Analysis Of Energy Dissipation Research Articles

Energy recovery circuits using reversible and partially reversible logic

This paper presents a new family of logic gates for low energy computing using pulsed power CMOS logic. The logic gates use the principles of adiabatic-switching and results show that in typical cases 90% of the energy can be recovered with operating frequency around 1 MHz. Constant capacitance condition is enforced in our designs so that signals' energy can be efficiently recycled in the chip. We also present a detailed analysis and modeling of energy dissipation in adiabatic circuits. The models were experimentally validated using the circuit simulator SPICE. A simplified version of adiabatic logic with simplicity comparable to static CMOS circuits is also presented. For a 2/spl times/2 multiplier using this type of logic, 60% of energy can be saved over static CMOS case at 20 MHz and there is 35% less energy consumption at 100 MHz.

Thermodynamic Analysis of Energy Dissipation by Pharmaceutical Tablets During Stress Unloading

A thermodynamic analysis of the energy transformations occurring within pharmaceutical tablets during the unloading phase of compaction was performed on Avicel, calcium phosphate, acetaminophen, and calcium oxalate. This analysis was based on viscoelastic stress data collected using an instrumented rotary press and was conducted for the purpose of determining the extent and nature of energy release, beyond that of force displacement, during this phase of compaction. The four materials investigated were selected to reflect a range of compaction properties, and the viscous vs force‐displacement energy distributions were seen to be consistent with their brittle vs plastic character. Magnesium stearate, added in various concentrations up to 4% w/w, was found to act both as an internal lubricant for particle‐particle slipping and as a moderator of inter‐particulate bonding.

A new energy dissipation theory of jig bed stratification. Part 1: energy dissipation analysis in a pilot scale baum jig

The dynamic energy dissipation within a jigging cycle has been mechanically analyzed using data developed in a highly instrumented and controlled pilot scale Baum jig. The analysis is based on the use of the energy and momentum equations for the fluid. It was found that energy balances on the water in the jig failed to close because of elastic deformation of the jig body, rather than inaccuracies in the measurement techniques or failure to account for heat transfer. This deformation problem appears to be common in either pilot jigs or commercial jigs. An empirical means of correcting the energy balance was devised and applied to the data with some success. Using this compensation method, the energy balance was improved. The likely energy balance indicates that (i) less than 7% of the energy of the incoming compressed air is expended in the jig system, (ii) less than 5% of the energy from the compressed air is actually dissipated in the jig bed, (iii) the kinetic energy input from the hutch water supply is effectively negligible, in comparison to the energy input from the compressed air, and (iv) about 2.5–3.7% of the energy from compressed air is dissipated around the bed plate.

A new energy dissipation theory of jig bed stratification. Part 2: a key energy parameter determining bed stratification

Based on a detailed dynamic energy dissipation analysis for a large experimental data base developed in a highly instrumented and controlled pilot Baum jig, the effects of operating parameters on some important energies in the jigging process have been analyzed. Changes in the frequency of pulsation and air pressure in the accumulator result in a large change of these energies. According to regression analyses of the energy dissipation data, a new energy hypothesis is proposed, which indicates that the total energy dissipated in the jig bed within a cycle is the vital parameter determining the bed stratification. This energy is the difference between the energy input to the jig bed and the energy recovery on bed collapse. It is a combined product of the operating parameters, bed material characteristics, and jig structure. It can be suggested that for each type of bed material, a certain level of energy input is required to efficiently stratify the bed. This energy hypothesis remedies the defects of the previous jig theories, because the functions of the operating parameters and the air-water phase behaviour parameters are fully considered and analyzed.

An energy dissipation analysis for a transitional model of crack tip plasticity

An exact relationship is obtained for the rate of energy dissipation due to plastic work for a transition model of mode III crack propagation. It is found that the rate of energy dissipation increases monotonically as the transition in plastic zone shape changes from the infinitesimally-thin line segment of the Cherepanov plastic strip solution to the circular shape of the Hult and McClintock elastoplastic solution. Between these two limiting cases, the plastic zone assumes an elliptical shape. This analysis might serve as an analytical tool for the investigation of irreversible fracture processes.

Analysis of frictional energy dissipation on an annular surface with harmonic loading

Metallic mating surfaces in structural joints offer a good source of frictional energy dissipation resulting in a damped dynamic structural response. This paper reports the results of experiments where the energy dissipation per cycle occurring at a preloaded flat metallic annular interface subjected to cyclic tangential forces is measured. The effects of certain pertinent joint variables on this frictional energy dissipation are investigated by the application of Response Surface Methodology. A central composite rotatable design was utilized for developing empirical expressions for energy loss. The methodology presented suggests a useful technique for tribological research.

特集―表面・界面 複合材料における界面領域の力学現象 歪エネルギー消費の計測とラマンによる応力測定

界面および界面近傍にある高分子の変形・破壊機構を,その場観察,歪エネルギー消費の定量化,レーザーラマンを利用した応力測定等により解析し,複合材料の疲労耐久性との関連性を考察する.

PROBABILISTIC THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL FOR SLOW SHEARING PARTICULATE FLOW: DRY FRICTION

Abstract A probabilistic model for the slow shearing motion of spherical particles dominated by dry inter-particle frictional forces is proposed. The particles can move by sliding, rolling, solid body rotation and jumping following the criterion of minimum energy dissipation. The continuous deformation of particle assembly is regarded as a Markov process in discrete time and continuous space. The components of the contact angle between two neighboring particles are taken as the primary random variables. The coefficients of the probabilistic governing equation are determined from the rate of energy dissipation and micromechanical analysis of particle motion. The inter-particle sliding and rolling friction laws are input data. The constitutive relationships, apparent viscosity and internal friction angle of the particulate material as a whole are obtained by integration. The validity of the proposed model is verified by comparing the model predictions to analytical solutions and available experimental results.

A micromechanics constitutive model for pure dilatant martensitic transformation of ZrO2-containing ceramics

A new micromechanics constitutive modal for pure dilatant transformation plasticity of structure ceramics is proposed in this paper. Based on the thermodynamics, micromechanics and microscale t ~ m trans- formation mechanism analysis of the TZP and PSZ ZrO2-containing ceramics, an analytic expressions of the Helmholtz and complementary free energy of the constitutive element for the case of pure dilatant transforma- tion is derived for the first time in a self-consistent manner. By the analysis of energy dissipation in the for- Ward and reverse transformations, the micromechanics constitutive law is derived in the framework of Hill-Rice's infernal variable constitutive theory.

Association of acoustic emission with the plastic deformation of a metal

G. S. Pisarenko, A. A. Shemegan, and O. E. Boginich, "Analysis of energy dissipation in transverse oscillations of metallic specimens with damping coatings," Probl. Prochn., No. 12, 55-59 (1971). S. V. Nikolaevskii, G. M. Gunyaev, A. F. Rumyantsev, et al., "Experimental examination of energy dissipation in rods of materials reinforced with polymer composites," Probl. Prochn., No. 4, 100-104 (1980). O. G. Tsyplakov, Fundamentals of the Formation of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Shells [in Russian], Mashinostrenie, Mcscow (1968). V. V. Matveev and A. P. Yakovlev, "A method of determining energy dissipation in oscillations," Inventor's Certificate No. 377672, Byull. Izobret., No. 18 (1973). M. K. Sidorenko, Vibrometry of Gas Turbine Engines [in Russian], ~shinostroenie, Moscow (1973).

Kinetics of liquid/liquid capillary rise: II. Development and test of theory

The hydrodynamics of capillary rise are analyzed for the case of prewet capillaries, where a macroscopic film of the advancing liquid coats the wall. The analysis is directed entirely to the wall region, where the rising meniscus meets the preexisting stationary film. Lubrication theory is used to predict the velocity field for upward converging flow into the film, from which the meniscus shape near the wall and the viscous drag on the wall can be calculated. Comparisons are made with dynamic contact angles and excess forces presented in Part I (Mumley, T. E., Radke C. J., and Williams, M. C., J. Colloid Interface Sci. 109, 398, 1986). The proposed theory agrees qualitatively with the data in all important features, but some quantitative discrepancies are found. Reasons for these are discussed, the most important being the nature of intermittent flow (pseudo-slip-stick) observed with movie film. An approximate analysis of energy dissipation in intermittent flow provides rough agreement between data and predictions of drag force in the film. The hydrodynamics of this phenomenon in prewet capillaries, where questions of slip at a three-phase contact line do not arise, must ultimately be understood before substantial progress can be made in other situations.

WAVE TRANSMISSION THROUGH TRAPEZOIDAL BREAKWATERS

In a previous paper Madsen and White (1977) developed an approximate method for the determination of reflection and transmission characteristics of multi-layered, porous rubble-mound breakwaters of trapezoidal cross-section. This approximate method was based on the assumption that the energy dissipation associated with the wave-structure interaction could be considered as two separate mechanisms: (1) an external, frictional dissipation on the seaward slope; (2) an internal dissipation within the porous structure. The external dissipation on the seaward slope was evaluated from the semi-theoretical analysis of energy dissipation on rough, impermeable slopes developed by Madsen and White (1975). The remaining wave energy was represented by an equivalent wave incident on a hydraulically equivalent porous breakwater of rectangular cross-section. The partitioning of the remaining wave energy among reflected, transmitted and internally dissipated energy was evaluated as described by Madsen (1974), leading to a determination of the reflection and transmission coefficients of the structure. The advantage of this previous approximate method was its ease of use. Input data requirements were limited to quantities which would either be known (water depth, wave characteristics, breakwater geometry, and stone sizes) or could be estimated (porosity) by the design engineer. This feature was achieved by the employment of empirical relationships for the parameterization of the external and internal energy dissipation mechanisms. General solutions were presented in graphical form so that calculations could proceed using no more sophisticated equipment than a hand calculator (or a slide rule). This simple method gave estimates of transmission coefficients in excellent agreement with laboratory measurements whereas its ability to predict reflection coefficients left a lot to be desired.

The dissipative mechanism in flowing polymers: theory and experiments

The application of modern non-linear continuum thermodynamics to the analysis of energy dissipation in both isothermal and non-isothermal flow of polymers is discussed. A fundamental simplification of the field equation for the balance of energy arises if the assumption is made that the flowing polymer is a material with entropic elasticity. This assumption is partly justified by structural arguments, and its validity can be checked experimentally. The results of the experiments performed support the validity of the assumption.

Analysis of energy dissipation during transverse vibrations of metal specimens with damping coatings

Analysis of energy dissipation during transverse vibrations of metal specimens with damping coatings

In-Place Determination of Permeability Distribution for Heterogeneous Porous Media Through Analysis of Energy Dissipation

Nelson, R. William,* Member AIME, Battelle Memorial Institute, Richland, Wash. Abstract The theoretical basis is presented for energy dissipation methods of measuring permeability in saturated heterogeneous media. Analysis starts with the equation for single-phase flow in heterogeneous porous media which is a first-order partial differential equation in the unknown permeability. This equation is reduced to a system of characteristic equations useful in deriving a differential expression for the permeability as a function of the known potential distribution. For steady flow systems the expression is integrable, giving the permeability integral for direct calculation of the distribution along successive streamlines. The boundary condition in permeability is presented and includes a discussion of the special requirement to assure uniqueness. Theoretical results and necessary computations are incorporated into two general computer programs capable of determining the permeability distribution in two- and three-dimensional steady flow systems. Results are then presented for an energy dissipation analysis using the methods and software to determine a field permeability thickness distribution. Introduction Theoretical work leading to the description of fluid flow in heterogeneous porous media has developed slowly and somewhat sporadically, although the areas of engineering applications predominantly involve flow in nonhomogeneous media. The lack of accurate and economical methods for measuring field permeability distributions has been a major limitation to realistic description of natural flow systems. The economical measurement of permeability using energy dissipation methods may overcome this limitation. Among other things, any permeability measurement method involves consideration of energy dissipation; as used here, "energy dissipation method" denotes the following general approach. The areal energy distribution is measured on an existing flow system in porous media. Then through appropriate analysis of the dissipation of energy in the flow system, the permeability distribution is determined throughout the region using the minimum boundary conditions required to assure a mathematically unique result. This paper presents the theoretical basis for such a method, as well as the techniques and computer software needed to carry out the analysis. The method and techniques are then used in a preliminary field application. EQUATIONS DESCRIBING FLOW IN HETEROGENEOUS MEDIA Heterogeneous as used here implies differing in kind, having unlike quantities or possessing different characteristics. Accordingly, a heterogeneous porous medium has unlike quantities or differing characteristics at different locations. More precisely, if a porous medium is heterogeneous with respect to some property, then that property is functionally dependent on the spatial location. (Media properties are considered here as macroscopic.) Specifically considering permeability k,** then (1) or the permeability is a scalar function G of the location (x, y, z). Spatial variation of several other properties, of which porosity, dispersivity and medium compressibility are but a few, is implied by the broad title of heterogeneous porous media. The term will be used hereafter to imply only heterogeneity with respect to permeability. The porous medium is considered isotropic as implied by G being only a scalar function. SPEJ P. 33ˆ

Maximum Ratings for Xenon Filled Linear Flashlamps

An approximate mathematical analysis of wall loading and energy dissipation is presented in lieu of comprehensive (and expensive) destructive testing, with the aim of extending previously published maximum peak current ratings for a given lamp type to flashtubes having various length/diam ratios and operating in multisection LC discharge lines (pulse forming networks). A second peak current rating, independent of pulse duration, is tentatively established in an attempt to predict failures from excessive current buildup rates.