important facets are anterior, middle and posterior. The individual and racial differences of the anatomic construction of calcaneal articular facets play key role in static and kinetic dymamics of foot. Therefore, this study is important for science of anatomy to understand variations in facets, treatment, diagnostic and surgical procedure. Various interfaced distance between anterior and middle facets (0.2 to 1 mm) on right side and (0.3-0.9 mm) on left side. Distance between middle and posterior facets (0.5 to 2.4 mm) on right and (0.5-2.8 mm) on left side. Distance between anterior and posterior facets (0.7 to 2.4 mm) on right and (0.3 to 2.5 mm) on left side. We found the positive correlation between length of calcanei and various interfaced distances. Paterns of articular facets (Fig 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) and their percentage of occurrences that we found are shown in TABLE I. Pattern I-(Fig 1&2) anterior and middle facets fused. Pattern II- (Fig 3&4) anterior, middle and posterior facets separate. Pattern III-Fig 5& 6) Anterior facet absent and other two are present.

Sapwood capacitance is greater in evergreen sclerophyll species growing in high compared to low‐rainfall environments

Summary The capacitative release of water from sapwood allows photosynthesis to continue for longer into dry periods, both diurnally and seasonally. However, costs of high capacitance include increased vulnerability to xylem cavitation. The degree of reliance on stored water is predicted to differ among environments as a result of this trade‐off. Xylem water potential and sapwood capacitance were measured on 32 evergreen sclerophyll shrub and tree species in eastern Australia, sampled from four sites contrasting in soil nutrients and rainfall. Capacitance calculated over species' typical shoot water potential operating range was threefold higher for species from high compared to low‐rainfall sites, and 1·5‐fold higher for species from high compared to low‐nutrient sites. To determine whether these site differences were related to extrinsic (e.g. water availability) or intrinsic (e.g. species anatomical construction) factors, we calculated capacitance at two common operating ranges; that is, the mean range in water potential observed for low‐rainfall species (ΔΨlow rain) and the mean range for high‐rainfall species (ΔΨhigh rain). While no difference was seen between low‐ and high‐rainfall species in release of stored water across ΔΨhigh rain, across ΔΨlow rain, the high‐rainfall species released 38% more stored water than low‐rainfall species. Presumably these differences reflect underlying differences in anatomy, such as wood density, which was lower in high‐rainfall species. These results accord with predictions that (i) species from wetter sites exhibit less negative stem water potentials and high sapwood capacitance, enabling them to maintain function under variable conditions characterized by many short, dry periods, while (ii) species from low‐rainfall sites have wood anatomies conferring tolerance to very low water potentials, with low sapwood capacitance, enabling them to survive longer through unpredictable and extended periods of low rainfall. The finding that the degree to which species rely on stem‐stored water varies with site rainfall suggests that changes in drought regimes (e.g. incidence, duration and severity) under future climates could differentially affect species according to the capacitance properties of their woody tissues.

Variations on bowel obstruction after gastric bypass and management of the twisted Roux limb

Variations on bowel obstruction after gastric bypass and management of the twisted Roux limb

Validity and Responsiveness of VELO: A Velopharyngeal Insufficiency Quality of Life Measure

Test the Velopharyngeal Insufficiency (VPI) Effects on Life Outcomes (VELO) instrument for validity, reliability, and responsiveness. Observational cohort. Academic tertiary medical center. Children with VPI (n = 59) and their parents (n = 84) were prospectively enrolled from a pediatric VPI clinic. Pediatric speech language pathologists diagnosed VPI using perceptual speech analysis and rated VPI severity and speech intelligibility deficit (each as minimal, mild, moderate, or severe). All parents and youth 8+ years old (n = 24) completed the VELO instrument and other quality-of-life questionnaires at baseline; the first 40 subjects completed the VELO instrument again 2 weeks later. Treatments included Furlow palatoplasty (n = 20), sphincter pharyngoplasty (n = 14), or an obturator (n = 2), and 29 of 36 (81%) subjects completed the questionnaires 3 months posttreatment. VELO was tested with correlations for criterion validity against VPI severity, construct validity against speech intelligibility and velopharyngeal gap size, and concurrent validity against other quality-of-life measures (r > .40 demonstrating validity); for test-retest reliability using intraclass correlation (>.6 demonstrating reliability); and for responsiveness with the 3-month posttreatment measure using the paired t test. Parental responses are reported; youth responses showed similar results. The VELO instrument did not meet criterion validity (r = -.18, P = .10), or functional construct validity (r = -.37, P = .001), but did meet anatomic construct and concurrent validity (each r > .50, P < .01). VELO scores demonstrated excellent test-retest reliability (r = .85, P < .001) and responsiveness (baseline 54 ± 14 to posttreatment 70 ± 18, P < .001). VELO provides a VPI-specific quality-of-life instrument that demonstrates concurrent validity, test-retest reliability, and responsiveness to change in quality of life with treatment.

The anatomy and histology of the reproductive tract of the male Babirusa (Babyrousa celebensis)

The anatomy and histology of the reproduction organs of the male Babirusa (Babyrousa celebensis) were studied in 21 specimens collected between birth and approximately 17 years of age. In adult animals the testes were located in a subanal position against the caudal surface of the thigh musculature. Average adult testis length was 68.9 ± 5.1 mm, width was 40.3 ± 5.7 mm, and depth was 47.9 ± 7.0 mm (N = 11). The average combined adult testicular weight was estimated to be 82.7 ± 23.2 g (N = 11). The testes of newborn Babyrousa had descended through the inguinal canal into the scrotum before birth. Adult seminiferous tubules had an average diameter of 199 ± 33.6 μm (N = 9) and were randomly distributed among a smaller volume of Leydig cells. Connective tissue was sparse. In one 13-month-old prepubertal animal the diameter of the seminiferous tubules was 85.3 ± 16.1 μm (N = 7). The spermatozoa was 42.2 ± 4.9 μm (N = 19) long and had a flat, paddle shaped head, 6.3 ± 0.6 μm (N = 50) long, 3.9 ± 0.5 μm (N = 47) wide, and a thickness of approximately 0.5 μm. An apical ridge along its front represented the acrosome. The two adult vesicular glands each had an irregular shape and were approximately 48.7 ± 7.4 mm long, 25.6 ± 4.3 mm wide, and 20.6 ± 8.7 mm deep (N = 6). The prostate, comprising a corpus and disseminate parts, lay ventral to the vesicular glands partly embedded in the dorsal wall of the urethra. The paired adult bulbourethral glands were approximately shaped like prolate (elongated) spheroids and had a length of 51.2 ± 14.2 mm, a width of 22.6 ± 4.5 mm, and a depth of 14.4 ± 4.5 mm (N = 7). The secretions from the bulbourethral glands drained into the urethral recess, which in adults measured approximately 10 to 14 mm in length and was located caudodorsal to a narrowing of the pelvic urethra. The penis was 330 ± 16 mm long and 8.2 ± 0.6 mm in diameter, and rotated approximately two and a half turns counterclockwise along its longitudinal axis toward its free end. The small prepucial diverticulum situated dorsocranial to the penis tip in adult and prepubertal Babyrousa, in adults measured 22.0 ± 1 mm in length and 17.5 ± 2.6 mm (N = 3) in width.

One Century of Allgemeine Psychopathologie (1913 to 2013) by Karl Jaspers

One Century of Allgemeine Psychopathologie (1913 to 2013) by Karl Jaspers

The Anatomical Location of the Flexor Hallucis Brevis as It Pertains to Implant Arthroplasty

Hallux limitus/rigidus is a painful arthritic condition affecting the first metatarsophalangeal joint that can be treated by implant arthroplasty, which, ultimately, may cause loss of the anatomical insertion points of the flexor hallucis brevis muscle. Preparation of the base involves resection of bone, thus compromising the insertion of the flexor hallucis brevis muscle. We dissected 54 fresh-frozen cadaveric specimens and quantitatively measured the distalmost insertion point of the medial and lateral heads of the flexor hallucis brevis muscle. These measurements were performed for both heads. The measurements were performed three times by three separate examiners. In addition, taking into consideration the anatomical construct of the articular surface of the base of the proximal phalanx of the hallux, another measurement was performed to note the concavity using 44 of the specimens. Again, these measurements were performed three times by three separate investigators. The mean length from the base of the proximal phalanx to the distalmost insertion of the medial and lateral heads of the flexor hallucis brevis muscle was found to be 7 mm. This study provides precise anatomical data that can be used by foot and ankle surgeons when considering the use of implant arthroplasty for the treatment of hallux limitus/rigidus and the ability to maintain the insertion point of the flexor hallucis brevis muscle.

Primary Study on the Anatomical Construction and Physical-Mechanical-Properties of Introduced Dalbergia sissoo

This paper studies the anatomical construction and physical-mechanical properties of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb introduced from Nepal planting in Yuan Jiang in Yunnan Province. Results indicated: Dalbergia sissoo is diffuse-porous wood and the form of its fiber is even with an average length of 1.43mm。The micro fibril angle is 12.24°.The air-dried and profile density are respectively 0.746 g/cm3 and 0.634 g/cm3, which are normal. The air-dried and oven-dried of variance shrinkage are 1.75 and 1.55 respectively. The comprehensive quality coefficient of Dalbergia sissoo is 2309×105 Pa, which is a high quality wood for higher level material. The comprehensive study shows that human breeding Dalbergia sissoo owns elevating quality.

CT Image Segmentation based on Clustering and Graph-Cuts

In order to complete the auto-segmentation of cardiac dual-source CT image and extract the structure of heart accurately, this paper proposes a hybrid segmentation method based on k clustering and Graph-Cuts. This method identifies the initial label of pixels, on the basis of it, then creates the energy function on the label with the knowledge of anatomic construction of heart and constructs the network diagram, finally minimizes the energy function by the method of max-flow/min-cut theorem and picks up region of interest. The experiment results indicate that the robust, accurate segmentation of the cardiac DSCT image can be realized by combining Graph-Cut and k clustering algorithm

Nested shell optical model of the lens of the human eye

A nested shell model of the human lens is developed based on the known anatomical construction of the lens, on the known way in which the lens grows throughout its life, on the measured characteristics of the lens surfaces as a function of the age of the lens, on the measured changes in the shape of the lens during accommodation, and on measured material characteristics of the lens materials, such as density and index of refraction throughout. The observed changes in central surface curvature and thickness force the shell thicknesses to vary in a predictable way and in turn force the shell surface asphericity to take certain values. Thus, in addition to giving the shape of each shell, the model predicts the change expected in the asphericity of the lens surfaces as the lens ages and adds cortical cell layers. Two examples are given, one for a 25-year-old lens and one for a 40-year-old lens, to show how the cortical layers change their shapes throughout the cortex and over time as the lens ages. The performance of the model of this paper is compared to that of two other nested shell models, one where the layers have constant thickness and one where the lens posterior is fixed within the eye over time, to show the superior performance of this model with respect to maintaining a constant refractive error for the eye as the lens ages and grows.

Anatomy and histology of the reproductive tract of the female Babirusa ( Babyrousa celebensis)

The anatomy and histology of the female reproductive tract of the Indonesian wild pig Babyrousa celebensis was studied by means of reproductive tracts obtained from seven animals aged between two and 22 years of age. The ovary appeared to have the ability to ovulate up to four ova at one time. However, the combined ovarian output seemed to average 1.86 ova. Ovulation can take place at any time from puberty to old age (22 years). The opening to the uterine tube was indicated by a ‘flower-like' array of tall, broad epithelial ‘petals' arising from the luminal surface of the funnel. The mucosal surfaces of these structures were covered in a mixture of prominent ciliated cells and bulbous secretory cells. The uterine tube followed a tightly convoluted path to the tip of the uterine horn. The uterus was proportionately short. The anatomical construction of the uterus was similar to those of other suids in that the columnar endometrium was heavily folded, there was a rich supply of uterine glands in the lamina propria, and the uterus was provided with a good blood supply. The cervix was thick walled and had a spiral lumen.

The Epistemology and Ontology of the Chamus in Kenya: The Human Body as Nature

This paper explores the way the Chamus of northern Kenya, belonging to the maa group of the eastern-nilotic language family, speak extremely physically of the facts pertaining to the bodies and bodily phenomena. The Chamus view the body as a shared anatomical construct and physiological mechanism, and these properties as a mechanism of their culture and society. They treat physical disorders with their ethnomedicine, and have an indigenous reproductive theory. The human cycle of birth, life and death is an attribute of their bodily existence. The biological basis for human life resides in the body. This paper discusses the indispensable bodily interaction with others, and the biological property of the body as the basis for confirming life, citing the Chamus as an example.

Multiscale structural analysis of mouse lingual myoarchitecture employing diffusion spectrum magnetic resonance imaging and multiphoton microscopy

The tongue consists of a complex, multiscale array of myofibers that comprise the anatomical underpinning of lingual mechanical function. 3-D myoarchitecture was imaged in mouse tongues with diffusion spectrum magnetic resonance imaging (DSI) at 9.4 T (b(max) 7000 smm, 150-microm isotropic voxels), a method that derives the preferential diffusion of water/voxel, and high-throughput (10 fps) two-photon microscope (TPM). Net fiber alignment was represented for each method in terms of the local maxima of an orientational distribution function (ODF) derived from the local diffusion (DSI) and 3-D structural autocorrelation (TPM), respectively. Mesoscale myofiber tracts were generated by alignment of the principal orientation vectors of the ODFs. These data revealed a consistent relationship between the properties of the respective ODFs and the virtual superimposition of the distributed mesoscale myofiber tracts. The identification of a mesoscale anatomical construct, which specifically links the microscopic and macroscopic spatial scales, provides a method for relating the orientation and distribution of cells and subcellular components with overall tissue morphology, thus contributing to the development of multiscale methods for mechanical analysis.

Ablation of Atrial Flutter in a Patient With Mustard Procedure Using Integration of Real-Time Electroanatomical Mapping With 3-Dimensional Computed Tomographic Imaging

A 24-year-old woman with a history of surgical palliation of d-transposition of the great arteries, a systemic ejection fraction of 66%, and symptomatic atrial flutter with rapid ventricular response was referred for an electrophysiological study and ablation procedure. At 6 months of age, she had undergone a Mustard (atrial switch) procedure, whereby a “baffle” was surgically constructed within her atria to direct systemic venous blood across the mitral valve into the left ventricle (systemic venous ventricle) and the pulmonary artery, and pulmonary venous blood across the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle (pulmonary venous ventricle) and the aorta. Her ECG, which shows atrial flutter with a ventricular rate of 262 beats per minute with 1:1 atrioventricular conduction, is illustrated in Figure 1. Figure 1. Patient’s ECG shows atrial flutter with 1:1 atrioventricular conduction with a ventricular rate of 262 beats per minute. The procedure was performed under the guidance of the CARTO-MERGE electroanatomical mapping system (Biosense Webster, Inc., Diamond Bar, Calif.). After creation of a 3-dimensional anatomic construct from a high-resolution contrast-enhanced cardiac computed tomography, the cardiac structures were segmented (Figure 2). Integration of the computed …

MO‐D‐AUD‐05: Characterization of Dose in Heterogeneous Situations: A Comparison of Treatment Planning System and Computer Aided Second Check Dosimetry QA Software Dose Evaluations

Purpose: To quantify and compare the dosimetric predictions calculated by a treatment planning system, second check dosimetric computer QA software, and ion chamber measurements in heterogeneous situations for 6 and 18 MV photon beams. Method and Materials: An assortment of plastic tissue equivalent materials was used to compare the calculated dose predictions between the Pinnacle3 treatment planning system, the RadCalc® QA computer software, and ion chamber measurements. The dosimetric accuracy of the plastic water, lung, and bone equivalent slab materials was assessed and validated through the use of simple geometries. After planning, doses for each slab arrangement were measured on a Varian 21EX accelerator with a second check performed by the RadCalc® computer software. Percentage differences between the computed and measured doses were then compared and quantified, providing information on the accuracy of the dose predictions. Results: Evaluation and comparison between the calculated dose values from the Pinnacle3, RadCalc®, and measured data indicate that discrepancies exist, even for simple geometric setups. Looking at percentage differences, the Pinnacle3 system (−3.82% – 4.33%) more accurately calculates the dose in the heterogeneous locations than does the RadCalc® software (−8.30% – 4.15%). Examination of all measured point locations show only about 4% of the Pinnacle3 system dose calculations, and almost 18% of the RadCalc® software dose calculations, have a percentage difference greater than ±3%. Conclusion: This work explores the clinical application and accuracy of using RadCalc® for dosimetric second checks. Even with the use of heterogeneity corrections, it is still not guaranteed that an accurate dose calculation will result when heterogeneous material is present. The CIRS Inc. IMRT Thorax and Pelvic 3D phantoms will be utilized for the continuing investigation of the accuracy of dose calculations performed by Pinnacle3 and RadCalc® involving additional complex geometries in a more anatomical construct.

The Abstract Nature of Anatomic Construction and its Advantages: Scientific Medicine and Human Dignity

Burns (2007) objects to BODY WORLDS on several grounds. Prominent among these is the loss of personal dignity caused by the creation and public presentation of plastinated bodies. Burns begins his ...

Cell function in the bovine mammary gland: a preliminary study on interdependence of healthy and infected udder quarters

Udder defence mechanisms are not completely explained by current mastitis research. The anatomical construction of the udder implies that infection of one udder quarter does not influence the immune status of neighbouring quarters. To test this hypothesis, we compared the immune reactions of individual udder quarters in response to microbial attacks. In the course of immune reactions, polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) release oxygen radicals, which can be determined by chemiluminescence (CL). Milk from 140 udder quarters of 36 cows was analysed for somatic cell count (SCC), differential cell count, viability and CL activity. Quarters with an SCC < 100,000 cells/ml and free of pathogens were defined as uninfected, all other quarters were categorized as infected. Three groups of cows were classified cytologically: group A (healthy, 11 animals, SCC limit < 100,000 cells/ml); group B (moderate mastitis, 8 cows, SCC > or = 100,000 and < 400,000 cells/ml in at least one quarter); and group C (severe mastitis, 17 cows, SCC > or = 400,000 cells/ml in at least one quarter). Infected and uninfected quarters in groups B and C were analysed separately. Viability of PMN leucocytes was significantly (P=0.0012) lower in group A (72.6%) than in healthy quarters of group C (84.0%). Lowering the SCC limit of healthy quarters to <50,000 cells/ml (group A: all quarters within the udder) revealed striking differences between samples of groups B and C: in addition to varying differential cell counts and viabilities, CL activity of group B<50 (2929 CL units/million PMN) was markedly lower than that of the other groups (5616 in group A<50 and 6445 CL units/million PMN in group C<50). These results allow the conclusion that the infection of one udder quarter influences the cell activity of neighbouring quarters. When the SCC threshold for healthy quarters was reduced to 50,000 cells/ml, greater differences in cell activities were detected between healthy udders and healthy quarters of infected udders.

Errant and unrecognized antiperistaltic Roux limb construction during Roux-en- Y gastric bypass for clinically significant obesity

Background Proper isoperistaltic orientation of the Roux limb is important. We report on 5 patients with errant anatomic construction of the Roux limb during Roux-en- Y gastric bypass for clinically significant obesity. Methods We performed a retrospective review of the medical records of these 5 patients. Of the 5 patients, 3 had undergone open and 2 laparoscopic Roux-en- Y gastric bypass. Results These 5 patients developed persistent and predominantly bilious vomiting in the immediate postoperative period, with subsequent protein-calorie malnutrition. At least 18 operations were undertaken in these 5 patients at different times to correct the abnormally dilated Roux limb to no avail. The diagnosis of an antiperistaltic anatomy was unsuspected, and these operations failed to address the errant anatomy of the Roux limb or resolve the symptoms. Definitive treatment involved repositioning of the Roux limb in an isoperistaltic direction, which resulted in immediate resolution of the symptoms and reversal of the protein-calorie malnutrition. Conclusion Antiperistaltic Roux anatomy is deleterious, and repositioning of the Roux limb in an isoperistaltic direction will resolve the symptoms and associated protein-calorie malnutrition.

Bone Grafting in Arthroscopy and Sports Medicine

Bone graft substitutes include autografts, allografts, xenografts, and synthetics. Although autograft is still the gold standard, limited supply and donor morbidity must be considered. Allograft can vary in its bone-inductive qualities and may be processed into various shapes and constructs. Although allografts provide an osteoconductive matrix with some osteoinductivity, only limited anatomic constructs can be provided. Xenografts are abundant in supply, yet their shape and construct dimensions are restricted and xenograft properties are less than ideal due to the processing required to render the material nonimmunogenic. To achieve optimal bone graft properties, researchers are developing new materials with the goal of designing synthetics as close to autograft as possible. The advantages and disadvantages of all of these bone graft materials will be reviewed with emphasis on their relevance and applicability for sports medicine procedures.