Anatomical Properties Research Articles

Anatomy of the anterior cruciate ligament and the common autograft specimens for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

A thorough understanding of the anatomical properties of the native anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), as well as the native specimens that are most commonly considered as viable autograft choices for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), is warranted for continuing to pursue the best-possible graft choice for patients undergoing ACLR. While a wide variety of graft choices remain available to the operating surgeon, choosing the correct graft choice remains a consideration and discussion with patients on the pros and cons of each option. This article combines a review of the current literature on the quantitative and qualitative anatomy of the native ACL and common autograft specimens with the expert consensus of the senior author on the surgically-pertinent anatomy of these structures. The purpose of this article is to review the anatomy pertaining to the native ACL, along with the distal anatomy of the hamstring tendons, patellar tendon and quadriceps tendon (QT). Multiple tendinous and ligamentous structures exist around the knee that serve as viable candidates for use as autologous grafts for ACLR, and the anatomy of these distal extents of these structures are discussed thoroughly, including bony attachments, quantitative and relational anatomy, cross sectional area, and histological features of these structures.

Creating a context for recipient vessel selection in deep inferior epigastric perforator flap breast reconstruction

In autologous tissue breast reconstruction, recipient vessels are important for artery perfusion and venous drainage to ensure free flap survival. There are insufficient clinical outcomes to select efficient recipient vessels in bi-pedicled deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap reconstruction. We presented a retrospective observational series of 108 patients regarding the diameter, anastomosis time, and re-anastomosis rate in internal mammary (IM), circumflex scapular (CS), thoracodorsal (TD), thoracoacromial (TA), lateral thoracic (LT), and internal mammary perforator (IMP) vessels of bi-pedicled DIEP flaps for breast reconstruction after mastectomy. The outcomes were the vessel re-anastomosis rate, flap failure rate, vessel anastomosis time, and complications. Data were gleaned from the chi-square test, Fisher's test, and analysis of variance using Scheffe's test as a post hoc analysis. The level of significance was p<0.05. There were no significant differences in the diameters of the artery, first vein, and second vein across the recipient vessels (p>0.05). However, the anastomosis time was longer in IM and TA than in CS, TD, and LT (p<0.001). Also, there were no significant differences for re-anastomosis, flap necrosis, and fat necrosis among different recipient vessels (p>0.05). Because of the altered mastectomy incisions, this study provides complete anatomical vascular properties and suggests that altering recipient vessel selection for bi-pedicled DIEP flaps can shorten anastomosis time and better conceal scars.

Anatomical and Biomechanical Characteristics of Peroneus Longus Tendon: Applications in Knee Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Surgery.

The peroneus longus tendon is used in many orthopedic surgeries to regenerate the external ligaments of the knee. This study aims to evaluate some anatomical, biomechanical, and load-bearing properties of the peroneus longus tendon for use in cruciate ligament reconstruction. The study design is a cross-sectional description. The study subjects were 20 samples of the peroneus longus tendon from fresh carcasses. The leg is still intact, not crushed, is well preserved, and it has never been used in research. The average length of the peroneus longus tendon was 29.25 ± 2.1 cm, and the average distance from the peroneus longus tendon to the deep peroneal nerve was 71.1 ± 8.63 mm. The peroneus longus tendon did not have an accessory ligament, the maximum tension of the peroneus longus tendon was 1170.4 ± 203 N, and the maximum length at break was 14.29 ± 3.88 mm. Removing the peroneus longus tendon will not affect the surrounding anatomical components. The maximum breaking force and the diameter of the peroneus longus tendon are similar to other graft materials, such as the hamstring tendon and patellar tendon.

Potential of machine learning approaches for predicting mechanical properties of spruce wood in the transverse direction

To predict the mechanical properties of wood in the transverse direction, this study used machine learning to extract the anatomical features of wood from cross-sectional stereograms. Specimens with different orientations of the ray parenchyma cell were prepared, and their modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) were measured by a three-point bending test. The orientation of the ray parenchyma cell and wood density (rho ) were used as parameters for the MOE and MOR prediction. Conventional machine learning algorithms and artificial neural network were used, and satisfactory results were obtained in both cases. A regular convolutional neural network (CNN) and a density-informed CNN were used to automatically extract anatomical features from the specimens’ cross-sectional stereograms to predict the mechanical properties. The regular CNN achieved acceptable but relatively low accuracy in both the MOE and MOR prediction. The reason for this may be that rho information could not be satisfactorily extracted from the images, because the images represented a limited region of the specimen. For the density-informed CNN, the average prediction coefficient for both the MOE and MOR drastically increased when rho information was provided. A regression activation map was constructed to understand the representative anatomical features that are strongly related to the prediction of mechanical properties. For the regular CNN, the latewood region was highly activated in both the MOE and MOR prediction. It is believed that the ratio and orientation of latewood were successfully extracted for the prediction of the considered mechanical properties. For the density-informed CNN, the activated region is different. The earlywood region was activated in the MOE prediction, while the transition region between the earlywood and latewood was activated in the MOR prediction. These results may provide new insights into the relationship between the anatomical features and mechanical properties of wood.

A morphological, anatomical and palynological investigation on Delphinium cilicicumP.H. Davis &amp; Kit Tanand D. petrodavisianum Ilarslan &amp; Kit Tan

In the present study, the morphological, anatomical and palynological properties of endemic species Delphinium cilicicum P.H. Davis &amp; Kit Tan and D. petrodavisianum İlarslan &amp; Kit Tan belonging tothe genus Delphinium L., Ranunculaceae of Turkey were investigated. D. cilicicum and D. petrodavisianum are very similar morphologically. However, in our studies, it has been determined that there are some differences between the two species in terms of morphological, anatomical and palynological aspects. Based on the data obtained, the similarities and differences between two species were revealed. The cross-sections taken from the roots of two species have peridermis, cortex, vascular tissue and central region, in cross sections taken from the stem have epidermis, cortex, vascular bundle, and pith. In cross sections taken from the sepal and petal have lower and upper epidermis, parenchyma cells and tracheal cells. Through cross-sections of fruit, it was observed that there were two seeds in the fruit and the fruit wall was determined in two species. In palynological research, pollen size, P/E ratio, colpus size, intine-exine thicknesses, amb diameter and distance between colpus were measured. It was revealed that D. cilicicum and D. petrodavisianum had tricolpate, oblate-spheroidal pollen grains.The results obtained from the pollen grains were similar to each other in examined species. The fruits and seeds of two species were examined using SEM microscopy. Micromorphological differences and similarities were determined. The fruits of the species are follicle and globose. The seeds are yellowish brown, sub pyramidal and fine-grained ornamented. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 30(1): 77-88, 2023 (June)

Longitudinal and Radial Variability of Anatomical Properties, Fiber Morphology, and Mechanical Properties of Fibrovascular Bundle from Indonesian Arenga Longipes Mogea. Sp. Nov Frond

ABSTRACT This study aimed to characterize the physical, anatomical, fiber morphology, as well as mechanical properties of fibrovascular bundle (FVB) from Arenga longipes fronds, based on radial and longitudinal direction. In this research, the fronds were divided into three parts in longitudinal direction (bottom, middle, and upper) sections, three parts in radial direction (outer-convex and concave, as well as middle and inner) zones. The FVB’s anatomical and fiber morphology were observed by light microscope, as well as mechanical properties were tested using the universal testing machine (UTM). The results showed that the longitudinal direction variability had different properties physically particularly in relation to the FVB diameter and density, anatomically in terms of the ratio of vascular tissue area (VTA) to total transverse area (TTA), as well as in the fiber morphology and mechanical properties. Radially, the outer position had a higher value variability of diameter, density, and mechanical properties, compared to the middle and inner zones, respectively. Furthermore, there were relationships between the density and mechanical properties as well as the ratio of VTA to TTA and mechanical properties. Based on the results, the FVB of A. longipes fronds was concluded to possess properties variability in the radial and longitudinal direction.

A theory of physiological similarity in muscle-driven motion

Muscle contraction is the primary source of all animal movement. I show that the maximum mechanical output of such contractions is determined by a characteristic dimensionless number, the "effective inertia," Γ, defined by a small set of mechanical, physiological, and anatomical properties of the interrogated musculoskeletal complex. Different musculoskeletal systems with equal Γ may be considered physiologically similar, in the sense that maximum performance involves equal fractions of the muscle's maximum strain rate, strain capacity, work, and power density. It can be demonstrated that there exists a unique, "optimal" musculoskeletal anatomy which enables a unit volume of muscle to deliver maximum work and power simultaneously, corresponding to Γ close to unity. External forces truncate the mechanical performance space accessible to muscle by introducing parasitic losses, and subtly alter how musculoskeletal anatomy modulates muscle performance, challenging canonical notions of skeletal force-velocity trade-offs. Γ varies systematically under isogeometric transformations of musculoskeletal systems, a result which provides fundamental insights into the key determinants of animal locomotor performance across scales.

Comparison of Circular and Rectangular-Shaped Electrodes for Electrical Impedance Myography Measurements on Human Upper Arms.

Electrical Impedance Myography (EIM) is a painless, noninvasive approach for assessing muscle conditions through the application of a high-frequency, low-intensity current to the muscle region of interest. However, besides muscle properties, EIM measurements vary significantly with changes in some other anatomical properties such as subcutaneous skin-fat (SF) thickness and muscle girth, as well as non-anatomical factors, such as ambient temperature, electrode shape, inter-electrode distance, etc. This study has been conducted to compare the effects of different electrode shapes in EIM experiments, and to propose an acceptable configuration that is less dependent on factors other than the cellular properties of the muscle. Initially, a finite element model with two different kinds of electrode shapes, namely, rectangular (the conventional shape) and circular (the proposed shape) was designed for a subcutaneous fat thickness ranging from 5 mm to 25 mm. The study concludes, based on the FEM study, that replacing the conventional electrodes with our proposed electrodes can decrease the variation in EIM parameters due to changes in skin-fat thickness by 31.92%. EIM experiments on human subjects with these two kinds of electrode shapes validate our finite element simulation results, and show that circular electrodes can improve EIM effectiveness significantly, irrespective of muscle shape variation.

Mechanisms of Atrial Fibrillation: How Our Knowledge Affects Clinical Practice.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a very common arrhythmia that mainly affects older individuals. The mechanism of atrial fibrillation is complex and is related to the pathogenesis of trigger activation and the perpetuation of arrhythmia. The pulmonary veins in the left atrium arei confirm that onfirm the most common triggers due to their distinct anatomical and electrophysiological properties. As a result, their electrical isolation by ablation is the cornerstone of invasive AF treatment. Multiple factors and comorbidities affect the atrial tissue and lead to myocardial stretch. Several neurohormonal and structural changes occur, leading to inflammation and oxidative stress and, consequently, a fibrotic substrate created by myofibroblasts, which encourages AF perpetuation. Several mechanisms are implemented into daily clinical practice in both interventions in and the medical treatment of atrial fibrillation.

Examining the Characteristics of Anatomy and Biometry of Crataegus azarolus,

This report discusses the biometry and microscopic features of Crataegus azarolus wood fibers. A Crataegus azarolus tree was selected and cut from the gardens of Neka city (Mazandaran province). At a breast height, 2.5 m and 3.5 m height, three 5 cm thick disks were prepared and in the transverse direction, the test samples were cut and evaluated sequentially 2 x 2 cm long by 3 cm long from the pith to the bark. The anatomical properties of C. azarolus wood were studied using a light microscope. Wood anatomical features of C. azarolus are as follows: diffuse-porous with multiple vessel grouping in the radial direction (in most cases), homogenous rays, simple perforation plates, alternate intervessel pits, and the average length of vessel elements shorter than 350 microns. There was a significant difference in the fiber length, fiber diameter, fiber lumen diameter, and fiber wall thickness, both in the transverse direction and in the longitudinal direction of the Crataegus azarolus tree stem. The biometric properties of the fibers increased from the pith to the bark. The average fiber length, fiber diameter, fiber lumen diameter, and cell wall thickness of the fibers were 0.78 mm, 22.53 µm, 18.6 µm, and 4.5 µm, respectively.

Anatomic Arthroscopic Primary Repair of Proximal Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears

Within the last decade, various highly diverse anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) preservation techniques have been proposed, as contemporary selective arthroscopic ACL preservation experienced a resurgence. Among surgical techniques, there are a variety of suturing, fixation, and augmentation methods, whereas a common thread, considering essential anatomic and biomechanical properties, is missing. This technique aims to anatomically reapproximate both the anteromedial (AM) and posterolateral (PL) bundles to their respective femoral footprints. Additionally, a PL compression stitch is performed to increase the ligament-bone contact area and recreate the anatomic vectors of the native bundles, therefore, creating a more anatomic and biomechanical construct. This technique is a minimally invasive procedure, with no graft harvesting nor tunnel drilling, which leads to decreased pain levels, earlier return of full range motion (ROM), and faster rehabilitation, while failure rates seem to be comparable to that of ACL reconstruction. We present an updated surgical technique of anatomic arthroscopic primary repair with suture anchor fixation for patients with proximal ACL tears.

Anatomy, molecular structures, and hyaluronic acid - Gelatin injectable hydrogels as a therapeutic alternative for hyaline cartilage recovery: A review.

Cartilage damage caused by trauma or osteoarthritis is a common joint disease that can increase the social and economic burden in society. Due to its avascular characteristics, the poor migration ability of chondrocytes, and a low number of progenitor cells, the self-healing ability of cartilage defects has been significantly limited. Hydrogels have been developed into one of the most suitable biomaterials for the regeneration of cartilage because of its characteristics such as high-water absorption, biodegradation, porosity, and biocompatibility similar to natural extracellular matrix. Therefore, the present review article presents a conceptual framework that summarizes the anatomical, molecular structure and biochemical properties of hyaline cartilage located in long bones: articular cartilage and growth plate. Moreover, the importance of preparation and application of hyaluronic acid - gelatin hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering are included. Hydrogels possess benefits of stimulating the production of Agc1, Col2α1-IIa, and SOX9, molecules important for the synthesis and composition of the extracellular matrix of cartilage. Accordingly, they are believed to be promising biomaterials of therapeutic alternatives to treat cartilage damage.

Genetic evaluation and characterization of anatomical and physicochemical properties in Grevillea robusta: an alternative commercial agroforestry species

Genetic evaluation and characterization of anatomical and physicochemical properties in Grevillea robusta: an alternative commercial agroforestry species

Immunopathogenesis of corneal graft rejection.

The most common cause of corneal graft failure is corneal graft rejection (CGR). Although cornea is one of the immune-privileged sites, it can still get a rejection episode due to a breach in its natural protective mechanism. Both anatomical and structural properties of cornea and anterior chamber contribute toward its immune tolerance. Clinically, every layer of the transplanted cornea can get a rejection episode. A proper understanding of immunopathogenesis will help in understanding the various mechanism of CGR and the development of newer strategies for the prevention and management of such cases.

Shape and Flow Sensing in Arterial Image Guidance From UV Exposed Optical Fibers Based on Spatio-Temporal Networks.

Minimally invasive revascularization procedures such as percutaneous transluminal angioplasty seek to treat occlusions in peripheral arteries. However their ability to treat long occlusions are hampered by difficulties to monitor the location of intravascular devices such as guidewires using fluoroscopy which requires continuous radiation, and lack the capacity to measure physiological characteristics such as laminar blood flow close to occlusions. Fiber optic technologies provide means of tracking by measuring fibers under strain, however they are limited to known geometrical models and are not used to measure external variations. We present a navigation framework based on optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) using fully-distributed optical sensor gratings enhanced with ultraviolet exposure to track the three-dimensional shape and surrounding blood flow of intra-vascular guidewires. To process the strain information provided by the continuous gratings, a dual-branch model learning spatio-temporal features allows to predict the output measures based on scattered wavelength distributions. The first network determines the 3D shape appearance of the guidewire using the input backscattered wavelength shift data in combination with prior segmentations, while a second network (graph temporal convolution network) produces estimates of vascular flow velocities using ground-truth 4D-flow MRI acquisitions. Experiments performed on synthetic and animal models, as well as in a preliminary human trial shows the capability of the model to generate accurate 3D shape tracking and blood flow velocities differences below 2 cm/s, thus providing realistic physiologic and anatomical properties for intravascular techniques. The study demonstrates the feasibility of using the device clinically, and could be integrated within revascularization workflows for treating occlusions in arteries, since the navigation framework involves minimal manual intervention.

PANCREAS DISEASE DETECTION AND SEGMENTATION USING ABDOMINAL CT SCAN

Anomalies in the pancreas regional morphology and texture may now be examined by accurately segmenting the organs head, body, and tail on CT images. Hand-drawn pancreatic subregion mapping is labor-intensive, slow, and prone to mistakes. For the zonal segmentation of various anatomical properties, many deep learning networks have been utilized in the present approaches. The three subregions are almost ever visible together in the two-dimensional CT abdominal slices, which limits how the contextual data may be used by the current methods. In this study, we offer a multistage method that uses CT images of pancreatic subregions to accurately and automatically segment 3D objects. The U-Net model is then used to calculate the combined probability of the two maps to perform the best sub regional segmentation. The datasets D1 and D2 of contrast-enhanced abdominal CT images were used to assess the models performance together with a healthy pancreas from the public NIH dataset.

The anatomical and micromorphological properties of endemic species to gypsic soils of Semnan, Iran

The gypsum habitats of Iran are significant reserves of biodiversity containing endemic and rare species. Despite the limited understanding of its characteristics and habitat, it has become essential to study the endemic species of the Semnan gypsic soil. Fresh samples of studied species including Acantholimon cymosum, Astragalus fridae, Astragalus semnanensis, Euphorbia gypsicola, Gypsophila mucronofolia, Moltkia gypsaceae and Nepeta eremokosmus were collected in the wild during the growth season. Leaf surface and leaf cross-sections were considered. The longest hair length was related to A. fridae, A. semnanensis and M. gypsaceae species. The shorter hairs belong to the species A. cymosum, G. mucronofolia and E. gypsicola. Crystals called cystolites were seen in the epidermal cell wall of A. semnanensis leaves. The anatomical characteristics of these species' leaves indicate the presence of dry structures. Using micromorphological studies, we analyzed the hairs of the studied species in terms of their shapes, sizes, and densities. We found some species have hairs with special appendages, which is due to the special conditions in which they have grown. Xeromorphic stomata were found on both leaf surfaces of all endemic gypsophyte plants of Semnan. Several studies have shown that gypsophytes have a specialized mechanism for regulating the absorption of sulfur and calcium from soils containing calcium sulfate or gypsum by their roots. The current study provides novel insights into the response of plant species to extreme conditions and potential adaptation strategies at micromorphological levels.

On‐farm cropping sensor‐based smart device for cutting energy measurement of cereal crops

AbstractA device was developed for on‐field cutting energy measurement of cereal crops. Physical, engineering, and anatomical properties of prominent rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars of India were studied at different stem positions using a factorial CRD design. The effects of changes in different operational parameters, including blade bevel angle (15°, 20°, and 25°), cutting angle (25°, 30°, and 35°) and cutting velocity (2.9, 3.44, and 4.1 m s−1) on cutting force and cutting energy of rice stalk were also studied. Cutting angle indicated the angle of inclination of cutting edge to the horizontal at blade‐crop interface. The assessment of these properties and parameters in relation to crop cutting energy, led to the development of a smart device for energy measurement up to a size of three skills. This device consisted of a compression system, crop holding unit, cutting unit, and sensors to measure the force, speed, and cutting height. The device's measurement abilities were evaluated with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) stalks at different cutting speeds (0.83, 1.16, and 1.5 m s−1 and stem heights (10, 20, and 30 cm from ground). Values for cutting force and energy ranged from 1.85 to 1.45 N and 10.81 to 8.48 N mm–1, respectively. At all stem heights, the cutting force and cutting energy ranged from 1.79 to 1.44 N and 11.92 to 6.74 N mm–1, respectively. The ultrasonic sensor provided real time cutting height data with an accuracy of 97.5%, while the gyroscope sensor had an accuracy of 94.29% for on‐field cutting angle measurement.

Highly accurate and reliable ultrasonic focusing capability in heterogeneous media using a spherical cavity transducer

Introduction: Focused ultrasound ablation surgery (FUAS) has been emerging to treat a wide range of conditions non-invasively and effectively with promising therapeutic outcomes. The focusing capability of an ultrasound transducer (i.e., focus shift, beam distortion, and acoustic pressure at the focus) determines the ablation effects. However, the focus shift and focal beam distortion after ultrasound propagating through multi-layered heterogeneous viscoelastic biological tissues become significant and are found to deteriorate the performance of FUAS in clinics.Methods: To achieve an accurate and reliable focal field among patients with large variations in the anatomical structures and properties, a spherical cavity transducer with open ends and sub-wavelength focal size (Li et al., APL, 2013,102:204102) was applied here. Both experimental measurements and numerical simulations were performed to characterize the acoustic fields of the spherical cavity transducer in water, the multi-layered concentric cylindrical phantom, and the heterogeneous tissue model (an adult male pelvis enclosed by porcine skin, fat, and muscle) and then compared with those of a conventional concave transducer at the same electrical power output.Results: It is found that standing-wave focusing using the spherical cavity transducer results in much less focus shift (0.25λ vs. 1.67λ) along the transducer axis and focal beam distortion (−6 dB beam area of 0.71 mm2vs. 4.72 mm2 in water and 2.55 mm2vs. 17.30 mm2 in tissue) in the focal plane but higher pressure focusing gain (40.05 dB vs. 33.61 dB in tissue).Discussion: Such a highly accurate and reliable focal field is due to the excitation at an appropriate eigen-frequency of the spherical cavity with the varied media inside rather than the reverberation from the concave surface. Together with its sub-wavelength focal size, the spherical cavity transducer is technically advantageous in comparison to the concave one. The improved focusing capability would benefit ultrasound exposure for not only safer and more effective FUAS in clinics, but also broad acoustic applications.

Evaluating the contact anatomy and contact bone volume of spinal screws using a novel drilled surface image.

Intraoperative navigation systems have been widely applied in spinal fusion surgery to improve the implantation accuracy of spinal screws using orthogonal tomographic and surface-rendering imaging. However, these images contain limited anatomical information and no information on bone volume contact by the implanted screw, which has been proven to affect the stability of implanted screws. This study proposed a novel drilled surface imaging technique that displays anatomical integration properties to calculate the contact bone volume (CBV) of the screws implanted along an implantation trajectory. A cylinder was used to represent the area traversed by the screws, which was manually rotated and translated to a predetermined implantation trajectory according to a vertebra model obtained using computed tomography (CT) image volumes. The drilled surface image was reconstructed by interpolating the CT numbers at the predefined sampling points on the cylinder surface. The anatomical integration property and CBV of the screw implanted along the transpedicular trajectory (TT) and cortical bone trajectory (CBT) were evaluated and compared. The drilled surface image fully revealed the contact anatomical structure of the screw under the trajectories, improving the understanding of the anatomical integration of the screw and surrounding tissues. On average, the CBV of the CBT was 30% greater than that of the TT. The proposed drilled surface image may be applied in preoperative planning and integrated into intraoperative navigation systems to evaluate the anatomical integration and degree of bone contact of the screw implanted along a trajectory.