Analysis Of Amitraz Research Articles

Determination of amitraz and its metabolites in vegetables and fruits by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A method was established for the determination of amitraz (AMZ), and its metabolites semiamitraz (DMPF), 2,4-dimethylformamidine (DMF) and 2,4-dimethylaniline (DMA) in vegetables and fruits by using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The samples were diluted with 0.1 mol/L sodium hydroxide and extracted with n-hexane-isopropanol (2:1, v/v). The separation was performed on a Phenomenex Kinetex C18 column (100 mm×4.6 mm, 2.6 μm) with gradient elution using 0.1% (v/v) formic acid aqueous solution-methanol as the mobile phase. The analysis of amitraz and its metabolites were detected under electrospray positive ionization mode. The limits of quantification (LOQs) were between 0.01 and 0.4 μg/kg. The good linearities (r>0.99) were achieved for the target compounds in the range of 1.0-200.0 μg/L. The recoveries at three spiked levels (0.5, 5.0 and 20 μg/kg) in blank matrix were in the range of 62.5%-105.0% with the relative standard deviations between 7.5% and 17.6%. The method is convenient, rapid, accurate, efficient, sensitive and practical. It is suitable for the determination and confirmation of amitraz and its metabolites in vegetables and fruits, and can meet the demands of domestic and foreign regulations.

Analysis of amitraz in cats by gas chromatography

Univ Oeste Paulista UNOESTE, Vet Hosp, Dept Small Anim Med, BR-19001970 Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil

Efficiency Evaluation of the Main Multiresidue Methods Used in Europe for the Analysis of Amitraz and Its Major Metabolites

This paper compares the performance of the three most widely employed multiresidue methods [quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS), mini-Luke, and ethyl acetate] currently used for the determination of amitraz residues in fruits. A fast and differentiated analysis of amitraz and its two main metabolites, N-2,4-dimethylphenyl-N-methylformamidine and 2,4-dimethylformanilide, was performed by HPLC-electrospray ionization-MS/MS using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in the positive mode. A test of the stability of the standard solutions showed a rapid hydrolysis of amitraz to the amide and amidine derivatives in solutions containing water, including QuEChERS extracts of crops that were previously acidified. Two useful mass transitions were used to confirm the presence of each analyte in the sample extracts. LOD values ranging from 0.4 to 2.0 microglkg were obtained. Linearity of response over 2 orders of magnitude was demonstrated (r2 > 0.999) in solvent and pear extract. The recovery studies were performed on pear blanks spiked at two concentration levels, 50 and 500 microg/kg (n = 5). Best recoveries, ranging from 75 to 103%, were obtained by the application of the QuEChERS method with CV < 8% in all cases. The QuEChERS method was applied to a monitoring study carried out by the Chemical and Veterinary Investigation Office Stuttgart laboratory. From the 63 pear samples analyzed, 21 contained amitraz residues (expressed as sum) ranging from 0.02 to 2.9 mg/kg. Amitraz parent was detected only in a few cases at very low concentration levels, with N-2,4-dimethylphenyl-N-methylformamidine being the metabolite almost entirely representing the total residue. These results emphasize that the residue situation is clearly underestimated if only the parent compound is targeted, and they reinforce how important it is to include amitraz in the target scope of pesticide residue laboratories, especially since the concentrations detected exceeded the Acute Reference Dose in the majority of cases and pose a health risk to the consumer.