Anal Sac Adenocarcinoma Research Articles

術後に低Ｃａ血症を起こしたこう門嚢腺癌の犬の１例

術前に高Ca血症を認めた高齢の雌犬に肛門嚢腺癌の手術を行ったところ, 術後に重度の低Ca血症が認められた。術後2日目に低Ca血症性の発作が認められ, Ca剤, 活性型ビタミンD3製剤により血中Ca濃度の維持を行い, 順調にコントロールできた。患者は術後214日目に突然死亡したが, 原因は不明である。術後の低Ca血症の原因として, 上皮小体の重度廃用萎縮または基礎疾患として上皮小体機能低下症の関与が疑われた。このような症例には術前・術後の血中Ca濃度の測定と周術期の状態観察が重要であると思われた。

Anal sac adenocarcinoma in a Siamese cat

A 12-year-old male neutered Siamese cat presented with a history of inappetance and lethargy and an enlarged left anal sac. The anal sac was surgically excised and histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of anal sac adenocarcinoma. Perianal tumours are rare in the cat and anal sac adenocarcinoma has not been previously reported. This is in contrast to the dog where anal sac adenocarcinoma is a well recognised albeit uncommon tumour.

Canine anal sac adenocarcinomas: clinical presentation and response to therapy.

A retrospective study of 43 dogs with anal sac adenocarcinoma (ASAC) was performed to characterize the clinical presentation and response to treatment. Clinical signs at presentation varied considerably, with signs related either to sublumbar nodal metastasis (tenesmus or constipation) or hypercalcemia (polyuria-polydipsia and anorexia) being the most frequent findings. At the time of presentation, 23 (53%) dogs had hypercalcemia and 34 (79%) had metastases, with the regional lymph nodes (31 dogs, 72%) being the most common site of metastasis. A variety of chemotherapeutic agents were administered, with partial remission (PR) recorded in 4 of 13 (31%) dogs treated with cisplatin and in 1 of 3 (33%) dogs treated with carboplatin. The median survival for all dogs was 6 months (range, 2 days-41 months). There was no statistical association between the presence of hypercalcemia and survival, although the power of the study to detect an increase in survival of 3 months was low (.33). We conclude that platinum chemotherapy has antitumor activity in canine apocrine gland carcinoma and that further study of these agents is warranted.

Canine Anal Sac Adenocarcinomas: Clinical Presentation and Response to Therapy

A retrospective study of 43 dogs with anal sac adenocarcinoma (ASAC) was performed to characterize the clinical presentation and response to treatment. Clinical signs at presentation varied considerably, with signs related either to sublumbar nodal metastasis (tenesmus or constipation) or hypercalcemia (polyuria‐polydipsia and anorexia) being the most frequent findings. At the time of presentation, 23 (53%) dogs had hypercalcemia and 34 (79%) had metastases, with the regional lymph nodes (31 dogs, 72%) being the most common site of metastasis. A variety of chemotherapeutic agents were administered, with partial remission (PR) recorded in 4 of 13 (31%) dogs treated with cisplatin and in 1 of 3 (33%) dogs treated with carboplatin. The median survival for all dogs was 6 months (range, 2 days‐41 months). There was no statistical association between the presence of hypercalcemia and survival, although the power of the study to detect an increase in survival of 3 months was low (.33). We conclude that platinum chemotherapy has antitumor activity in canine apocrine gland carcinoma and that further study of these agents is warranted.

Treatment of tumor-bearing dogs with actinomycin D.

Fifty dogs with advanced malignancies were treated with actinomycin D at doses ranging from 0.5 to 1.1 mg/m2 every 3 weeks. The greatest number of responses was noted in dogs with lymphoma, including dogs that had received prior chemotherapy. Other responding tumor types included anal sac adenocarcinoma, perianal adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, thyroid carcinoma, and transitional cell carcinoma. The median time to maximum response for dogs with lymphoma was 7 days, with a median duration of 42 days. Gastrointestinal toxicity was the most frequently observed side effect. A dose of 0.6 to 0.7 mg/m2 appears to be appropriate for treating various malignancies in dogs.

Histopathologic Features and Post-surgical Sequelae of 57 Cutaneous Neoplasms in Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo.)

The study of the signalment, histomorphologic features, and post-surgical clinical progress of 57 cutaneous neoplasms in 55 domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo L.) was based on diagnostic pathologic accessions (1987-1992) from 142 ferrets. Mean age of the group was 4.3 years; 31/54 (57%) were female and 23/54 (43%) were male. Thirty-three (58%) of the cutaneous neoplasms were basal cell tumors. The mean age of ferrets with basal cell tumor was 5.2 years, and 23/33 (70%) were female. Histologically, the basal cell tumors were composed of well-differentiated basaloid epithelial cells with various degrees of squamous and sebaceous differentiation, similar to those seen in basal cell neoplasms of dogs. Nine of the 57 (16%) cutaneous neoplasms were mastocytomas. The mean age of ferrets with mastocytoma was 4.1 years; four were male, four were female, and the sex of one was unrecorded. Histologically, the mastocytomas were composed of well-differentiated mast cells with few eosinophils, similar to cutaneous mastocytomas of domestic cats. The mast cells had a small number of metachromatic cytoplasmic granules, and in six of eight neoplasms the granules had an affinity for conjugated avidin-peroxidase. Six of the cutaneous neoplasms (11%) were fibromas. The mean age of ferrets with fibroma was 2.7 years; 5 (83%) were male. Two cutaneous hemangiomas (4%) were in females, which were 4 and 5 years of age. There was one each hemangiosarcoma, cutaneous polyp, anal gland adenocarcinoma, lymphosarcoma of the prepuce and inguinal lymph node, and adenocarcinoma of the prepuce.

Adenocarcinoma of the anal glands

Anal gland adenocarcinoma is rare, with information concerning this lesion communicated mostly as case reports. Cases seen by authors, combined with a survey of the membership of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, allowed 52 cases with sufficient data for analysis. It became clear from the survey that most colorectal surgeons have not treated this malignancy. Predominant symptoms are anal pain (58 percent), rectal bleeding (40 percent), and the presence of perianal mass (37 percent). Fifty-four percent of patients present with a fistula, the incidence of fistula being significantly higher in males. Metastases, which may be inguinal, pelvic, or hepatic, are present at diagnosis in 13.5 percent of patients. Three-fourths of patients are eventually treated by abdomino-perineal resection (APR). Twelve percent of the patients in this series had an APR after a failed local excision. The conclusions from this study are: 1) if local excision is attempted, it must be complete, and the patient must be followed closely for many years, and 2) APR is needed in most patients for local control, with the role of subsequent radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy not yet defined.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)-related protein, PTH, and 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D in dogs with cancer-associated hypercalcemia

Circulating N-terminal PTH-related protein (PTHrP), N-terminal PTH, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D] concentrations were measured in normal dogs and dogs with cancer-associated hypercalcemia (CAH), parathyroid adenomas, and miscellaneous tumors. PTHrP was undetectable (less than 1.8 pM) in normal dogs and increased in dogs with CAH due to adenocarcinomas derived from apocrine glands of the anal sac (44.9 +/- 27 pM), lymphoma (8.3 +/- 4.4 pM), and miscellaneous carcinomas (13.3 +/- 11.4 pM). The PTHrP concentration decreased in dogs with lymphoma and anal sac adenocarcinomas after successful treatment of CAH. The PTHrP concentration had a significant linear correlation with total serum calcium in dogs with anal sac adenocarcinomas and hypercalcemia, but not in dogs with lymphoma and hypercalcemia. Serum N-terminal PTH concentrations were usually in the normal range (12-34 pg/ml) for all groups of dogs except dogs with parathyroid adenomas (83 +/- 38 pg/ml). The serum PTH concentration increased after successful treatment of CAH. Serum 1,25-(OH)2D concentrations were decreased, normal, or increased in dogs with CAH, and 1,25-(OH)2D levels decreased after treatment of CAH. In summary, circulating concentrations of PTHrP are consistently increased in dogs with CAH, and PTHrP appears to play an important role in the induction of hypercalcemia.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)-related protein, PTH, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in dogs with cancer-associated hypercalcemia.

Circulating N-terminal PTH-related protein (PTHrP), N-terminal PTH, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D] concentrations were measured in normal dogs and dogs with cancer-associated hypercalcemia (CAH), parathyroid adenomas, and miscellaneous tumors. PTHrP was undetectable (less than 1.8 pM) in normal dogs and increased in dogs with CAH due to adenocarcinomas derived from apocrine glands of the anal sac (44.9 +/- 27 pM), lymphoma (8.3 +/- 4.4 pM), and miscellaneous carcinomas (13.3 +/- 11.4 pM). The PTHrP concentration decreased in dogs with lymphoma and anal sac adenocarcinomas after successful treatment of CAH. The PTHrP concentration had a significant linear correlation with total serum calcium in dogs with anal sac adenocarcinomas and hypercalcemia, but not in dogs with lymphoma and hypercalcemia. Serum N-terminal PTH concentrations were usually in the normal range (12-34 pg/ml) for all groups of dogs except dogs with parathyroid adenomas (83 +/- 38 pg/ml). The serum PTH concentration increased after successful treatment of CAH. Serum 1,25-(OH)2D concentrations were decreased, normal, or increased in dogs with CAH, and 1,25-(OH)2D levels decreased after treatment of CAH. In summary, circulating concentrations of PTHrP are consistently increased in dogs with CAH, and PTHrP appears to play an important role in the induction of hypercalcemia.

Canine Perineal Tumours

One hundred and thirty nine canine perineal tumours were histologically evaluated. The vast majority (134 tumours = 96.4%) appeared to originate from the characteristic glandular structures of this region. They were classified as well differentiated perianal gland tumours (58.3%), as moderately or poorly differentiated perianal gland tumours (21.6%) and as carcinomas without perianal gland differentiation (16.5%). Only 5 tumours (3.6%) appeared to originate from non-characteristic perineal structures. A prominent male predominance was found with respect to the perianal gland tumours, whereas the carcinomas showed a distinct female predisposition. Tumours showing perianal gland differentiation almost invariably will have a benign behaviour. The carcinomas lacking any perianal gland differentiation often show a distinct malignant behaviour with metastases to regional lymph nodes and internal organs. These malignant neoplasms showed morphological and clinical features comparable to canine anal sac gland adenocarcinomas and carcinoids in man and animals.