Amount Of Zinc Oxide Research Articles

\\Preparation of poly(styrene-co-acrylic acid)-zinc oxide composites: Experimental and theoretical investigation of gamma radiation shielding properties

This study, it is aimed to prepare a polymer composite between styrene, acrylic acid, and ZnO and to measure the radiation shielding of the synthesized polymer composite. Firstly poly(styrene-co-acrylic acid) (P(S-co-AA)) copolymer was synthesized using the emulsion polymerization method between styrene and acrylic acid. Then, P(S-co-AA)-ZnO composites were prepared with different percentages of ZnO. For preparing these composites, the materials were mixed in a 60 °C ultrasonic bath. P(S-co-AA)-ZnO was poured into Petri dishes to form a film. When the TG curves were examined, it was not found a significant difference between the copolymer composite and the copolymer. The molecular weight of the copolymer was found to be 120000. SEM images show zinc fragments located between the polymer chains. The potential for radiation capture against gamma was determined using a NaI scintillation detector. The linear gamma attenuation coefficients for P(S-co-AA)-ZnO samples were calculated to Lambert's Beer Law and measured for 662 keV. Theoretical gamma attenuation coefficient values were calculated by multiplying the density of the composite with the mass attenuation coefficients. The absorption parameters of polymer composites are directly proportional to the increasing amount of zinc oxide. P(S-co-AA)-ZnO-15% was the best absorber at 662 keV energy compared to other polymer composites.

Synthesis of novel zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-67) – zinc oxide (ZnO) nanocomposite (ZnO@ZIF-67) and potential adsorption of pharmaceutical (tetracycline (TCC)) from water

• Novel zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-67) – zinc oxide (ZnO) nanocomposite (ZnO@ZIF-67) was synthesized. • The TCC adsorption process follows the Langmuir isotherm model. • The TCC removal obeys the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. • Maximum removal efficiency for TCC were 84.9%. • ZnO@ZIF-67 nanocomposite is an acceptable adsorbent for the removal of pharmaceutical. Herein, novel zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-67) – zinc oxide (ZnO) nanocomposite (ZnO@ZIF-67) was synthesized with different amounts of ZnO (0.03, 0.05, and 0.09 g denoted as ZnOZ (0.03), ZnOZ (0.05), and ZnOZ (0.09), respectively. ZIF-67 and ZnOZs composites were synthesized at room temperature. The synthesized materials including ZIF-67, ZnO, ZnOZ (0.03), ZnOZ (0.05), and ZnOZ (0.09) were characterized by FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy), SEM (scanning electron microscopy), EDX (Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray powder diffraction), and BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) analyses and used to remove tetracycline (TCC) as a pharmaceutical pollutant from water. The effect of various parameters including pH, contaminant initial concentration, adsorbent dose, contact time, and temperature from the aqueous medium was also investigated. The adsorption data showed that the TCC removal followed the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics. In addition, thermodynamic data indicated that TCC adsorption was a spontaneous and endothermic reaction. It could be concluded that ZnO@ZIF-67 nanocomposite was an acceptable adsorbent for the removal of pharmaceutical contaminant from aqueous media.

The effects of ZnO nanoparticle reinforcement on thermostability, mechanical, and optical properties of the biodegradable PBAT film

Abstract Among various nanomaterials used for food packaging, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles are one of the best choices due to their high antimicrobial property. However, for biodegradable materials like poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), biodegradability can be limited by the antibacterial function. Thus, in the present study, reinforced PBAT films with different weight percentages (1, 3, and 5 wt%) of ZnO nanoparticles were prepared by the casting process to investigate the effects of ZnO on the thermostability, mechanical, and antimicrobial properties of the PBAT film. The results showed that the small amount of ZnO (1 wt%) reduced the decomposition temperature of the PBAT film by nearly 50 °C, and the thermal stability was significantly decreased with the increasing ZnO content. Melt flow index comparison showed that the ZnO nanoparticles accelerated the room temperature degradation rate of PBAT films. In addition, due to the degradation effect of ZnO nanoparticles, the mechanical properties such as the total percentage of elongation (at break), the tensile strength, and yield strength decreased with the addition of ZnO nanoparticles. The antibacterial test showed that PBAT + 1 wt% ZnO films could achieve high antibacterial activity (R = 6.8) against Escherichia coli. This study is important for controlling the degradation period of biodegradable materials.

Titanium Dioxide in Commercial Sunscreens: the Morphological Characterization and the Quantification

<p class='IJASEITAbtract'>Due to nanotechnology's advancement, the application of nanomaterials in commercial products, including in sunscreens, has been increased rapidly. Physical sunscreens employ Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) or Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles as UV filter materials. Indonesian National Agency of Drug and Food Control regulates that TiO₂ rutile polymorph, size distribution ≥30 nm, and maximum concentration of 25% are criteria for physical sunscreen marketed in Indonesia. However, most of these products do not indicate the detailed inorganic material information in the product ingredients, resulting in the increasing concern of nanoparticle’s risk to human health and the environment. Therefore, the size, type of crystal structure, and amount of TiO2 or ZnO must be closely monitored. In this work, we investigated the morphological structure of TiO_2, including quantified its concentration in some commercial sunscreens marketed in Indonesia. TiO₂ was characterized using different characterization techniques. XRD analysis revealed that some studied sunscreens employed anatase TiO_2, which is not suggested to be added in a sunscreen product. HRTEM analysis proved that the sizes of materials in sample S1-S3 are below 50 nm, and silica-coated TiO₂ was observed in S4. Quantification of Titanium using GF-AAS yielded Ti's concentration in the range of 1400-7800 µg g^-1 (0.14-0.79%). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the physical properties and the concentration of TiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) in commercial sunscreen marketed in Indonesia.

Effect of ammonia stripping and influence of contaminants in zinc plating wastewater

Because many heavy metals, such as zinc, are used in plating plants, it is important for wastewater treatment technologies to comply with wastewater regulations. In zinc wastewater treatment, zinc is separated from wastewater via hydroxide precipitation. However, ammonia tends to enter the wastewater produced from the plating process and inhibits hydroxide precipitation, which causes difficulties in treating wastewater. In this study, we investigated the effect of ammonia stripping on plating wastewater to remove ammonia, which inhibits wastewater treatment. Based on the results of this study, it was observed that the effectiveness of ammonia removal depends on the pH and air flow rate. It was also found that the presence of zinc increased the ammonia removal effect in most cases. This increase was due to the transformation of some of the precipitated zinc hydroxide in the wastewater into zinc oxide, which afforded an ammonia adsorption effect. After the addition of ethylenediamine-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid disodium salt dihydrate (EDTA・2Na), which is a complexing agent, the ammonia removal effect was slightly decreased. This result is attributed to the decrease in the amount of zinc oxide, which occurs due to the complex formation of EDTA with zinc precipitates in the wastewater. Furthermore, the addition of an excess amount of EDTA・2Na increased the concentration of free ammonia in the wastewater and increased the removal effect. Moreover, the effect of ammonia stripping was successfully applied to wastewater obtained from a zinc plating plant, and zinc wastewater treatment was improved with the removal of ammonia. These results indicate that ammonia stripping is effective in zinc wastewater treatment.

Pollutants Sorbent Made of Cotton Fabric Modified with Chitosan-Glutaraldehyde and Zinc Oxide Particles

The paper reports on the preparation of composite materials by modifying cotton fabric with a layer of crosslinked glutaraldehyde chitosan containing zinc oxide particles. The ability of chitosan to form complexes with zinc ions has been used to control the size, structure, and distribution of the particles on the fiber surface. The three different obtained materials have been characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and fluorescent analysis. It has been found that the interaction of the ZnO particles with the functional groups of chitosan affects its swelling ability in water and thus determines its sorption properties. The capacity of the materials to wipe water-soluble (textile reactive dye) and water-insoluble (crude oil and oil products) contaminants has been compared. The effect that the amount of zinc oxide has on the ability of the materials to remove contaminants has also been studied. The possibility for adsorption–desorption of the crude oil and reuse of the sorbent material has been investigated as well.

Effect of ZnO nanoparticles on Zn, Cu, and Pb dissolution in a green bioretention system for urban stormwater remediation

Stormwater runoff from urban and suburban areas can carry hazardous pollutants directly into aquatic ecosystems. These pollutants, such as metals, nutrients, aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals, are very toxic to aquatic organisms. Recently, significant amounts of zinc oxide engineered nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) have been detected in urban stormwater and its bioretention systems. This raises concerns about a potential increase of stormwater toxicity and reduced performance of the treatment infrastructures. To tackle these issues, we developed a simple, low-cost bioretention system to remediate stormwater and retain ZnO-NPs. This system retained up to 73% Zn, 66% Cu, and >99% Pb. However, the removal efficiency for Pb was lower after adding ZnO-NPs to the system, possibly due to the remobilization of Pb phosphates. The effect of ZnO-NPs on stormwater toxicity and metal accumulation in wetland plants was also evaluated.

In-vitro analysis of bioactivity, hemolysis, and mechanical properties of Zn substituted Calcium Zirconium silicate (baghdadite)

In this work, for the first time, zinc substituted baghdadite (Ca3-xZnxZrSi2O9; x = 0, 0.1, 0.25 and, 0.5) ceramic was successfully prepared. A solid-state ceramic synthesis route was utilized to prepare a composite for biomedical applications. The incorporation of zinc oxide reduces the synthesis temperature. The properties of composites were presented in terms of Zinc oxide amount. In-vitro bioactivity and degradation results indicated lower degradation in comparison with pure baghdadite. The hemolysis rate was observed < 5 %. Spreading of MG-63 cells in a large number was found on the baghdadite in comparison with 0.5 mol % zinc oxide containing composite. The antibacterial activity of composites analyzed over E. Coli and S. Aureus bacterial strain using MTT assay. Results showed that anti-bacterial ability was more in zinc oxide containing composite and found more active towards E. Coli. However, the antibacterial activity was found less in baghdadite ceramic. Therefore considering the improved antibacterial activities, and controlled degradation, baghdadite/zinc oxide composite can be highly considered as a promising material for biomedical application.

Effect of Antimony Trioxide and Carbon Black on the Mechanical Properties and Ablation Properties of Liner Insulation in Rocket Motors

This study focused on the mechanical properties and ablation properties of liner insulation in rocket motors for improving rocket performance by means of tensile strength, elongation, ablation rate and density. The following parameters were varied: amount of zinc oxide, antimony trioxide and carbon black (N550). It was found that the insulation of the rocket motors with antimony trioxide and carbon black provided higher the elongation and ablation rate. Thus, it was able to endure more heat from hot gas in combustion chamber. The result suggests that use of antimony trioxide and carbon black as filler in liner insulation can improve the thermal insulators and case-bonded in rocket motor between the solid propellant and the rocket motor tube.

Effect of zinc oxide on the hydration, microstructure and compressive strength of ternary mixtures

The use of supplementary cementitious materials as partial Portland cement substitutes in concrete is one of the best strategies for reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the cement industry, and also improves the properties of concrete. When highly reactive calcined pozzolans such as metakaolin are used, the setting time of concrete is reduced, and the use of retardants is necessary. The effect of zinc oxide (ZnO) as a cement hydration retarder has already been investigated; however, the influence of zinc oxide on ternary mixtures is unknown and needs study. In this research, the effect of adding zinc oxide on the hydration, microstructure and compressive strength of ternary mixtures is studied using setting time and compressive strength tests, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis with differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the hydration process of ternary pastes is delayed or even inhibited when the amount of zinc oxide in the paste is increased. With the addition of 0.5 wt.% zinc oxide, the initial setting time and compressive strength of ternary mixtures after 3 days of curing are similar to those of the cement paste without the addition of pozzolans and zinc oxide.

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye solution using different amount of ZnO as a photocatalyst

Zinc oxide (ZnO) powder was used as a photocatalyst for the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye solution. In this study, different amount of ZnO (10, 20 and 30 mg) as photocatalyst was used to investigate the performance of photocatalytic degradation of MB dye solution. The morphology and structural properties of ZnO powder were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) techniques. The photocatalytic activities of the ZnO powder were investigated by degrading the MB dye solution under UV light irradiation at different amounts of ZnO photocatalyst. The percentage degradation of MB dye solution in the presence of 10 mg ZnO powder was found to be the highest at 96.2 % within 60 min irradiation compared to 20 and 30 mg of ZnO powder. The photodegradation rate constants, k obtained in this study were 0.0661, 0.0558, and 0.0507 min-1 for 10, 20, and 30 mg ZnO powder, respectively that follow the pseudo first-order reaction kinetics.&#x0D; Keywords: Methylene blue, photocatalytic degradation, photocatalyst, Zinc Oxide

The effect of Zinc Oxide on Operation of Compression Ignition Engine with EGR fueled with Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel

Nanoparticles are being used increasingly along with second and third generation biofuels. One major advantage of nanoparticles is its surface to volume ratio and also the number of active surfaces it possess which make it ideal for application as a catalyst in a chemical reaction or in biodiesel’s case an additive. Zinc Oxide (ZnO) has been employed in the current experimentation as an additive because it improves the properties such as the flash and fire point of the fuel in which it is blended in. Also, ZnO disperses well in fluid and provides advanced theoretical density along with not getting clogged in the fuel pump. In the present work Biodiesel derived from Waste cooking oil-Waste cooking oil methyl ester (WCOME) has been used along with ZnO nanoparticle and the amount of ZnO used is 80 ppm. The engine is also fitted with hot Exhaust Gas Recirculation system in order to decrease the Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emission. Combustion properties such as Heat Release Rate and P-θ diagram have been thoroughly studied. The performance parameters like Brake Specific Fuel Consumption and Break Thermal Efficiency are also calculated and plotted on graphs for evaluation. Exhaust gases from the engine are measured and the results have been plotted on graphs for comparison. The properties of exhaust gases considered are % of Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen oxides, Unburnt Hydrocarbons & Smoke Opacity. From the results it was revealed that all 3 parameters: Performance, Combustion & Emissions of the engine was improved by using ZnO as additive.

A novel approach for the production of zinc borate (4ZnO·B2O3·H2O) using a single-step hydrothermal method

Abstract Zinc borate having the formula of 4ZnO·B2O3·H2O has been used as a fire retardant for polymers requiring high processing temperatures since it has a high dehydration temperature (around 415°C). The effects of reaction time, reaction temperature were investigated on the heterogeneous reaction between solid zinc oxide and boric acid solution. A stoichiometric amount of zinc oxide and 5.0% excess boric acid were used in experiments and the other parameters, mixing speed (1700 rpm), the solid-liquid ratio of 20%, and the amount of seed crystal (3.9% wt) were kept constant for all experiments. A 91.1% conversion was obtained at 120°C for 5 h of reaction time. Precipitated product was filtered and washed by hot water to remove the excess boric acid. Finally it was dried until reaching to a constant mass in an air circulating oven at 105°C. Powder products were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FTIR spectrum and XRD pattern of powders are consistent with data of the zinc borate given in the literature. According to SEM analysis, whiskers are less than 1 μm in diameter and their lengths are in the range of 1–10 μm.

Solar Light Induced Glass-Supported Zinc Oxide Catalyzed Degradation of Allura Red AC in Aqueous Solution

The glass-supported zinc oxide (ZnO)-catalyzed photodegradation of Allura Red AC (AR) was studied in aqueous solution as function of solar light irradiation time, solution pH, amount of ZnO, initial dye concentration, some inorganic anions ( $${\text{SO}}_{4}^{{2 - }}$$ , $${\text{CO}}_{3}^{{2 - }}$$ , Cl‒, $${\text{NO}}_{3}^{ - }$$ ), and hydrogen peroxide. The maximum rate of AR degradation was observed in the acidic solution at pH 3. The degradation rate of AR increased with increased dosage of the ZnO, and decreased with increased initial concentration of the dye solution. The presence of $${\text{NO}}_{3}^{ - }$$ ion increased the photodegradation rate while, $${\text{SO}}_{4}^{{2 - }}$$ , $${\text{CO}}_{3}^{{2 - }}$$ , and Cl‒ decreased the reaction rate. The addition of H2O2 showed a synergistic effect on dye degradation. However, mannitol and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) significantly reduced the photodegradation of AR indicating hydroxyl radicals played a key role in dye degradation process. Hence, these results confirm that the glass-supported ZnO-catalyzed photodegradation can be used to clean dye-contaminated industrial wastewater.

ZnO decorated on low carbonate NiAl-layered double hydroxide as efficient photocatalyst for methyl orange degradation

The decoration of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods on layered structure of low carbonate NiAl-layered double hydroxide (NiAl-LDH) was conducted by a combination of an aqueous solution of zinc chloride and an aqueous suspension of NiAl-LDH under hydrothermal method and subsequent calcination at 250 °C for 6 h. A series of the products, ZnO/NiAl-LDH(x), where x was a Zn2+ content, were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, surface analysis, as well as UV–visible and photoluminescence spectroscopies. The slight shift of the reflection at around 11° as well as the appearance of two peaks at around 23° and 47° in the X-ray diffraction patterns, and the decrease of the vibration mode of CO32‐− (at 1359 cm−1) in Fourier transform infrared spectra confirmed the deintercalation of CO32− on/in layered double hydroxide. The presence of the reflections due to zinc oxide at around 32°, 33° and 36° and transmission electron microscope images demonstrated the images of zinc oxide nanorods distributed on the external surface of the hexagonal plates of the layered double hydroxide, verified the formation of zinc oxide crystal in the products. The band gap energy value of the products was highly dependent on the amount of zinc oxide in the products that played an important role in the photodegradation enhancement of methyl orange in aqueous solution and the catalytic reusing performance.

Prediction of properties of the cement incorporated with nanoparticles by principal component analysis (PCA) and response surface regression (RSR)

Abstract The present work plans to mix the Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles with Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) mortar and assessing the imaginable enhancements for their mechanical and physical properties. The current research study will also be helpful in the hereafter for the successful use of ZnO as a sustainable construction material in the building industry. The amount of ZnO differing from 0%, 0.25%, 0.5% & 0.75% by a weight of cement. The properties of cement-like consistency, setting time of cement, Soundness, and Compressive strength were tested. At the end of the research work, it was discovered that all properties of PPC were improved as an increase in the level of ZnO, anyway, perfect test results are procured on the addition of 0.5% ZnO. As compared to reference mix the compressive strength increases by 5%, Initial and final setting time are reduced by 4%, water requirement for making cement paste is reduced by 1%, expansion by cement is reduced by 9%. The incorporation of ZnO quickens the cement hydration responses, decreases the volume of voids, and increases the compressive strength of the cement. In actual practice, the merging of ZnO in cement is suitable for the up-gradation of mechanical properties of cement and also aids in attaining sustainable development. The research work results are validated by using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Response Surface Regression (RSR) analysis. PCA describes the correlation and necessity of dependent and independent variables in the research work and mathematical model developed by RSR analysis predict the results very closer to the experimental values. So RSR gives the best-fitted model for the experimentation as the residuals by the model are very few with value near to zero.

Enhancing the Performance of Rubber with Nano ZnO as Activators

The vulcanization of rubber is a chemical process to improve the mechanical properties by cross-linking unsaturated polymer chains. Zinc oxide (ZnO) acts as an activator, boosting the rubbers' sulfur vulcanization. Maintaining the level of ZnO content in the rubber compounds as low as possible is desirable, not only for economic reasons but also to reduce the environmental footprint of the process. In this contribution, octylamine (OA) capped ZnO nanoparticles (5 nm diameter), prepared through a thermal decomposition method, were demonstrated to be efficient activators for the sulfur vulcanization of natural rubber, enabling the reduction of the required amount of ZnO as compared to commercial systems. The effect of different ZnO activators (OA capped ZnO/commercial indirect process ZnO) on the curing characteristics, cross-linking densities, and mechanical performance, as well as the thermal behavior of rubber compounds, were investigated. Compared to the commercial indirect process ZnO, OA capped ZnO nanoparticles not only effectively enhanced the curing efficiency of natural rubber but also improved the mechanical performance of the composites after vulcanization. This was interpreted as, by applying the OA capped ZnO nanoparticles, the ZnO levels in rubber compounding were significantly reduced under the industrial vulcanization condition (151 °C, 30 min).

Optimization of the Amount of ZnO, CuO, and Ag Nanoparticles on Antibacterial Properties of Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Films Using the Response Surface Method

Application of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) including silver (Ag), copper oxide (CuO), and zinc oxide (ZnO) has been individually investigated in a polyethylene matrix. Since the antibacterial agents have various mechanisms of action, a combinational system incorporating different NPs would be beneficial to increase the antibacterial activity through synergistic effect. Modeling the antibacterial action of low-density polyethylene films loaded with a combination of Ag, CuO, and ZnO was the main purpose of this study. A statistical mixture design approach was established to determine the effect of combinatorial use of NPs on the survival of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. High R2 values (0.99 for S. aureus and 0.89 for E. coli) and non-significant (P > 0.05) lack of fit significantly (P < 0.05) fitted the proposed models to the experimental data. This ensured a satisfactory fitting of the regression models relating the independent variables to the response. A high negative effect of a combination of NPs on the growth of both bacteria was proven. At last, no significant (P < 0.05) differences were seen between the predicted and experimental responses for optimized nanocomposite composition validating the fitted models.

Mechanical Properties and Wear Characteristic of (Aluminum-Zinc Oxide) Metal Matrix Composite Prepared Using Stir Casting Process

The developing of Composites Metallic Matrix for Aluminum (AMMCs) is one of the leading engineering applications requirements because of the excellent mechanical characteristics low weight with high strength for this metal. This research investigated the impact of ZnO particles on the Compressive strength, Hardness, and Wear characteristics of Al metallic matrix composite manufactured by method stir casting. The strengthening added different weight percent (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10) % ZnO. The microstructure of specimens is the analysis by an optical microscope and determines the compressive strength, hardness, and wear characteristics which increase with an increased weight percentage of ZnO. The increase in the percent of Brinell hardness is (15%), (25%), (35%), (40%), and (50%) for aluminium reinforced with 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 wt. % ZnO particles specimens respectively. Finally, it could be found that the volume loss was drastically reduced by raising the amount of zinc oxide, thus exceeding the composite minimum amount, which represents the total percentage of zinc oxide (10 percent).

The Effect of Additional Zinc Oxide to Antibacterial Property of Chitosan/Collagen-Based Scaffold

The bone scaffold is susceptible to infection in its application due to the bacteria that often appear on the surface. To prevent this phenomenon, the scaffolds need to be modified in order to provide antibacterial properties. In this study, the bone scaffold was fabricated from chitosan-collagen with the addition of zinc oxide as an antibacterial agent. There were four variables of the amount of zinc oxide added to the scaffold: 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5%. The method used was Thermally Induced Phase Separation (TIPS). From this study, a porous scaffold with a rough surface was obtained. SEM image of the scaffold showed that more zinc oxide caused smaller pore and lower porosity. Characterization with FTIR proved that the scaffold obtained from this process has the same functional group as chitosan and collagen. The DSC-TGA curve confirmed that the heating process performed on dehydrothermal treatment (DHT) did not cause degradation of the scaffold because chitosan and collagen have higher degradation temperatures than DHT temperatures. In addition, this study also proved that the addition of zinc oxide had successfully provided the scaffold with antibacterial properties in which the protection against bacteria was related to the amount of zinc oxide in direct proportion.