Amount Of Zinc Oxide Research Articles

Investigate the Physical Properties and Transmitted sunlight of PVC/PMMA/ ZnO Nanocomposite Films

Pure blend (PVC0.3g +PMMA 0.2g) and blend/ZnO nanocomposite films with different amounts were created using the solution casting technique. Different amounts of zinc oxide from (0.001, 0.002, 0.003, 0.004, and 0.005)g were investigated and added to blend polymer with a fixed amount (0.5) g of PVC/PMMA in 15ml tetrahydrofuran (THF). The XRD results demonstrated the amorphous structure of the admixture film and the hexagonal crystal structure of ZnONPs. The ZnONPs in the film were also atomically dispersed resulting in the incorporation of the ZnONPs peaks within the polymer matrix. FESEM image of the mixture and ZnO revealing small white spots scattered on the surface of the mixture with some agglomerates. FTIR spectroscopy data showed no chemical interaction between the polymer blend and ZnONPs. The increasing amounts of ZnONPs improved the absorbance, absorption coefficient, and extinction coefficient of the blend polymer. The blended polymer's permeability and energy gap decreased from 4.48eV to 3.91eV with the increase in the number of ZnONPs in the nanocomposites. The transmitted sunlight intensity was measured through the blended pure polymer films and the blended nanocomposites/ZnO nanocomposites. At the beginning of September 2021, the intensity of transmitted sunlight was measured in Baghdad for a period of 7 days. As can be observed, almost all films have the same ratio of the intensity of transmitted radiation to the intensity of sunlight for all hours and days.

3D chitosan scaffolds loaded with ZnO nanoparticles for bone tissue engineering

Bone defect has always been a difficult problem in clinical work. According to the current research results, tissue engineered scaffolds with a single function, structure, and composition are not sufficient to repair complex bone defects. In this work, a three-dimensional (3D) chitosan degradable composite scaffold loaded with zinc oxide (ZnO) was constructed, and the effect of ZnO content on scaffold performance and osteogenesis was explored. The 3D composite scaffold was prepared by freeze-drying technology. The microstructure, porosity, degradation performance, release performance, swelling performance, cytotoxicity, cell adhesion and osteogenic ability of ZnO nanoparticles and chitosan (ZnONPs/CS) composite scaffolds were measured. The results show that an appropriate amount of ZnO may be helpful to regulate the stability and degradation characteristics of the scaffold to a certain extent. Moreover, the composite scaffold could release ZnO into the simulated body fluid environment. The appropriate amount of ZnO helps to promote the proliferation, adhesion, and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. At a ZnO content of 3wt%, both in vitro and vivo results showed relatively optimal biocompatibility and bioactivity of the scaffolds. This work could at least provide some positive insights for the selection of ZnO dosage, construction of chitosan-based 3D scaffolds, tissue engineering applications, and clinical treatment.

Nano chloropsis microalgae biofuel with butyl alcohol and ZnO inhibited diesel engine combustion efficiency and pollution characteristics

Using alternative energy sources is crucial in light of the swift exhaustion of worldwide fossil fuel reserves, a situation worsened by industrialization and population expansion. Incorporating a certain amount of algal bio-oil into the biodiesel production process can improve its long-term sustainability. The use of butyl alcohol (butanol) as a blending enhancer, which mixes biodiesel (BD) and conventional fossil fuel (FD), shows potential for raising the total energy content and improving viscosity qualities. This research primarily focuses on oil extraction from algae and the subsequent production of biodiesel (BD). Five different BM variants were created utilizing B20But30 (BD-50 %, BD20 %, But-30 %), each with different amounts of zinc oxide. The several types of BM considered are B20But30 and B20But30 with ZnO at concentrations ranging from 25 to 100 ppm. The results demonstrate that the utilization of B20But30ZnO at different concentrations (100 ppm, 75 ppm, 50 ppm, and 25 ppm) and B20But30 alone lead to improvements in Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) by 13 %, 12.23 %, 10.68 %, 5.93 %, and 1.53 % respectively, compared to the baseline condition of FD (Full Load). The observed exhaust gas temperatures were as follows: 210°C for diesel fuel, 213°C for B20But30 fuel mix, 216°C for B20But30ZnO fuel blend with 25 ppm, 218°C for B20But30ZnO fuel blend with 50 ppm, 219°C for B20But30ZnO fuel blend with 75 ppm, and 223°C for B20But30ZnO fuel blend. Empirical studies have demonstrated that including ZnO in BM decreases NOx, CO2, and SO2 while concurrently increasing the concentration of HC (hydrocarbons). Therefore, it was found that the potential of using micro-algae-based biodiesel, along with butanol and Zinc oxide, as an alternative to traditional fuel in diesel engines showed great promise and practicality.

Comparison of fruit and quality parameters of tomato and capsicum by using different amount of nano ZnO through foliar and seed application

Selecting the appropriate dosage of nano zinc oxide for tomato and capsicum plants is crucial since higher concentration may negatively impact crop productivity and quality. Maintaining soil health helps in increasing crop output and quality without degrading the soil from overfertilization. The main objective of the study was to determine the physiological responses of both crops and ideal dose of nano zinc oxide (ZnO) for yield maximization and quality enhancement under controlled conditions. In present study, nano ZnO had noticeable effect on the fruit and quality parameters of both Solanaceous crops. Plants were treated with seed treatment and foliar applications of nano ZnO @ 50, 100, and 150 parts per million (ppm) along with 100% recommended dose of nutrients (RDN) through vermicompost; and 100% RDN through integration of vermicompost and fertilizers. In addition, nano zinc oxide was not supplied to the control treatment plants (T1). The results of the study revealed that 50 ppm of nano ZnO as foliar spray increased fruit and quality parameters in tomato and capsicum. In case of protein content, treatment comprised of 50 ppm of nano ZnO as seed treatment + 100% RDN through vermicompost and fertilizers, produced higher protein content over control. Furthermore, the application of nano ZnO lowered ascorbic acid levels in tomato and capsicum, while the control had the greatest levels. These results suggested that lower concentration of ZnO nanoparticles (50 ppm) is an ideal dosage and could be used in tomato and capsicum cultivation to improve yield and quality indices.

A porous composite sorbent incorporating a metal organic framework and zinc oxide in cryogel to extract carbamate pesticides

A composite sorbent was designed and fabricated by incorporating the Materials of Institute Lavoisier (MIL-101) and zinc oxide (ZnO) into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) cryogel. The composite sorbent was produced to extract carbamates (carbofuran, carbaryl, isoprocarb and diethofencarb) by in-syringe solid phase extraction (SPE). MIL-101 and ZnO enhanced the adsorption of the carbamates by creating π-π stacking and hydrogen bonding, while porous PVA cryogel acted as a solid support which helped to reduce backpressure in the system. The extraction of the target carbamates was optimized by varying the amount of MIL-101 and ZnO used in the sorbent fabrication, desorption conditions, sample pH, ionic strength, sample flow rate and sample volume. The extracted target carbamates were quantitatively determined using high performance liquid chromatography technique. The developed method exhibited linearity from 1.0 to 150.0 μgL−1 for all four target carbamate pesticides with a limit of detection 0.3 µg/L. The method identified carbamates in fruit juice and white wine, obtaining recoveries from 78.1 to 108.2 % and the relative standard deviation (RSD) lower than 6.3 %. The developed composite sorbent showed good accuracy, is simple to fabricate, works rapidly and can be used for 17 extraction-regeneration cycles.

Management of toxic waste released by incorrectly discarded batteries in Brazil

Abstract The main difference between a dry cell battery and an alkaline one is the composition of the electrolyte. In zinc–carbon batteries, dry cell, the electrolyte is a paste formed by mixing ammonium chloride and zinc chloride, whereas in alkaline batteries, the electrolyte is a concentrated aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide containing a certain amount of zinc oxide, hence the name alkaline for this battery. Therefore, the improper disposal of these materials has numerous consequences for the environment, since the potentially toxic metals present in them can be leached, infiltrating, and contaminating the soil layers, the groundwater, as well as the fauna and flora of the regions nearby. Thus, the objective is to perform studies that aim to simulate and analyze the release of potentially toxic metals present in batteries found in normal environmental conditions, through leaching tests from regular batteries (Zn–C) on fertilized soil, simulating a landfill, in addition to tests on sandy soil in order to aid the identification of possible waste release.

Thermomechanical evaluation of zinc oxide/hydroxyapatite/high‐density polyethylene hybrid composites

AbstractThis study examines the impact of zinc oxide (ZnO) on the spectral, thermal, mechanical, and morphological characteristics of developed composites of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE). Composite samples were fabricated with different compositions of ZnO (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%) along with a constant quantity of hydroxyapatite (HA, 10 wt%) in pure HDPE. The synthesized hybrid polymer composites were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), universal testing machine (UTM), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) methods, allowing for a thorough assessment of their spectral, thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties, repectively. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of HA and ZnO metal vibrations in the hybrid polymer samples. The thermal stability was increased by the incorporation of different amounts of ZnO, and the decomposition temperature was increased from 319.31 to 412°C for 10 wt% of ZnO hybrid composites as compared to pure HDPE. DSC findings indicated that increasing the ZnO contents, prompted the degree of crystallinity to rise to 14.81% as contrasted to neat HDPE. It was observed that yield strength and ultimate tensile strength for the 10 wt% ZnO composite increased up to 51.85% and 31.72%, respectively, compared to pure HDPE. However, at higher loading of ZnO, surface cracks were observed, which is detrimental for composite materials. Hence, the improved attributes indicated that the synthesized ZnO/HA/HDPE polymer composites can be a promising material for biomedical engineering applications.

Effects of graphene ZNO on macrophages adjuvant effect of reduced graphene layers modified with different concentrations of ZnO on mammalian macrophages

Graphene oxide (GO) is biocompatible due to its physicochemical properties in its carbon structure and is used in drug delivery, neoplasia treatment, and various biomedical materials. Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a low-rate, chemically protective biosensor protective material with no activity for the cell. We synthesized modified reduced graphene oxide (r-GO) with different amounts of ZnO (ZnO@r-GO25, ZnO@r-GO50, ZnO@r-GO75) and tested the effects of these newly synthesized nanoparticles on J774.2 macrophage cells. We observed that the synthesized nanoparticles exhibited immunostimulatory properties by increasing the levels of cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. We concluded that graphene oxide and zinc oxide have a significant adjuvant effect when combined.

Improvement of mechanical properties of highly ZnO‐filled polyethylene composites by dual‐compatibilizer for hydrogen sulfide permeation inhibition

AbstractTransportation of acidic fluids containing hydrogen sulfide (H2S) by flexible reinforced thermoplastic pipes can cause safety problems due to diffusion of H2S in the pipe. Herein, high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) composites are prepared with a large amount of zinc oxide (ZnO) particles as absorbent fillers by melt‐mixing via introducing maleic anhydride‐grafted polyethylene (PE‐g‐MAH) and maleic anhydride‐grafted poly(ethylene‐co‐octene) (POE‐g‐MAH) as dual‐compatibilizer. By controlling the mass ratio of the two compatibilizers, ZnO particles can be encapsulated by PE‐g‐MAH and POE‐g‐MAH so that mechanical properties of the prepared HDPE/ZnO composites are improved owing to enhanced compatibility between the filler and the resin. By adding PE‐g‐MAH and POE‐g‐MAH with total 10 wt% in a mass ratio of 1/3, the HDPE/ZnO composite containing 50 wt% ZnO exhibits 37.3 ± 3.8 MPa of yield strength, 576 ± 16 MPa of flexural modulus, and 84.4 ± 1.4 kJ m−2 of notched Izod impact strength corrected to 311 ± 24.9 kJ m−2. After exposure in H2S at 0.1 MPa for 7 days, the diffusion distance of H2S in the composite is 659 ± 17 μm, demonstrating a high barrier ability on H2S via absorption. This study provides a feasible method for preparation of polymer composites with suitable mechanical properties for inhibiting H2S permeation in reinforced thermoplastic pipes.

PROCESSING OF COPPER ELECTROLYTE FOR ZINC-CONTAINING PRODUCT

Abstract. Waste solutions from the electrolytic production of copper contain significant amounts of copper and nickel sulfates, sulfuric acid, arsenic and other components of the copper electrolyte. The processing of such solutions is considered in this work not only from the point of view of environmental protection, but also in terms of extracting various valuable components from the electrolyte into commercial products. A thermodynamic analysis of the interactions between barium and arsenic, as well as their compounds in the Ba(AsO2)2-Ba3(AsO4)2-H2O system was carried out based on the E-pH diagram. The possibility of using barium compounds as a precipitant for arsenic from copper electrorefining solutions has been demonstrated. The efficiency of removing arsenic (more than 84%) from the electrolyte using barium oxide in the form of sparingly soluble barium arsenate has been established. By adding calculated amounts of zinc oxide into the working solution, it is possible to form solutions containing certain concentrations of Cu, Ni, and Zn. By further adding zinc oxide into the solution, its deep dehydration was achieved. The resulting copper-nickel-zinc and nickel-zinc solutions are the raw material for producing non-ferrous metal alloys using the electromembrane method.
 
 

Enhancing Latex Compounds and Vulcanized Rubber Properties with Silver Nanoparticles

The production process of latex products requires the preparation of latex compounds by mixing latex with chemicals in a dispersion state. This experiment investigated the influence of added zinc oxide and silver nanoparticles on the properties of latex compounds and vulcanized rubber. It was found that increasing the amount of zinc oxide in the rubber compound resulted in a rise in the viscosity of the latex over the storage period. Increasing the zinc oxide content also led to a higher degree of crosslink noticed by a faster chloroform number determination of the vulcanization level and the opposite effect on the swell value of the rubber film with reduced swelling. The amount of 2.0 phr of ZnO as an activator gave the highest value of the tensile strength. The increasing amount of silver nanoparticles caused a decrease in the viscosity and exhibited a slower chloroform number with a decrease in the swelling of the rubber film. The amount of silver nanoparticles in the study period (0.0010-0.0022 phr) had little effect on mechanical properties but a significant effect on antibacterial activity. The 0.0010 phr of silver nanoparticles showed sufficient potential in inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

Effect of deep eutectic solvents on vulcanization and rheological behaviors of rubber vulcanizates

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are able to promote vulcanization of rubbers while the mechanisms remain unclear. Herein 4-methyl-5,7-dihydroxycoumarin (DHMC) as hydrogen bond donor (HBD) was used to synthesize DES by reaction with tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) as hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA). The effects of DHMC, TBAB and DES on vulcanization of natural rubber (NR) and isoprene rubber (IR) were studied. It is shown that DES could participate in crosslinking network and adjust crosslinking density (vc) of the vulcanizates through physical and chemical interactions with NR non-rubber components, zinc oxide (ZnO) activator and N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide (CZ) accelerator. Furthermore, DES influences linear and nonlinear rheological responses and mechanical behaviors of NR vulcanizates. The NR vulcanizates cured at 120 °C with 0.1–0.3 phr (part per hundred parts of rubber) DES exhibit higher tensile strengths and lower vc in comparison with the control one cured at 140 °C, which is assigned to the more homogenous crosslinking network in the former. This work provides an effective way to modulate the crosslinking network to produce high-strength vulcanizates at lowered vulcanization temperatures and ZnO amount, which is beneficial for the preparation of rubber products with high strengths and low hysteresis energies.

New insights into sustainable cementitious composites doped with a hybrid system based on zinc oxide and a designable deep eutectic solvent

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are an emerging class of materials that show promise for applications as inexpensive “designer” solvents with tunable properties. A detailed review of the current literature reveals a lack of predictive understanding of the microscopic mechanisms that govern the structure−property relationships in this class of solvents. They can dissolve both organic and inorganic compounds, including salts and metal oxides. Zinc oxide is used as a substrate for the synthesis of various task-specific materials, and has excellent antibacterial properties. In this work, both DES and a DES + ZnO combination were used for the first time as admixtures for cement composites, and were shown to improve the final properties of the cement matrix. The materials obtained exhibit good antibacterial properties, even with small amounts of zinc oxide, improved mechanical properties, and good durability when subjected to freezing–thawing cycles.

Antibacterial Calcium Phosphate Coatings for Biomedical Applications Fabricated via Micro-Arc Oxidation.

A promising method for improving the functional properties of calcium-phosphate coatings is the incorporation of various antibacterial additives into their structure. The microbial contamination of a superficial wound is inevitable, even if the rules of asepsis and antisepsis are optimally applied. One of the main problems is that bacteria often become resistant to antibiotics over time. However, this does not apply to certain elements, chemical compounds and drugs with antimicrobial properties. In this study, the fabrication and properties of zinc-containing calcium-phosphate coatings that were formed via micro-arc oxidation from three different electrolyte solutions are investigated. The first electrolyte is based on calcium oxide, the second on hydroxyapatite and the third on calcium acetate. By adding zinc oxide to the three electrolyte solutions, antibacterial properties of the coatings are achieved. Although the same amount of zinc oxide has been added to each electrolyte solution, the zinc concentration in the coatings obtained vary greatly. Furthermore, this study investigates the morphology, structure and chemical composition of the coatings. The antibacterial properties of the zinc-containing coatings were tested toward three strains of bacteria-Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Coatings of calcium acetate and zinc oxide contained the highest amount of zinc and displayed the highest zinc release. Moreover, coatings containing hydroxyapatite and zinc oxide show the highest antibacterial activity toward Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and coatings containing calcium acetate and zinc oxide show the highest antibacterial activities toward Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Effect of zinc oxide on corrosion resistance of magnesium ammonium phosphate cement-based coating

In order to improve the anticorrosive performance of magnesium ammonium phosphate cement (MAPC) coating, a small amount of zinc oxide was added to the MAPC coating to modify and coat the surface of Q235 steel. The anti-corrosion resistance and mechanism of MAPC coating modified by zinc oxide were analyzed based on electrochemical test results, and the morphology and composition changes of the coating before and after immersion were observed and tested using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), and a thermogravimetric analyzer (TG-DTG). Low field nuclear magnetic resonance testing was used to determine the porosity of the coating and the corrosion resistance of the modified coating was tested by a neutral salt spray test. The results show that after immersion in a 3.5% NaCl solution for 28 days, the MAPC coating with 3% (mass fraction) zinc oxide exhibited a corrosion current density of 2.96 × 10-4 μA/cm2 at a corrosion potential of −0.870 V, demonstrating a favorable outcome with a positive shift.; Meanwhile, the 28 days polarization resistance of the modified coating was 97436 Ω∙cm2, which was 78% higher than that of the blank. The shielding performance of the coating was enhanced, and the charge transfer resistance was also significantly improved. The porosity of the modified coating before and after immersion was lower than that of the blank group. After 1440 h of neutral salt spray testing, there was no swelling or peeling on the coating surface, and there was no trace of corrosion on the internal substrate.

Sintering behavior and physical properties of ZnO‐modified BaZrO3 ceramics

AbstractBarium zirconate (BaZrO3) ceramics possesses poor sintering properties, in order to improve its densification behavior and reduce the sintering temperature, zinc oxide (ZnO) was selected as a sintering aid in this study. The effects of ZnO content on the sintering kinetic parameters and physical properties of BaZrO3 ceramic samples heated at 1300–1600°C were investigated. As the addition of ZnO increased from 0 to 5 wt.%, the calculated sintering activation energy decreased from 117.3 to 19.22 kJ/mol. The change of activation energy leads to the decrease of the optimum adding amount of ZnO with the increase of heat treatment temperature, showing 1300°C (5 wt.%), 1400°C (3 wt.%), 1500°C (2 wt.%), 1600°C (1 wt.%). The 1500°C sintered sample with 2 wt.% ZnO achieved a relative density of 96.00% and a maximum cold modulus of rupture (CMOR) of 94.5 MPa.

Surface coated ZnO powder as flame retardant for wood: A short communication

In the present study, the ability of a coating of zinc oxide (ZnO) powder to improve the fire-safety of wood exposed to radiative heat flux was examined, focusing on the ignition time of the wood. To test ZnO's efficiency on the wood substrate, two different amounts of ZnO (0.5 and 1 g ZnO per dm2) were applied to the wood surface and exposed to radiative heat from a cone calorimeter wherein a pristine piece of wood with no ZnO treatment was taken as control. The experiments were conducted at three different irradiation levels i.e., 20, 35, and 50 kWm−2. The results showed that applying ZnO on the surface of the wood significantly increased the ignition time (TTI). For the three different heat fluxes, using 0.5 g ZnO per dm2 coating on the wood surface increased the TTI by 26–33 %. Furthermore, the application of 1 g of ZnO per dm2 generated a TTI increment of 37–40 %. All three irradiation levels showed similar trends in TTI. The micrographs taken before and after combustion showed no significant disparity in the morphology of ZnO. The agglomerated ZnO particles on the wood surface remained intact after combustion. This study demonstrates a facile method of using ZnO to delay the ignition of wood. This could potentially impart fire-safety to wooden structures/façades in wildland-urban interfaces and elsewhere by reducing flame spread.

ZnO‐Embedded Expanded Graphite Composite Anodes with Controlled Charge Storage Mechanism Enabling Operation of Lithium‐Ion Batteries at Ultra‐Low Temperatures

As lithium (Li)‐ion batteries expand their applications, operating over a wide temperature range becomes increasingly important. However, the low‐temperature performance of conventional graphite anodes is severely hampered by the poor diffusion kinetics of Li ions (Li+). Here, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles are incorporated into the expanded graphite to improve Li+ diffusion kinetics, resulting in a significant improvement in low‐temperature performance. The ZnO–embedded expanded graphite anodes are investigated with different amounts of ZnO to establish the structure‐charge storage mechanism‐performance relationship with a focus on low‐temperature applications. Electrochemical analysis reveals that the ZnO–embedded expanded graphite anode with nano‐sized ZnO maintains a large portion of the diffusion‐controlled charge storage mechanism at an ultra‐low temperature of −50 °C. Due to this significantly enhanced Li+ diffusion rate, a full cell with the ZnO–embedded expanded graphite anode and a LiNi0.88Co0.09Al0.03O2 cathode delivers high capacities of 176 mAh g−1 at 20 °C and 86 mAh g−1 at −50 °C at a high rate of 1 C. The outstanding low‐temperature performance of the composite anode by improving the Li+ diffusion kinetics provides important scientific insights into the fundamental design principles of anodes for low‐temperature Li‐ion battery operation.

Influence of active, nano, and functionalized zinc oxide particles on the mechanical, cytotoxicity, and thermal stability of carbon black filled SBR/NR blends

AbstractThis study examines the viability of functionalized, nano, and active zinc oxide (ZnO) as an alternative activator in styrene butadiene rubber–natural rubber (SBR–NR) blends filled with carbon black. Concerns about the environmental impact and toxicity of Zn leaching into aquatic organisms necessitate reducing the amount of ZnO in rubber compounding. The mechanical properties, crosslink density, and thermal and morphological qualities of the SBR/NR blends made with these ZnO (F2BB, N2BB, and A2BB) were studied and compared to conventional ZnO loaded blend (C5BB). Thermal stability was evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis and temperature scanning stress relaxation. A2BB showed the highest thermal stability, while F2BB exhibited a 35% increase in tensile strength and a 28% increase in elongation at break due to polysulfide linkages. N2BB and A2BB increased tensile strength by 28 and 16% compared to C5BB. Cytotoxicity of various ZnO concentrations on HT‐22 hippocampal cells was investigated, and active and nano ZnO were found to be less toxic. Using active and nano ZnO can improve the mechanical and thermal properties of the blend while reducing environmental toxicity, allowing for a 60% reduction in ZnO concentration in rubber compounds and resulting in cost savings and a sustainable alternative to conventional ZnO.

Investigation on ethylene glycol and glycerol mixture concentration dependent optical, dielectric, electrical, rheological, and thermophysical properties of EG+Gly/ZnO semiconductor nanofluids

Wide energy bandgap metal oxide nanomaterials containing semiconductor nanofluids (SNFs) are technologically established as advanced multifunctional materials for progress in high performance soft condensed devices. Therefore, to strengthen this field of materials, the present study reports in detail the optical, dielectric, electrical, rheological, and thermophysical properties of the SNFs based on ethylene glycol (EG) and glycerol (Gly) mixture of an entire concentration range (Gly volume fractions; 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00) with a fixed amount of zinc oxide (ZnO) semiconductor nanomaterial (0.05 wt%). These green-formulated EG + Gly/ZnO SNF materials showed a longer stability of the suspended nanoparticles in the highly viscous hydrogen bonded base fluid and exhibited an increase in absorbance with the decrease wavelength of visible range photons and the ZnO electronic transition at about 3.2 eV energy of ultraviolet radiations. Dielectric measurements over the 20 Hz–1 MHz range of these SNFs, at 298.15 K, explained a dominant contribution of the electrode and interfacial polarization processes at low frequencies and the molecular dipole polarization of static permittivity about 40 at the higher frequencies. Electrode polarization and conductivity relaxation times enhanced exponentially when the Gly concentration increased in the EG + Gly base fluid which governs the electrical conductivity decrement from 0.79 to 0.04 μS/cm for these SNFs. The rheological study explained the Newtonian characteristics of EG + Gly/ZnO nanofluids with their base fluid mixture concentration controllable dynamic viscosity in the wide range of 17–702 mPa s, at 298.15 K. The density, refractive index, ultrasound velocity, prominent acoustic parameters, and thermal conductivity are determined and discussed to explore the solid-liquid interaction and interfaces formed in these innovative SNF materials.