Budget Analysis Research Articles

A numerical study of rainfall effects on wind turbine wakes

Rainfall has significant impacts on the operations of wind turbines due to erosion of turbine blades and alterations in aerodynamic performance of wind turbines. However, little is understood in the influences of rainfall on wind turbine wakes. In this study, large-eddy simulation (LES) coupled with actuator-disk model with rotation (ADM-R) is used to investigate impacts of rainfall on wind turbine wakes. A double Euler method is employed in ADM-R to simulate the rainfall injection. The results of the model indicate that rainfall reduces wind speed in the sweep area and increases wind speed in the outer region of the top tip level by 2.1 %. Furthermore, rainfall reduces turbulence intensity in the near wake and outer wake region of the top tip (up to 2.0 %), with the influence extending up to 10 d (diameters of the wind turbine) in the downstream. These changes have a positive correlation with the rainfall intensity and an inverse correlation with the wind speed. The mean kinetic energy (MKE) and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) budget analysis reveals that (1) the turbulent radial transport variation of MKE is the primary reason for the rainfall-induced wind speed change; (2) the change in shear production of TKE is responsible for the rainfall-induced turbulent intensity change; (3) the rainfall-induced Reynolds stress −u′w′‾ is the dominant factor of this dynamics.

Australian Summer Monsoon: Reanalyses Versus Climate Models in Moist Static Energy Budget Evolution

AbstractThe Australian summer monsoon (ASM) influences the tropical hydro‐climate of Northern Australia during the extended summer months (October–April). Despite advances in understanding the ASM, climate models vary widely in their depiction and projections of its future behavior remain uncertain. This study investigates the moist static energy (MSE) budget and examines the gross moist stability (GMS) evolution throughout the monsoon cycle using two reanalysis data sets. We then assess the ability of Atmospheric Modeling Intercomparison Project (AMIP) simulations of climate models to reproduce not only the monsoon seasonal cycle of rainfall but the associated mechanisms revealed by the budget analysis. The budget analysis shows a strong influence of the regions to the north and west of our study area for the import of moisture and export of energy into and away from the ASM. We find that models reproduce this influence qualitatively, but not quantitatively. As in previous studies, we identify two major regimes of the GMS associated with the absence (higher GMS) or presence (lower GMS) of convection. Whilst climate models are able to distinguish the two regimes, they significantly overestimate the GMS in convectively active periods, owing largely to profile of ascent that is too top heavy. Models with more realistic precipitation do not consistently offer more accurate representations of dynamic processes, as evaluated by the MSE budget and GMS. This highlights limitations in assessing models based solely on single variables. To enhance the generalizability of these findings, future studies should employ models without prescribed sea surface temperatures.

Tomato yield, and water use efficiency as affected by nitrogen rate and irrigation regime in the central low lands of Ethiopia

Tomato yield can be increased by the application of optimum water and fertilizer. A field experiment was conducted in Efratana Gidim district, North Shewa, Amhara, Ethiopia, during 2019 and 2020. The objective was to determine the nitrogen (N) rate and irrigation regime for optimum tomato yield and water use efficiency (WUE). The experiment consisted of three-irrigation regimes (75% ETc (Evapotranspiration from the crop), 100% ETc, and 125% ETc) and four nitrogen (N) rates (control; i.e. without N application1, 46 kg N ha−1, 92 kg N ha−1, and 138 kg N ha−1). The treatments were laid out in a split-plot design with four replications. The Irrigation regime were assigned to the main plot, while the N rate were assigned to the subplot. Data on growth, yield, and yield-related traits of tomatoes, include; plant height, number of fruit clusters per plant, fruit length, fruit diameter, number of marketable fruits, number of un-marketable fruits, the total number of fruits, marketable fruit yield, un-marketable fruit yield, total yield were collected. The data were subjected to analysis of variance using R studio. The results indicated that the experimental site had low total N content, and the application of N fertilizer significantly improved tomato yield. Increasing irrigation depth also significantly increased tomato yield. The result indicated that the highest mean marketable fruit yield (35,903 kg ha−1) was obtained from the combined application of 125% ETc with 92 kg N ha−1, while the lowest (13,655 kg ha−1) marketable fruit yield was obtained from 75% ETc with 92 kg N ha−1. The analysis of variance showed that the highest (5.4 kg m−3) WUE recorded from 75% ETc with 46 kg N ha−1 increased WUE by 77% (2.4 kg m−3) compared with the lowest (2.3 kg m−3) WUE recorded from 125% ETc with 0 kg N ha−1. The partial budget analysis also indicated that the highest net benefit (266,272 ETB (Ethiopian Birr) ha−1) and an acceptable marginal rate of return (1240%) for the invested capital was recorded from the combined application of 125% ETc with 92 kg N ha−1. Therefore, the application of 125% ETc with 92 kg N ha−1 resulted in the highest net benefit.

Wpływ kryzysu finansowego na dochody gmin miejskich w Polsce – doświadczenia pandemii COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has given rise to grave economic consequences, especially for the public finance sector, both at the central and local government level. The aftermath of the pandemic-induced crisis began to be felt particularly by local government units (LGUs), which are responsible for the implementation of most public tasks at local level. As a consequence, the role of budget planning increases and the rationalization of public expenditure in response to declining revenues becomes important. This paper is in line with the ongoing discussion on the implications of the COVID-19-induced crisis. Two research goals were formulated. The former was to assess the effects of the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on budget revenues and indirectly on the financial standing of Polish urban municipalities, and the latter was to identify changes in the structure of urban municipalities budgets in Poland as a consequence of the pandemic. For the needs of the study, we used an indicator analysis of urban municipalities budgets, which allows for a synthetic determination of the financial condition and verification of development decisions. The aim of the research was achieved by analyzing the dynamics of indicators that characterize urban municipalities budget revenue in Poland. The scope of research covered the years 2010–2022. The results and the formulated practical recommendations constitute a complementation of the research on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic for public finance, in particular the finances of local government units. The analyses demonstrate a shift in the urban municipalities revenue structure in Poland, which is the effect of a decreased share of own revenue, especially tax revenue, and an increase in the share of transfer revenue. This was due to three factors. Two of them were directly related to the COVID-19 pandemic, i.e 1) reduction in tax revenue (mainly from shares in PIT) as a result of the lockdown and the economic crisis; 2) options of support for local governments in the form of increasing transfer revenue. The third factor that contributed to the decline in own revenue are changes unrelated to the pandemic. These include, for example, changes in personal income tax or changes in the “Family 500+” programme.

Menganalisis Bagaimana Indonesia Menyusun Anggaran Untuk Menentukan Penerimaan Dan Pengeluaran Negara

This research aims to analyze the budget preparation process in Indonesia, with a focus on how the government determines state revenues and expenditures. This study explores the mechanisms used in budget planning, including top-down and bottom-up approaches, as well as the role of various government agencies in the process. Data was obtained through analysis of budget documents, interviews with relevant government officials, and literature review. The research results show that budget preparation in Indonesia involves various complex stages and requires coordination between various parties. This research also found that although there are challenges in the transparency and accuracy of revenue projections, improvement efforts continue to be made through fiscal policy reform and improving financial information systems. Thus, this research provides important insights for policy makers and academics about the dynamics of budget preparation in Indonesia.

Cold Surge Impacts on the Structure, Energy Budget, and Turbulence of the South China Sea Boundary Layer

Abstract Episodic cold surges in the East Asia winter monsoon can penetrate deep into the South China Sea (SCS), enhance consequent tropical rainfall, and further strengthen the East Asia meridional overturning circulation. These cold surges can promote strong surface fluxes and lead to a deeper marine boundary layer (MBL). However, there is a lack of boundary layer studies over the SCS, unlike many other well-studied regions such as the north Atlantic Ocean and the central-eastern Pacific Ocean. In this study, we use high resolution radiosonde data of temperature and humidity profiles over Dongsha Island (116.69E, 20.70N) to identify the inversion layer, mixed layer, cloud base, cloud top, and factors controlling low cloud cover for the period of December-January-February from 2010 to 2020. We perform an energy budget analysis with ERA-5 meteorological variables and surface fluxes. Here we show a strong turbulent flux convergence of both heat and moisture within the SCS MBL during cold surges, which leads to a lifting of the mixed layer to ~1.0 km and inversion layer to ~2.0 km and associated cloud development over Dongsha Island. The cold and dry horizontal advection is balanced by this vertical turbulent flux convergence in the energy budget. Overall, cold surges over the SCS enhance lower branch of winter monsoon meridional overturning circulation with stronger inversion and higher low cloud covers.

Budget Impact Analysis of Olaparib in Combination with Bevacizumab for Maintenance Therapy for Ovarian Cancer in Argentina.

To perform a budget impact analysis (BIA) of introducing olaparib as maintenance therapy in women who have BRCA mutations (BRCAm) with platinum-sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer (PSROC) in combination with bevacizumab in Argentina. A BIA model was used to analyse over a 5-year time horizon the change in the health system's budget following the adoption of olaparib as maintenance therapy in BRCAm patients with PSROC. The BIA for each year was estimated by comparing the cost difference between the current scenario (treatment with bevacizumab) and the new scenario (the addition of olaparib) for a third-party payer. The BIA is estimated at the national health system level, and by healthcare sectors in Argentina (public sector, social security and private sector). International and national epidemiological data were used to determine the target patient population. Clinical efficacy, safety outcomes and duration of treatments were obtained from the pivotal clinical study report. Relevant direct medical costs were obtained from public data in Argentina and expert consultation. All the costs are reported in US dollars as of October 2022 ($1 = 152.59 Argentine pesos). A scenario analysis assessed the full coverage of the homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) test in Argentina. In addition, one-way sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate the model robustness. For a third-party payer with a cohort of 1,000,000 women covered, the estimated target population was 2 individuals in year 1 and 6 individuals in year 5. The incorporation of olaparib, with a wholesale price per pack of $3176.32, was associated with a weighted average of the budget impact per member per month (PMPM) of $0.062 for the national health system, being above the estimated health system budget impact threshold ($0.0153). By healthcare sector, the results of budget impact PMPM for year 5 ranged between $0.08 (public sector) and $0.114 (private sector). For all perspectives, the variables that most influenced the budget impact was the incidence of ovarian cancer, the drug acquisition cost and the treatment duration. The introduction of olaparib for the treatment of BRCAm women with PSROC has a high budget impact for all three health systems in Argentina.

Continuity of care by a primary midwife (caseload midwifery): a cost analysis using results from the COSMOS randomised controlled trial

IntroductionCaseload midwifery (continuity of midwifery carer) offers benefits including lower caesarean section rates, lower risks of preterm birth and stillbirth, and improved maternal satisfaction of care. Despite these advantages, concerns...

Antenatal cardiotocography in primary midwife-led care: a budget impact analysis

ObjectivesIn many countries, the healthcare sector is dealing with important challenges such as increased demand for healthcare services, capacity problems in hospitals and rising healthcare costs. Therefore, one of the...

Cost-Effectiveness and Budget Impact Analyses of Selective Internal Radiation Therapy versus Atezolizumab Plus Bevacizumab from a German Statutory Health Insurance Perspective.

To compare personalized dosimetry with yttrium-90 (90Y)-loaded glass microspheres (SIRT) vs atezolizumab and bevacizumab (A+B) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment in terms of cost-effectiveness and budget impact from a German statutory health insurance (SHI) perspective. Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) and budget impact analysis (BIA) models were developed in MS Excel. The available key studies (IMbrave150 and DOSISPHERE-01) suggest that both strategies are comparable in terms of progression-free survival and overall survival in HCC, but a difference in severe adverse events (SAE) in favor of SIRT was observed. Accordingly, the CEA model investigates the endpoints "cost per SAE avoided" and "cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained", whereas the BIA simulates the impact of a stepwise re-allocation of current market share to the option which emerges as more cost-effective from the CEA. The model suite estimated a mean annual total per-patient costs of € 29,984 for SIRT, compared to € 75,725 for A+B. SIRT was associated with a lower number of SAE and a higher number of QALYs compared to A+B. Switching additionally 25% of the eligible patients (≈500) from systemic therapy to SIRT could generate annual savings of approximately € 22.6 million Euros to the SHI. SIRT was identified as dominant treatment strategy. SIRT use not only saves SHI expenditure compared to systemic immunotherapy but also yields extra QALYs. This positions SIRT as the dominant and more cost-effective treatment strategy for patients with HCC. The savings to the SHI system, derived from the BIA conducted, become increasingly significant with rising adoption rates of SIRT.

Budget impact analysis of participating in sponsored clinical trials in cancer within the Colombian healthcare system: A real-world evidence approach.

e23031 Background: Clinical trials (CTs) are a key element in researching and developing new technologies for cancer. Assessing the economic impact of CTs and the potential savings for healthcare systems in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) is vital to guide healthcare decision-making. This research aims to quantify the budget impact for the Colombian Health System of including hematology and oncology patients in sponsored clinical trials. Methods: This study uses real-world data (RWD) from CTIC, a high-complexity cancer center from Bogotá, Colombia. We followed the Budget Impact Analysis methodology defined by the local HTA agency using data for five tumors retrieved from an institutional data lake resource using clinical information and related costs. Tumors were selected based on their prevalence and economic burden. CTIC’s clinical experts validated the cost-generating events for each disease. The eligible population for phase 3 clinical trials was estimated from the literature and CTIC oncology units’ leaders’ opinions. Prevalent and incident population data were obtained from the Colombian High-Cost Account (CAC). Results: There are 7,703 potential patients to be included in CTs, representing a total cost of 217,544,023 for 2023 USD (1 USD = 4,325 COP). If at least 25% of patients with these tumors were included in CTs in 2023, the approximate cost would be 54,386,006 USD. Advanced prostate cancer represented the highest cost, given its prevalence and CT inclusion opportunity. Conclusions: With approximately USD 24 billion spent on healthcare (USD 5 billion in drugs), Colombia could save around 4% of its drug expenditure if all potential candidates were to be included in cancer CTs. Furthermore, assuming similar average costs per patient, inclusion rates, and population growth for 5-years, this could represent savings of around USD 1.1 billion. These savings would ease the reimbursement and access to innovation for Colombian patients, improving health outcomes and enhancing long-term financial sustainability. [Table: see text]

Evaluating Pollination and Weed Control Strategies under Mesotunnel Systems for Organic Muskmelon Production in Iowa

Bacterial wilt of cucurbits, caused by Erwinia tracheiphila, is spread by spotted (Diabrotica undeimpunctata howardi) and striped (Acalymma vittatum) cucumber beetles and results in major losses for US cucurbit (Cucurbitaceae spp.) growers. Organic growers of muskmelon (Cucumis melo) lack reliable control measures against bacterial wilt. During previous field trials in Iowa, USA, a system called mesotunnels, which are 3.5-ft-tall barriers covered with a nylon mesh insect netting, resulted in a higher marketable yield of organic ‘Athena’ muskmelon than low tunnels or noncovered plots. However, satisfactory pollination and weed control are challenging in mesotunnels because the netting covers the crop for most or all of the growing season, and economic feasibility of these systems has not been determined. Consequently, two field trials conducted in Iowa from 2020 to 2022 evaluated strategies to ensure pollination under mesotunnels in commercial-scale plots, assess effectiveness of teff (Eragrostis tef) as a living mulch for weed control in mesotunnel systems, and compare the profitability of the treatment options for organic ‘Athena’ muskmelon. The treatments used during the pollination trial were as follows: full season, in which mesotunnels remained sealed all season and bumble bees (Bombus impatiens) were added at the start of bloom for pollination; open ends, wherein both ends of the tunnels were opened at the start of bloom then reclosed 2 weeks later; and on-off-on, in which nets were removed at the start of bloom and then reinstalled 2 weeks later. The full-season treatment had significantly higher marketable yield than the other treatments in two of three trial years. Plants with the full season and open ends treatments had a bacterial wilt incidence <2.5% across all three years and similar numbers of cucumber beetles, whereas plants with the on-off-on treatment had an average bacterial wilt incidence of 11.0% and significantly more cucumber beetles. The open ends treatment had fewer bee visits to ‘Athena’ muskmelon flowers than the other treatments. In the 2-year (2021–22) weed management trial, treatments applied to the furrow between plastic-mulched rows were as follows: landscape fabric; teff seeded at 4 lb/acre and mowed 3 weeks after seeding; teff seeded at 4 lb/acre and not mowed; a control with bare ground where weeds were mowed 3 weeks after transplanting; and a bare ground control with no mowing. The landscape fabric and mowed teff treatments had statistically similar marketable yield, and mowing appeared to minimize yield losses compared with nonmowed treatments. The landscape fabric had no weeds, followed by mowed teff, mowed bare ground, and nonmowed teff. Nonmowed bare ground had the highest weed biomass. The partial budget and cost-efficiency ratio analysis indicated that the full-season treatment was the most cost-efficient pollination option for mesotunnel systems. An economic analysis of the weed management strategies showed that using teff as a living mulch in the furrows between organic ‘Athena’ muskmelon rows, coupled with timely mowing to suppress its growth, can generate revenue comparable to that of landscape fabric. Our findings suggest that organic ‘Athena’ muskmelon growers in Iowa may gain the greatest yield and soil quality benefits when mesotunnels are kept closed for the entire season, bumble bees are used for pollination, and teff (mowed 3 weeks after seeding) is used to control weeds in the furrows. Further trials integrating these pollination and weed management strategies would help validate a comprehensive approach to organic ‘Athena’ muskmelon production under mesotunnels.

Moisture Recycling through Pumping by Mesoscale Convective Systems

Abstract Moisture recycling, the contribution of local evapotranspiration (ET) to precipitation, has been studied using bulk models assuming a well-mixed atmosphere. The latter is inconsistent with a climatologically stratified atmosphere that slants across latitudes. Reconciling the two views requires an understanding of overturning associated with different weather systems. In this study, we aim to better understand moisture recycling associated with mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). Using a convection-permitting WRF simulation equipped with water vapor tracers (WRF-WVT), we tag moisture from terrestrial ET in the U.S. Southern Great Plains during May 2015, when more than 20 MCS events occurred and produced significant precipitation and flooding. Water budget analysis reveals that approximately 76% of terrestrial ET is advected away from the region while the remaining 24% of terrestrial ET is “pumped” upward within the region, accounting for 12% of precipitation. Moisture recycling peaks during early night hours (1800–2400 LT) due to the mixing of the daytime accumulated ET by active convection. By focusing on five “diurnally driven” MCSs with less large-scale circulation influence than other MCSs during the same period, we find an upright pumping of terrestrial ET at the MCS initiation and development stages, which diverges into two branches during the MCS mature and decaying stages. One branch in the upper level advects the ET-sourced moisture downstream, while the other branch in the mid-to-upper level contributes to the trailing precipitation upstream. Overall, our analysis depicts a pumping mechanism associated with MCSs that mixes local ET vertically, highlighting its specific contributions to enhancing convective precipitation processes.

Selective treatment of clinical mastitis: Assessment of the Net Cash Impact on Dairy Farms Under Diverse Scenarios. A European Perspective.

Selective treatment of clinical mastitis (STCM) potentially reduces antimicrobial use without negative implications on cow's milk production or health. However, this approach comes with additional costs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the net cash impact (NCI) of implementing STCM compared with blanket treatment of clinical mastitis (BTCM) under different diagnostic-test turnaround times (24 h, 14 h, and 8 h) using a stochastic partial budget analysis with Monte Carlo simulation. The target population was European commercial dairy herds; therefore, the model inputs were primarily from European sources. Additionally, variables associated with dairy management programs were obtained from USDA sources, worldwide multisite clinical trials, and expert opinion. The output was calculated by subtracting the cost of STCM from the cost of BTCM and it represented the expected NCI if a herd switched from BTCM to STCM. Depending on the time-to-treatment efficiency and diagnostic-test turnaround time, the expected mean NCI, assuming that STCM has no impact on the cow's future health or production, ranged from +€8.7 to +€12.4 per case with 72.4% to 84.8% of the iterations being ≥ €0. Moreover, using the numerically favorable health and production effects of STCM reported in the literature, the expected mean NCI ranged from +€44.5 to +€48.1 per case with 93.6% to 95.4% of the iterations being ≥ €0. The variables with the greatest contribution to NCI variance were proportion of gram-positive cases (39.2% of the variance) and days out of the tank for treated cows (22.0%). However, if future cow's health and production were accounted for, culling risk (24.6%), recurrence risk (19.4%), and milk yield (10.6%) would have the greatest contribution to NCI. The sensitivity analysis indicated that farms with high clinical mastitis incidence, low proportion of gram-positive cases, large number of days out of the tank for treated cows, higher milking frequency or using automatic milking systems, not using the highest priced diagnostic tests, and having high antimicrobial treatment costs are the best candidates for STCM. Improving time-to-treatment efficiency, for example, by using a rapid diagnostic test, leads to a favorable NCI, while high daily milk yield and milk price enhances the NCI in already positive scenarios. Finally, the cash flow entirely depends on future cow's health and milk yield. In conclusion, results indicate that overall, STCM is a practice that positively impacts the NCI of many herds.

Stagnation of Eddy Kinetic Energy After Summer Monsoon Onset in the South China Sea

AbstractThe monsoon is the primary force behind the upper‐layer circulation system and regulates eddy activity in the South China Sea (SCS). Using satellite observations and a state‐of‐the‐art oceanic reanalysis, this study examines transferring processes of eddy kinetic energy (EKE) during the SCS Summer Monsoon (SCSSM) onset (20th May on average). The SCSSM onset transforms surface winds from easterly to southwesterly, increasing EKE in the southwestern SCS by surface wind work. Despite the persistent energy input from wind work, EKE growth ceases during the first 20 days after SCSSM onset. An EKE budget analysis suggests that most energy input dissipates in the mixed layer due to the high wind speed, which explains the EKE stagnation. Additionally, eddy‐mean flow interactions transfer kinetic energy from eddies to mean flows during the SCSSM onset. The Vietnam coastal upwelling system provides available potential energy to EKE on the offshore side through buoyancy work. Our study reveals energy‐transferring processes from the summer monsoon to eddy activity and dissipation in the SCS, with implications for understanding multiscale dynamic evolutions during the monsoon transition.

Microstrip antenna system for communication capabilities applications

In this comparative study, seven different microstrip antenna shapes, including rectangular, elliptical, triangular, inset fed, H-notch, and E-notch, were observed and analyzed, focusing on their suitability for global positioning system (GPS) application in microsatellites. To enable meaningful comparison, the study utilized the optimal resonant frequency in GPS applications, which is 1.57542 GHz. All the antenna designs have been generated using MATLAB’s Antenna Toolbox and are 100% efficient under ideal conditions with zero polarization loss, which is assumed in the link budget analysis. The results show that each antenna shape has been found to offer distinct advantages and limitations. Along with this, the circular and elliptical patch antenna presented a well-balanced performance, which is suitable for GPS applications. However, the elliptical shape falls behind the circular shape, which was determined to be the most optimal choice for GPS application, providing excellent isotropic antenna gain, return loss, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and strong link budget analysis results.

Future Change in the Vietnam Upwelling Under a High‐Emission Scenario

AbstractThe Vietnam upwelling is a crucial circulation feature in the South China Sea. Although previous studies have shown that various coastal upwellings around the world may intensify under global warming, future changes in the Vietnam upwelling remain unclear. To address this knowledge gap, we analyzed the long‐term trend in the Vietnam upwelling under a high‐emission scenario for the period 2006–2100, using simulation results from a global eddy‐resolving climate model. In this model, the summertime Vietnam upwelling is projected to intensify in the 21st century and is statistically significant between 12°N and 14°N. A volume flux budget analysis indicates that wind stress curl is the most important contributor to the intensification. The geostrophic flow, to some extent, may suppress the upwelling intensification. The projected increase in upwelling is shown to significantly reduce local ocean warming and freshening and thus may have vital impacts on the local climate and circulation.

Within-trial hospitalization resource utilization and budget impact analysis for darolutamide in metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer using ARASENS.

ARASENS was a randomized, double-blind, phase 3 trial comparing darolutamide + docetaxel + androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) with placebo + docetaxel + ADT in patients with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC). To use clinical trial data from ARASENS to understand whether the addition of darolutamide to docetaxel + ADT leads to increased hospitalizations and to estimate the budget impact on the US health care system. We used mixed-effects negative binomial regression to estimate hospitalization and intensive care unit (ICU) admission rates and length of hospital stay (LoHS) counts. Hospitalization rates were estimated per treatment arm for the period during and after administration of docetaxel. Based on these estimates, a budget impact analysis evaluated the hospitalization costs (including ICU admissions) and standalone ICU hospitalization costs for the totality of the US population over a 5-year time horizon. The analysis compared a scenario without darolutamide vs one with darolutamide included in the US payer formulary. Hospitalization estimates were varied in a one-way sensitivity analysis. The first 4 months of treatment (when patients were receiving docetaxel) were associated with increased hospitalizations across both arms. The addition of darolutamide was associated with a numerical reduction in the rate of hospitalization (per year) due to any reason both during docetaxel treatment (1.01 visits per year [95% CI = 0.82-1.20] vs 1.18 visits per year [95% CI = 0.96-1.41]) and after docetaxel treatment (0.28 visits per year [95% CI = 0.23-0.34] vs 0.33 visits per year [95% CI = 0.27-0.40]). Darolutamide was associated with a marginally longer LoHS per hospitalization compared with placebo (+1.90 days per year) both during and after docetaxel treatment. ICU admissions were low in the ARASENS data; admission rates were assumed to be the same during and after docetaxel treatment. ICU admission rate estimates were equivalent across arms (0.02 visits per year [95% CI = 0.01-0.03]). The budget impact per treated member per month represents a cost-neutral option after Year 5 with a cumulative budget impact of -$9.71. The addition of darolutamide to docetaxel + ADT was associated with a numerically lower rate of hospitalization but marginally longer LoHS compared with docetaxel + ADT alone. Darolutamide represents a cost-neutral alternative per treated member per month compared with docetaxel + ADT with regard to hospitalizations at the end of a 5-year time horizon.

BUDGETTING ANALYSIS USING MACHINE LEARNING

In an era characterized by unparalleled technological progress and pervasive digital integration, the amalgamation of machine learning and mobile applications has instigated a significant transformation in the realm of financial management. This report embarks on a thorough exploration of this revolutionary convergence, elucidating its impact on budget analysis and forecasting, while also laying the groundwork for a future distinguished by heightened fiscal oversight and informed decision-making. The evolution of budget management and financial forecasting has been intricately linked to the ascent of digital technology. As the intricacies of financial challenges confronting individuals, enterprises, and governments continue to evolve, there arises an increasing need for innovative solutions capable of adapting to diverse financial profiles. At the heart of this transformative shift lies the fusion of Flutter, a versatile and user-friendly mobile app development framework, with the predictive capabilities of machine learning, heralding a paradigmatic shift in the domain of budget analysis. This report offers a comprehensive exploration of our project's multifaceted dimensions. From its conceptualization and rationale to the intricate technical architecture and methodologies underpinning its functionality, each aspect is meticulously examined. Throughout this captivating journey, we delve deeply into the realm of data-driven financial prediction, where machine learning algorithms dissect historical spending patterns, illuminating potential future financial trajectories. The Flutter application, meticulously designed to serve as an intuitive gateway to personalized financial insights and effective budget management, occupies a central role in this endeavor. It epitomizes accessibility and ease of use, empowering users from diverse backgrounds to harness the power of data-driven fiscal decision-making. Beyond the technological innovations, this report underscores the paramount importance of ethical considerations. In an era where data privacy and algorithmic fairness are of utmost concern, we adopt a proactive stance in ensuring that our project adheres to the highest ethical standards. Our endeavor transcends mere innovation; it is a commitment to shaping a more inclusive and responsible financial future’s.

Growth and Yield of Onion (<i>Allium cepa</i> L.) as Affected by Variable Rates of Poultry Manure and Mineral Nitrogen Fertilizer at Alage, Central Rift Valley Ethiopia

Onion is one of the important vegetable crops produced in many home gardens and in some extent commercially in different parts of Ethiopia. Therefore, this experiment was conducted at Alage Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia with the objectives of assessing the growth, yield, and quality response of onion to the variable rates of poultry manure and mineral nitrogen fertilizer. The experiment comprising of three nitrogen levels (0, 46, and 92 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>) and four levels of poultry manure (0, 5, 10, and 15 t ha<sup>-1</sup>) were laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The result indicated that leaf length, leaf number, days to maturity, bulb length, and bulb dry matter content were significantly influenced by main factors. Application of poultry manure at the rate of 15 t ha<sup>-1</sup> recorded the highest total bulb yield (63.33 t ha<sup>-1</sup>) and marketable bulb yield (62.52 t ha<sup>-1</sup>), but statistically, there was no significant difference between 15t ha<sup>-1</sup> and 10t ha<sup>-1</sup> poultry manure application. The results of the partial budget analysis showed that 15 t ha<sup>-1</sup> poultry manure application gave the highest marginal rate of returns. Since the highest bulb yield and maximum marginal rate of returns are obtained at 15 t ha<sup>-1</sup> poultry manure application, this rate can be recommended for onion production in the researched area, and areas having similar agro-ecologies. However, as the research is conducted for a single season and location, repeating the experiment over location and year will be required to give a conclusive recommendation.