Amperometric Gas Sensors Research Articles

An Affordable Amperometric Gas Sensor Based on Polyvinylidene Fluoride Solid-State Electrolyte for Highly Selective Detection of ppm-Level H2 at Room Temperature

An Affordable Amperometric Gas Sensor Based on Polyvinylidene Fluoride Solid-State Electrolyte for Highly Selective Detection of ppm-Level H₂ at Room Temperature

(Invited) Past, Present and Future for Electrochemical Gas Sensors in Energy Applications

The markets for modern low-cost electrochemical gas sensors have been growing for longer than sensors have been around. Energy markets for gas sensors include the oil, gas and electricity industries as well as the new developing and fast growing green energy sectors. The primary gases to detect include combustible hydrocarbons, oxygen, and toxic gases. Specifically, we are interested in methane (blue and green), ammonia, and H2 for the renewable energy sectors but include hydrocarbon fuels and CO2 as a greenhouse gas emission. The reasons for monitoring crosscut all areas of the energy business and include applications in production, transport, storage and use. Primary sensor uses include: 1) health and safety (people and assets), 2) leak detection and isolation to help mitigate product losses, 3) monitoring to protect the environment and 4) measurements for process control and efficacy. Each of these areas of sensing have special requirements and demand cost-effective and time efficient sensor performance in many and varied real world scenarios.Electrochemical gas sensors have a long and rich history starting with the commercialization of the first practical potentiometric CO2 gas sensor by Severinghaus in 1954 and the O2 amperometric sensor by Clark in 1956 that launched the modern blood gas analysis industry. Additional milestones include the introduction of the “diffusion electrode” in 1968 creating the modern amperometric sensor which has produced a large array of sensors for toxic and hazardous gases including H2, ammonia, and other energy gases. Progress has been made in the field of electrochemical gas sensors, not only in improving performance, sensitivity, selectivity, response time, and stability, but also in logistical properties including miniaturization, lower power consumption, low cost as well as communication and computation to make automated-operational systems. New high-volume production has contributed to lower costs commensurate with a chip-based sensor mentality. The evolution of one of the gas sensor technologies is given below (the room temperature AGS or amperometric gas sensor) and similar progress has been seen in mixed potential and solid state gas sensors.The growing understanding of the sensor’s fundamental electrocatalytic reactions has led to tailored designs of electrode-electrolyte combinations and packages for the various applications. Often ignored in sensor publications of performance, the fundamental electrocatalytic studies are poised to make significant advances in energy gas sensor selectivity and sensitivity. The additional implementation of intelligent algorithms (AI/ML) to make “smart” sensors and sensor arrays complements advanced nano-materials and designs for improving sensor performance. One major improvement is our understanding of the sensor response mechanisms at the electrocatalytic level. This new research will enable new electrochemical sensor advances that are poised to impact the health and wellbeing of both people and the planet. Ideas and concepts that significantly contribute to the safe and efficient rollout of the newest green energy platforms are presented. Figure 1

Fast Response Room Temperature Amperometric Gas Sensors with Modified Fe–N–C Electrodes for ppb-Level H2S Detection

Fast Response Room Temperature Amperometric Gas Sensors with Modified Fe–N–C Electrodes for ppb-Level H₂S Detection

New Trend of Amperometric Gas Sensors Using Atomic Gold-Decorated Platinum/Polyaniline Composites

The Amperometric Gas Sensor (AGS) uses an electrode as the transducer element which converts its signal into a current from the electrochemical reaction of analytes taking place at the electrode surface. Many attempts to improve AGS performance, such as modifying the working electrode, applying a particular gas-permeable membrane, and selecting the proper electrolyte, etc., have been reported in the scientific literature. On the other hand, in the materials community, atomic gold has gained much attention because its physicochemical properties dramatically differ from those of gold nanoparticles. This paper provides an overview of the use of atomic gold in AGSs, both in a bulky AGS and a miniaturized AGS. In the miniaturized AGS, the system must be redesigned; for example, the aqueous electrolyte commonly used in a bulky AGS cannot be used due to volatility and fluidity issues. A Room Temperature Ionic Liquid (RTIL) can be used to replace the aqueous electrolyte since it has negligible vapor pressure; thus, a thin film of RTIL can be realized in a miniaturized AGS. In this paper, we also explain the possibility of using RTIL for a miniaturized AGS by incorporating a quartz crystal microbalance sensor. Several RTILs coated onto modified electrodes used for isomeric gas measurement are presented. Based on the results, the bulky and miniaturized AGS with atomic gold exhibited a higher sensor response than the AGS without atomic gold.

Diffusion Models of Mass Transport for the Characterisation of Amperometric Gas Sensors

AbstractA diffusion model for the analysis of chronoamperometric data in response to a concentration step is developed for amperometric gas sensors. This analysis avoids the difficulties with standard potentiodynamic measurements at the large specific area, high capacitance electrodes employed in these sensors. Despite the fact that typical devices comprise multiple layers with varying thicknesses and diffusivities, we show that typical chronoamperometric traces can be fitted to a simple diffusion model with a single parameter where L is an overall effective thickness of the diffusion barrier and D is an effective diffusion coefficient. Through a comparison of the transient and steady‐state current, independent estimates of L and D in the devices can be made. The model is also extended to cover cases with interfacial kinetic barriers; such kinetic limitations lead to a change in the effective values L and D, but the simple diffusion model remains a good fit to the data. This analysis shows that transient sensor responses can be characterised by a single parameter τ and conversely that deviations from this regression model cannot be assigned to (i) complex layer architectures or (ii) interlayer kinetic barriers. Instead, we show that non‐uniform accessibility effects arising from a distribution of diffusion rates across the device lead to deviations from the simple regression model, but that they may be captured approximately by a more complex model in which τ has a probability distribution.

Instant‐in‐Air Liquid Metal Printed Ultrathin Tin Oxide for High‐Performance Ammonia Sensors

AbstractLiquid metal‐based printing techniques are emerging as an exemplary platform for harvesting non‐layered 2D materials with a thickness down to a few nanometres, leading to an ultra‐large surface‐area‐to‐volume ratio that is ideal for sensing applications. In this work, the synthesis of 2D tin dioxide (SnO2) by exfoliating the surface oxide of molten tin is reported which highlights the enhanced sensing capability of the obtained materials to ammonia (NH3) gas is reported. It is demonstrated that amperometric gas sensors based on liquid metal‐derived 2D SnO2 nanosheets can achieve excellent NH3 sensing performance at low temperature (150 °C) with and without UV light assistance. Detection over a wide range of NH3 concentrations (5–500 ppm) is observed, revealing a limit of detection at the parts per billion (ppb) level. The 2D SnO2 nanosheets also feature excellent cross‐interference performance toward different organic and inorganic gas species, showcasing a high selectivity. Further, ab initio DFT calculations reveal the NH3 adsorption mechanism is dominated by chemisorption with a charge transfer into 2D SnO2 nanosheets. In addition, a proof of concept for prototype flexible ammonia sensors is demonstrated by depositing 2D SnO2 on a polyimide substrate, signifying the high potential of employing liquid metal printed SnO2 for realizing wearable gas sensors.

Design and fabrication of an amperometric CO gas sensor and a readout circuit using a low-noise transimpedance amplifier to achieve standard analog outputs

This article presents a sensor design method that utilizes two electrodes made of gold and tin oxide, along with a gas concentration detection circuit. The use of an n-type semiconductor with a rutile structure contributes to improved sensitivity, and a sol-gel coating with SnO2 is applied. The sensor includes 20 finger electrodes printed on a ceramic substrate, along with a heater placed on the bottom layer to enable interaction with the external environment. The gas concentration is detected through the use of an amperometric method and an ultra-low noise amplifier. The proposed system incorporates a microcontroller and a low-noise analog interface, delivering standard analog outputs ranging from 0 ∼ 10 V and 4 ∼ 20 mA, proportional to the gas concentration. The experimental results demonstrate a sensitivity of 6nA/ppm within the range of 0 ∼ 470 ppm, with a detection limit of 1 ppm. Key advantages of the proposed circuit include linear response within the specified range, resistance to thermal changes, and cost-effectiveness. Moreover, the sensor exhibits reliable repeatability, with a response time of 27.5 s and a recovery time of 39 s. The front-end circuit's adjustable bandwidth and gain enable precise fine-tuning of the measured CO concentration range.

Array of Miniaturized Amperometric Gas Sensors Using Atomic Gold Decorated Pt/PANI Electrodes in Room Temperature Ionic Liquid Films.

Miniaturized sensors possess many advantages, such as rapid response, easy chip integration, a possible lower concentration of target compound detection, etc. However, a major issue reported is a low signal response. In this study, a catalyst, the atomic gold clusters of Aun where n = 2, was decorated at a platinum/polyaniline (Pt/PANI) working electrode to enhance the sensitivity of butanol isomers gas measurement. Isomer quantification is challenging because this compound has the same chemical formula and molar mass. Furthermore, to create a tiny sensor, a microliter of room-temperature ionic liquid was used as an electrolyte. The combination of the Au2 clusters decorated Pt/PANI and room temperature ionic liquid with several fixed electrochemical potentials was explored to obtain a high solubility of each analyte. According to the results, the presence of Au2 clusters increased the current density due to electrocatalytic activity compared to the electrode without Au2 clusters. In addition, the Au2 clusters on the modified electrode had a more linear concentration dependency trend than the modified electrode without atomic gold clusters. Finally, the separation among butanol isomers was enhanced using different combination of room-temperature ionic liquids and fixed potentials.

Solvent Evaporation Rate as a Tool for Tuning the Performance of a Solid Polymer Electrolyte Gas Sensor.

Solid polymer electrolytes show their potential to partially replace conventional electrolytes in electrochemical devices. The solvent evaporation rate represents one of many options for modifying the electrode-electrolyte interface by affecting the structural and electrical properties of polymer electrolytes used in batteries. This paper evaluates the effect of solvent evaporation during the preparation of solid polymer electrolytes on the overall performance of an amperometric gas sensor. A mixture of the polymer host, solvent and an ionic liquid was thermally treated under different evaporation rates to prepare four polymer electrolytes. A carbon nanotube-based working electrode deposited by spray-coating the polymer electrolyte layer allowed the preparation of the electrode-electrolyte interface with different morphologies, which were then investigated using scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. All prepared sensors were exposed to nitrogen dioxide concentration of 0-10 ppm, and the current responses and their fluctuations were analyzed. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to describe the sensor with an equivalent electric circuit. Experimental results showed that a higher solvent evaporation rate leads to lower sensor sensitivity, affects associated parameters (such as the detection/quantification limit) and increases the limit of the maximum current flowing through the sensor, while the other properties (hysteresis, repeatability, response time, recovery time) change insignificantly.

Investigation of Amperometric Sensing Mechanism in Gold–C60–Gold Molecular Dot

We investigate through simulations the gold–C60–gold molecular junction as a novel single-molecule amperometric gas sensor. We find it promising for NO and NO2 detection in air and at room temperature, with current variations of the order of the microampere, and presenting the potential capability of achieving the single-molecule sensitivity along with selectivity in the presence of common atmospheric gases. Furthermore, and for the first time, we investigate the current modulation mechanism due to target–sensor intermolecular interactions, providing theoretical insights into the functioning and exclusive properties of this novel device. In particular, we show and motivate the peculiar voltage-dependent response of the sensor that we relate to the distinctive mechanism of transport modulation occurring in the presence of a specific target. Finally, we discuss sensing reliability in air and the effects of probable fabrication process variability on sensing performance. Our results motivate future works on molecular dot-based chemical sensors in terms of the sensor–target exclusive interactions and detection principles, oriented to device-level engineering to find optimal operating conditions.

Acicular Nickel on Carbon Nanofiber as Electrochemical Sensor Electrode for the Rapid Detection of Aqueous and Gaseous Formaldehyde at Room Temperature

AbstractThe rapid and straightforward detection of formaldehyde (FA) in the environment is crucial for preventing the accidental inhalation of FA and limiting skin exposure to FA. In this study, we developed a simple nickel‐based electrocatalytic electrode on carbon nanofibers (CNFs−Ni), which is suitable for rapidly detecting FA at room temperature. Centrifugal electrospinning was used to obtain polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers, which was subsequently stabilized and carbonized to fabricate the CNFs. Carbonization of the CNFs occurred at various temperatures (Tc=1200, 1300, 1400, and 1500 °C). PAN CNFs served as a highly conductive template for electroless plating under a magnetic field of 500 G to grow acicular nickel. The amperometric responses of the CNFs−Ni to aqueous FA were then measured. A lab‐built amperometric gas sensor (CNFs−Ni 1–8), which comprised CNFs with a reduced Ni loading, was used as the electrode for detecting gaseous FA. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and chronoamperometry were used to evaluate the sensitivities of the electrodes. Within the linear range of 0.05–91.5 mM, the CNFs1400‐Ni electrode was highly sensitive for detecting aqueous FA (2592 μA mM−1 cm−2), as evidenced by the fast response time (6 s). At a low concentration of gaseous FA (0.5 ppm), the laboratory‐built FA gas sensor was stable (98.3 %) and had a fast response time (5 s) after 9 h of continuous operation.

Heterostructure colloidal crystal for light activated hydrogen sensing at low temperature

The uniformity of porous heterostructures developed for gas sensing is essential to achieve repeatability in both sensor output and fabrication processes. Colloidal lithography has previously proven to be an excellent approach in obtaining seamless/uniform composite structures as sensitive layers in various applications including chemical/gas sensing. Among various gas species, detection of low concentrations of hydrogen is vital for many applications such as energy and transport industries as clean fuel; medical industries as marker for gastrointestinal disorders and chemical/manufacturing industries in producing ammonia. Due to its explosive nature, researchers are focusing on developing hydrogen sensors that operate at low temperatures, however critical performance aspects such as selectivity and sensitivity are proving to be a challenge. In this study, we report light-assisted amperometric gas sensors (AGS) utilizing tailored sensitive layers comprising long-range ordered colloidal crystal of core-shell TiO2/MoS2 heterojunction-based nanostructures specifically designed for H2 sensing applications at room temperature. The effect of various external stimuli such as electrical bias and light activation were studied while operating the developed AGS at 33 °C. The results showed > 99% repeatability with excellent selectivity (87%) while illuminating with 365 nm (2024 µW.cm−2) light under 9 V bias. At these optimum conditions, the sensor also showed a detection limit < 44 ppm, making it highly applicable in many industries requiring passive and low temperature operation.

Materials for Chemical Sensing: A Comprehensive Review on the Recent Advances and Outlook Using Ionic Liquids, Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs), and MOF-Based Composites

The ability to measure and monitor the concentration of specific chemical and/or gaseous species (i.e., “analytes”) is the main requirement in many fields, including industrial processes, medical applications, and workplace safety management. As a consequence, several kinds of sensors have been developed in the modern era according to some practical guidelines that regard the characteristics of the active (sensing) materials on which the sensor devices are based. These characteristics include the cost-effectiveness of the materials’ manufacturing, the sensitivity to analytes, the material stability, and the possibility of exploiting them for low-cost and portable devices. Consequently, many gas sensors employ well-defined transduction methods, the most popular being the oxidation (or reduction) of the analyte in an electrochemical reactor, optical techniques, and chemiresistive responses to gas adsorption. In recent years, many of the efforts devoted to improving these methods have been directed towards the use of certain classes of specific materials. In particular, ionic liquids have been employed as electrolytes of exceptional properties for the preparation of amperometric gas sensors, while metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are used as highly porous and reactive materials which can be employed, in pure form or as a component of MOF-based functional composites, as active materials of chemiresistive or optical sensors. Here, we report on the most recent developments relative to the use of these classes of materials in chemical sensing. We discuss the main features of these materials and the reasons why they are considered interesting in the field of chemical sensors. Subsequently, we review some of the technological and scientific results published in the span of the last six years that we consider among the most interesting and useful ones for expanding the awareness on future trends in chemical sensing. Finally, we discuss the prospects for the use of these materials and the factors involved in their possible use for new generations of sensor devices.

(Digital Presentation) Amperometric Gas Sensor with Porous Electrodes Manufactured Via Laser Ablation

Hydrogen sulfide, Nitrogen Dioxide, and sulfur dioxide are highly toxic gases with health effects at ppb and ppm levels in air. These compounds occur in industrial operations as well as in environmental atmospheric polluted air. Traditionally, microfabricated electrochemical gas sensors use photolithography processes for patterning of the electrodes and defining the electrode geometry for high surface area to increase the sensor gas sensitivity. We present herein a series of gas sensor designs fabricated via laser ablation of sputtered Au films. For these sensors, the laser ablation step itself takes less than two hours to pattern up to 60 sensors. The sensors are fabricated on a porous hydrophobic substrate made of layers of a Teflon woven mesh, and the 400 nm gold film was sputtered onto a 100 nm tungsten adhesion layer. A total of 60 sensors was patterned in a 6 by 10 grid per substrate with each sensor having a footprint of 15 mm x 15 mm. An image of some of the sensors and their corresponding designs are illustrated in figure 1.Laser ablation was performed by an Optec WS-Flex USP femtosecond 1030 nm laser. The pulse frequency was set to 400 kHz and both the speed and jump speed were set to 200 mm/s. The laser power is nominally 4 W and the power percentage setting was determined for each substrate by patterning a test array onto the substrate in increments of 2%. From this test array, the lowest power that completely ablated the gold could be determined and that was used for the remaining sensor ablation. Images of the etched surface area shown in the figure 1. Surface analysis with EDS using SEM microscope indicated the composition of the layers and effective removal of the gold from the Teflon sheet without damage to the Teflon porosity in the woven mesh, figure 2. The sensor electrodes were assembled by lamination between several plastic layers and then an electrolyte was added. The assembled sensors were diced from the assembled 10x6 sensor wafer and individual sensors were connected to a potentiostat and tested via exposure to the various pollutant gases. The current response of these amperometric sensors was measured and found to be linear with respect to concentration in the low ppm range. This work illustrates an alternative to photolithography for the preparation of thin film gas porous electrodes for use in amperometric gas sensors. Figure 1

Amperometric hydrogen gas sensor based on Pt/C/Nafion electrode and ionic electrolyte

In the present work, an amperometric electrochemical hydrogen (H2) sensor was fabricated by solid polymer electrolyte and screen-printed electrodes (SPE). The carbon electrode modified by Pt/C/Nafion film gave an enhanced sensitivity. The Pt/C/Nafion suspension could be directly added dropwise to the carbon electrodes for modification, which was simple and efficient. For hydrogen sensors, it was proved that hydrogen and Pt nanoparticles in aprotic electrolyte were the electrochemical behavior of single electron transfer in an anaerobic environment and the coupling electrochemical behavior with oxygen in an aerobic environment. A solid amperometric gas sensor was fabricated by a 3D printing package with a solid polymer electrolyte and porous ceramic subtracts printed with modified electrodes. It was indicated that the sensor device fabrication was quite simple; however, the sensitivity could be greatly improved.

Amperometric room temperature hydrogen gas sensor based on the conjugated polymers of polypyrrole–polyethylene oxide nanofibers synthesised via electrospinning

Amperometric room temperature hydrogen gas sensor based on the conjugated polymers of polypyrrole–polyethylene oxide nanofibers synthesised via electrospinning

Amperometric sensor for the detection of hydrogen stable isotopes based on Pt nanoparticles confined within single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs)

The development of hydrogen-based energy and nuclear energy requires new sensing material and high-performance gas sensor for hydrogen stable isotopes, hydrogen (H2) and deuterium (D2). Amperometric gas sensors based on SWNT-filled Pt composite material (Pt-SWNT-in) to combine the good electronic properties of SWNTs and space-confined effect of Pt catalyst have been investigated for detecting H2 and D2. The Pt-SWNT-in electrode shows an excellent linear response in a wide range of 160–8000 ppm hydrogen in N2 atmosphere with the correlation coefficient of 0.9993, and compared to the electrode with Pt nanoparticles supported outside of SWNTs, its sensitivity per Pt loading is 3 times, moreover, it gives larger response current for detection of H2 in air and D2 in N2 atmosphere. Additionally, the Pt-SWNT-in electrode provides a response current to deuterium 0.9 times that to hydrogen in N2. The results present the Pt-SWNT-in electrode with superior sensitivity, selectivity, stability and a response variation for detection of hydrogen and deuterium, which would take advantage of the space-confined effect of SWNTs on Pt catalysts to enhance the sensor performance for detecting hydrogen stable isotopes, and provide an approach to discriminate between hydrogen and deuterium.

Ionic liquid/poly(ionic liquid) membranes as non-flowing, conductive materials for electrochemical gas sensing

Ionic liquids (ILs) are highly promising, tuneable materials that have the potential to replace volatile electrolytes in amperometric gas sensors in a ‘membrane-free’ sensor design. However, the drawback of removing the membrane is that the liquid ILs can readily leak or flow from the sensor device when moved/agitated in different orientations. A strategy to overcome the flowing nature of ILs is to mix them with polymers to stabilise them on the surface in the form of membranes. In this research, the room temperature ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C2mim][NTf2]), has been mixed with the poly(ionic liquid) (poly(IL), poly(diallyldimethylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide), poly[DADMA][NTf2]) to form stable membranes on miniaturised, planar electrode devices. Different mixing ratios of the IL/poly(IL) have been explored to find the optimum membrane that gives both high robustness (non-flowing material) and adequate conductivity for measuring redox currents, with the IL/poly(IL) 60/40 wt% proving to give the best responses. After assessing the blank potential windows on both platinum and gold electrodes, followed by the kinetics of the cobaltocenium/cobaltocene redox couple, the voltammetry of oxygen, sulfur dioxide and ammonia gases have been studied. Not only were the membranes highly robust and non-flowing, but the analytical responses towards the gases were excellent and highly reproducible. The presence of the poly(IL) negatively affected the sensitivity, however the electron transfer kinetics and the limit of detection were actually improved for O2 and SO2, combined with the poly(IL) experiencing less reference potential shifting. These promising results show that membranes containing conductive poly(IL)s mixed with ionic liquids could be used as new ‘designer’ gas sensor materials in robust membrane free amperometric gas sensor devices.

Fundamentals and Principles of Solid-State Electrochemical Sensors for High Temperature Gas Detection

The rapid development of science, technology, and engineering in the 21st century has offered a remarkable rise in our living standards. However, at the same time, serious environmental issues have emerged, such as acid rain and the greenhouse effect, which are associated with the ever-increasing need for energy consumption, 85% of which comes from fossil fuels combustion. From this combustion process, except for energy, the main greenhouse gases-carbon dioxide and steam-are produced. Moreover, during industrial processes, many hazardous gases are emitted. For this reason, gas-detecting devices, such as electrochemical gas sensors able to analyze the composition of a target atmosphere in real time, are important for further improving our living quality. Such devices can help address environmental issues and inform us about the presence of dangerous gases. Furthermore, as non-renewable energy sources run out, there is a need for energy saving. By analyzing the composition of combustion emissions of automobiles or industries, combustion processes can be optimized. This review deals with electrochemical gas sensors based on solid oxide electrolytes, which are employed for the detection of hazardous gasses at high temperatures and aggressive environments. The fundamentals, the principle of operation, and the configuration of potentiometric, amperometric, combined (amperometric-potentiometric), and mixed-potential gas sensors are presented. Moreover, the results of previous studies on carbon oxides (COx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrogen (H2), oxygen (O2), ammonia (NH3), and humidity (steam) electrochemical sensors are reported and discussed. Emphasis is given to sensors based on oxygen ion and proton-conducting electrolytes.

Identification of defected sensors in an array of amperometric gas sensors

PurposeAmperometric gas sensors are commonly used in air quality monitoring in long-term measurements. Baseline shift of sensor responses and power failure may occur over time, which is an obstacle for reliable operation of the entire system. The purpose of this study is to check the possibility of using PCA method to detect defected samples, identify faulty sensor and correct the responses of the sensor identified as faulty.Design/methodology/approachIn this work, the authors present the results obtained with six amperometric sensors. An array of sensors was exposed to sulfur dioxide at the following concentrations: 0 ppm (synthetic air), 50 ppb, 100 ppb, 250 ppb, 500 ppb and 1000 ppb. The damage simulation consisted in adding to the sensor response a value of 0.05 and 0.1 µA and replacing the responses of one of sensors with a constant value of 0 and 0.15 µA. Sensor validity index was used to identify a damaged sensor in the matrix, and its responses were corrected via iteration method.FindingsThe results show that the methods used in this work can be potentially applied to detect faulty sensor responses. In the case of simulation of damage by baseline shift, it was possible to achieve 100% accuracy in damage detection and identification of the damaged sensor. The method was not very successful in simulating faults by replacing the sensor response with a value of 0 µA, due to the fact that the sensors mostly gave responses close to 0 µA, as long as they did not detect SO2 concentrations below 250 ppb and the failure was treated as a correct response.Originality/valueThis work was inspired by methods of simulating the most common failures that occurs in amperometric gas sensors. For this purpose, simulations of the baseline shift and faults related to a power failure or a decrease in sensitivity were performed.