Amount Of Sucrose Research Articles

Morphological, agronomical, physiological and molecular characterization of a high sugar mutant of sugarcane in comparison to mother variety.

Sugarcane is a significant crop plant with the capability of accumulating higher amount of sucrose. In the present study, a high sucrose content sugarcane mutant clone, GXB9, has been studied in comparison to the low sucrose mother clone B9 on morphological, agronomical and physiological level in order to scrutinize the variation because of mutation in GXB9 in field under normal environmental condition. The results showed that GXB9 has less germination, tillering rate, stalk height, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, number of internodes, internode length and internode diameter than B9. Qualitative traits of leaf and stalk displayed significant variation between GXB9 and B9. Endogenous hormones quantity was also showed variation between the two clones. The relative SPAD reading and chlorophyll a, b concentrations also showed variation between GXB9 and B9. The photosynthetic parameter analysis indicated that the GXB9 has significantly higher net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration rate (Tr) than B9. The qRT-PCR analysis of genes encoding enzymes like SPS, SuSy, CWIN, and CeS showed upregulation in GXB9 and downregulation in B9. However, these genes were significantly differentially expressed between the immature and maturing internodes of GXB9. The cane quality trait analysis showed that GXB9 had higher juice rate, juice gravity purity, brix, juice sucrose content and cane sucrose content than B9. The yield and component investigation results indicated that GXB9 had lower single stalk weight, however higher number of millable stalks per hectare than B9, and GXB9 had lower theoretical cane yield than B9. SSR marker analysis showed genetic variation between GXB9 and B9. This study has shown significant variation in the traits of GXB9 in comparison to B9 which advocates that GXB9 is a high sugar mutant clone of B9 and an elite source for future breeding.

Insights into sugar metabolism during bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) fruit development.

Bilberry fruit is regarded as one of the best natural sources of anthocyanins and is widely explored for its health‐beneficial compounds. Besides anthocyanins, one of the major attributes that determine the berry quality is the accumulation of sugars that provide sweetness and flavor to ripening fruit. In this study, we have identified 25 sugar metabolism‐related genes in bilberry, including invertases (INVs), hexokinases (HKs), fructokinases (FKs), sucrose synthases (SSs), sucrose phosphate synthases (SPSs), and sucrose phosphate phosphatases (SPPs). The results indicate that isoforms of the identified genes are expressed differentially during berry development, suggesting specialized functions. The highest sugar content was found in ripe berries, with fructose and glucose dominating accompanied by low sucrose amount. The related enzyme activities during berry development and ripening were further analyzed to understand the molecular mechanism of sugar accumulation. The activity of INVs in the cell wall and vacuole increased toward ripe berries. Amylase activity involved in starch metabolism was not detected in unripe berries but was found in ripe berries. Sucrose resynthesizing SS enzyme activity was detected upon early ripening and had the highest activity in ripe berries. Interestingly, our transcriptome data showed that supplemental irradiation with red and blue light triggered upregulation of several sugar metabolism‐related genes, including α‐ and β‐amylases. Also, differential expression patterns in responses to red and blue light were found across sucrose, galactose, and sugar‐alcohol metabolism. Our enzymological and transcriptional data provide new understanding of the bilberry fruit sugar metabolism having major effect on fruit quality.

Abscisic acid alleviates chilling injury in cold-stored peach fruit by regulating the metabolism of sucrose

Peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) fruit are stored cold to extend postharvest life but are susceptible to chilling injury, which is often manifested as browning of the internal flesh and failure to ripen normally. Peach fruit stored at 0 °C developed severe internal browning, beginning after approximately 14 d Fruit treated with 100 μmol L−1 abscisic acid (ABA) prior to storage exhibited much reduced internal flesh browning, and this was correlated with increased amounts of soluble sugars. The sucrose contents in ABA-treated fruit increased or were maintained for a longer period, whereas in controls sucrose amounts declined. ABA treatment increased the activities of sucrose synthase and sucrose phosphate synthase, and decreased the activity of acid invertase. Corresponding changes in the abundances of transcripts encoding these activities were also observed. The findings show that a treatment with ABA reduces chilling injury in peach at least in part by regulating the metabolism of sucrose.

Hexose translocation mediated by SlSWEET5b is required for pollen maturation in Solanum lycopersicum.

Pollen fertility is critical for successful fertilization and, accordingly, for crop yield. While sugar unloading affects the growth and development of all types of sink organs, the molecular nature of sugar import to tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) pollen is poorly understood. However, sugar will eventually be exported transporters (SWEETs) have been proposed to be involved in pollen development. Here, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed that SlSWEET5b was markedly expressed in flowers when compared to the remaining tomato SlSWEETs, particularly in the stamens of maturing flower buds undergoing mitosis. Distinct accumulation of SlSWEET5b-β-glucuronidase activities was present in mature flower buds, especially in anther vascular and inner cells, symplasmic isolated microspores (pollen grains), and styles. The demonstration that SlSWEET5b-GFP fusion proteins are located in the plasma membrane supports the idea that the SlSWEET5b carrier functions in apoplasmic sugar translocation during pollen maturation. This is consistent with data from yeast complementation experiments and radiotracer uptake, showing that SlSWEET5b operates as a low-affinity hexose-specific passive facilitator, with a Km of ∼36 mM. Most importantly, RNAi-mediated suppression of SlSWEET5b expression resulted in shrunken nucleus-less pollen cells, impaired germination, and low seed yield. Moreover, stamens from SlSWEET5b-silenced tomato mutants showed significantly lower amounts of sucrose (Suc) and increased invertase activity, indicating reduced carbon supply and perturbed Suc homeostasis in these tissues. Taken together, our findings reveal the essential role of SlSWEET5b in mediating apoplasmic hexose import into phloem unloading cells and into developing pollen cells to support pollen mitosis and maturation in tomato flowers.

Sugar, Invertase Enzyme Activities and Invertase Gene Expression in Different Developmental Stages of Strawberry Fruits.

The cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is octoploid (2n = 8x = 56) and has been the focused fruit species of which an increasing number of molecular and genetic research has been conducted in recent years. The aim of this study is to identify the relationships between sucrose metabolism, invertase enzyme activity and gene expression in four different fruit development periods (red, pink, green and white) of two commercially important strawberry varieties ‘Rubygem’ and ‘Fortuna’. The metabolite profiles (glucose, fructose, sucrose and total sugar content) of two varieties were discovered to be extremely similar. The highest amount of total sugar was found in red fruits, while the lowest was obtained from green fruits. Invertase represents one of the key enzymes in sucrose metabolism. The lowest invertase activity was obtained from the green fruits in ‘Rubygem’ and ‘Fortuna’ during four developmental periods. In these varieties, the amount of sucrose was found to be close to glucose and fructose and the lowest amount was detected in green period, while invertase activity was relatively high during red and pink periods and invertase gene expression was determined at high levels in both primers (St-4 and St-6) in the green period. The results of the study indicated that sugar content and invertase activity were positively correlated while enzyme activity and gene expression were negatively correlated.

The Determination of Sucrose Content in Maple Sap Using Time-Domain Magnetic Resonance.

The natural variation of sucrose concentration in maple tree sap is investigated using time-domain magnetic resonance (MR). The current study, which includes a concise introduction to the relevant MR properties, is a demonstration of principle showing how the relaxation time constant T2 and the self-diffusion coefficient relate to the amount of sucrose and ionic content present in the collected sap samples. T2 and self-diffusion coefficient for maple saps from six different trees, each sampled weekly in the spring of 2019, were measured using MR. The results were plotted against the sucrose concentration of each sample with the aim of determining if either quantity could serve as the basis for a non-invasive sucrose measurement for maple trees. The T2 relaxation time constant was found not to be a reliable proxy for sucrose content in maple sap as it showed sensitivity to the slight changes in sap chemistry throughout the season and natural variation from tree to tree. The diffusion coefficient, determined through a standard pulsed-gradient spin-echo experiment, was insensitive to the changes in sap chemistry and showed a strong relationship to sucrose content. A diffusion measurement is thus proposed as the most suitable candidate for a non-invasive sucrose measurement for maple tree sap.

Uterine Contractile Activity and Abortifacient Effect of the Aqueous Extract of Euphorbia heterophylla L. Leaves in Albino Rats

Background and Purpose: Euphorbia heterophylla Linn. (Euphorbiaceae) is a promising medicinal plant used as an oxytocic in folkloric medicine. The study investigated the uterotonic and abortifacient effects of the aqueous leaf extract of Euphorbia heterophylla (AEEH). 
 Methods: GC-MS analysis of AEEH was done. In vitro experiment on the contractile activity of AEEH was conducted on the uterus of nulliparous female Sprague Dawley rats using an isolated organ bath. The abortifacient activity of the extract was determined in pregnant rats orally administered 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg AEEH for five consecutive days.
 Results: GC-MS analysis of AEEH revealed high amounts of 1-butanol 3-methyl acetate, benzofuran,2,3-dihydro-, 2-methoxy-4-vinyl phenol, and sucrose. Some of the classes of compounds identified in the extract such as phenols, terpenoids, fatty acids, aldehydes, steroid, and glucoside have been associated with uterotonic and abortifacient properties. The extract (0.125-4 mg/mL) was able to enhance the contractile activity of uterine smooth muscles (EC50 = 3.39 × 10-1 mg/mL) similar to oxytocin (EC50 = 3.99 × 10-4 mg/mL) and acetylcholine (EC50=2.68 × 10-4 mg/mL). Pre-treatment with salbutamol, indomethacin, and stimulation in a calcium-deprived medium significantly (P<0.0001) reduced uterine contractions induced by cumulative concentrations of the aqueous extract. However, there was no significant change in uterine contraction in tissues pre-treated with atropine. The aqueous extract induced abortion in 50%, and 83.33% of the animals at 200, and 400 mg/kg respectively when orally administered to pregnant rats for five days. 
 Conclusions: This study demonstrates the uterotonic and abortifacient effects of AEEH and supports the ethnomedicinal use of the plant as an oxytocic.

Comparison between response surface methodology and genetic algorithm analysis to optimize lactic acid production by Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus acidophilus under ultrasonic pretreatment.

This work compared response surface methodology (RSM) and genetic algorithm (GA) analysis to optimize the lactic acid content by Lactobacillus rhamnosus PTCC 1637 and Lactobacillus acidophilus PTCC 1643 in a medium based on date syrup. Three parameters including concentrations of sucrose [10 and 20% (w/w)] and yeast extract [1, 2 and 3% (w/w)] along with different amplitudes of ultrasound (30kHz, 25 and 50%) were investigated in terms of their impacts on both viable cell counts and lactic acid production. Regarding RSM and GA, optimized samples were selected by achieving high lactic acid concentration. The results indicated that an increase in the amounts of sucrose and yeast extract led to increasing the cell growth and lactic acid production. Application of ultrasound at 25% amplitude significantly (P<0.05) stimulated the fermentation process. However, increasing the amplitude to 50% significantly (P<0.05) decreased the lactic acid production compared with the control samples. The best treatment was observed at 20% sucrose, 3% yeast extract and 25% ultrasound amplitude. The present results indicate that the best productivity of lactic acid can be achieved at appropriate fermentation conditions, including a suitable amplitude of ultrasound and supplementation of date syrup.

Sugar Metabolism and Transcriptome Analysis Reveal Key Sugar Transporters during Camellia oleifera Fruit Development.

Camellia oleifera is a widely planted woody oil crop with economic significance because it does not occupy cultivated land. The sugar-derived acetyl-CoA is the basic building block in fatty acid synthesis and oil synthesis in C. oleifera fruit; however, sugar metabolism in this species is uncharacterized. Herein, the changes in sugar content and metabolic enzyme activity and the transcriptomic changes during C. oleifera fruit development were determined in four developmental stages (CR6: young fruit formation; CR7: expansion; CR9: oil transformation; CR10: ripening). CR7 was the key period of sugar metabolism since it had the highest amount of soluble sugar, sucrose, and glucose with a high expression of genes related to sugar transport (four sucrose transporters (SUTs) or and one SWEET-like gene, also known as a sugar, will eventually be exported transporters) and metabolism. The significant positive correlation between their expression and sucrose content suggests that they may be the key genes responsible for sucrose transport and content maintenance. Significantly differentially expressed genes enriched in the starch and sucrose metabolism pathway were observed in the CR6 versus CR10 stages according to KEGG annotation. The 26 enriched candidate genes related to sucrose metabolism provide a molecular basis for further sugar metabolism studies in C. oleifera fruit.

FEATURES OF LEUCINE TRANSAMINATION IN THE SKELETAL MUSCLES OF RATS UNDER CONDITIONS OF NUTRIENT IMBALANCE IN FOOD RATION

The paper presents studies of the features of transamination of leucine in skeletal muscles of rats under conditions of nutrient imbalance in the diet. The distribution of the content of free leucine in muscles and blood plasma, the activity of leucine aminotransferase in muscles under conditions of consumption of excessive sucrose content, lack of dietary protein and the combined effect of two dietary factors were studied. During the experiment, experimental animals consumed a semi-synthetic AIN-93 diet in accordance with the recommendations of the American Institute of Nutrition. For the purpose of simulating alimentary protein deprivation, the animals received a semi-synthetic low-protein diet containing 1/3 of the generally accepted daily protein requirement daily for 28 days. A high-sucrose diet was simulated by increasing the amount of sucrose in the diet by 4 times. The content of leucine in skeletal muscles and blood plasma was determined by the method of chromatographic analysis on an automatic amino acid analyzer T 339. Leucine aminotransferase activity in the mitochondrial fraction of skeletal muscles of rats was assessed by the amount of α-ketoisocaproate formed. A significant decrease in leucine content in skeletal muscle of protein-deficient rats was found by 42% and by approximately 70% in groups of animals that received excessive amounts of sucrose compared to the values of control animals. Since the excessive consumption of sucrose leads to a maximum decrease in the level of this amino acid in the muscles of animals, this can be considered as one of the mechanisms of disruption of the supply of glucose to insulin-dependent tissues. At the same time, a 40% decrease in leucine aminotransferase activity was recorded in the skeletal muscles of protein-deficient rats; when consuming a high-sucrose diet, the activity of the studied enzyme is reduced by 50% compared to control indicators. The research results show a decrease in the concentration of leucine in the blood plasma of all experimental groups of animals compared to control indicators. The lowest values of the level of this amino acid were recorded under conditions of consumption of an excess amount of sucrose, regardless of the protein content in the diet. Nutrient imbalance in the diet is accompanied by a violation of leucine transamination processes in the skeletal muscles of rats, which is characterized by a decrease in leucine aminotransferase activity in the mitochondrial fraction, and is obviously associated with a decrease in the content of leucine, the substrate of this reaction. Excessive consumption of sucrose is a key factor in reducing the content of leucine in the blood plasma of rats, which can be considered as a characteristic of the intracellular deficiency of this amino acid in muscles.

An in-vivo study on postprandial hyperglycemia to assess antidiabetic activity of alcoholic extract of Cinnamomum verum bark

Background and objective Cinnamomum verum bark is locally known as ‘Daruchini’ and is traditionally reputed as an Ayurvedic medicine, which is used in the treatment of flatulence, toothache, heart diseases, fever, cough, cold, headache, and many others. In this study, we intended to explore the effectiveness of its activity on hyperglycemia.Materials and methods To evaluate its antihyperglycemic activity, we used various experimental designs, including the effect of plant extract on gastrointestinal (GI) motility in the Swiss albino mice model and intestinal disaccharidase enzyme activity and carbohydrate digestion and absorption in the gut of the Long Evans rats.Results and discussion The plant extract significantly (P<0.001) increased the GI motility rate by ∼16% than the control (distilled water, 10 ml/kg body weight) and indicated that it interfered with the rate of glucose absorption in the gut. Furthermore, treatment with C. verum caused a significant (P<0.05) dose-dependent reduction of intestinal disaccharidase enzyme activity from 1.63 to 1.21 µmol/mg protein/h in fasting Long Evans rats. Besides, the extract produced a similar effect in the acute oral sucrose (2.5 g/kg body weight) load assay, in which a substantial amount of unabsorbed sucrose was found in six different parts of the GI tract after sucrose administration. This indicates that C. verum can liberate GI content and reduce or delay glucose absorption.Conclusion All the findings of the present study point to the conclusion that C. verum has the potential to exert postprandial antihyperglycemic activity within type 2 diabetic animal models through reducing or delaying carbohydrate digestion and absorption in the gut.

Novel pentose-regulated promoter of Aspergillus oryzae with application in controlling heterologous gene expression

The potent promoter and its transcriptional control make a significant contribution to strain optimization. Using transcriptome-based approach, a novel pentose-regulated promoter of the xylose reductase gene (PxyrA) of Aspergillus oryzae was identified. The promoter analysis showed that the PxyrA was tightly regulated by pentose sugars, which xylose and xylan were favorable inducers. The PxyrA function was highly efficient as compared with the maltose-inducible promoters of A. oryzae. It also exhibited the efficient transcription induction even though certain amounts of glucose and sucrose existed in the cultures. The expression control of PxyrA was dependent on xylose consumption capacity for fungal growth. The control mode of PxyrA offers a simple operation in simultaneous gene expression and cultivation optimization in Aspergilli. This study provides a prospective development of fungal production platform using cellulosic sugars by the xylose-utilizing strains for sustainable growing in circular economy.

Starch accumulation in bean fruit pericarp is mediated by the differentiation of chloroplasts into amyloplasts

The sucrose supply to bean fruits remains almost constant during seed development, and the early stages of this process are characterized by a significant amount of starch and soluble sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose) accumulated in the pericarp. Bean fruits are photosynthetically active; however, our results indicated that starch synthesis in the pericarp was largely dependent on the photosynthetic activity of the leaves. The photosynthetic activity and the amount of the Rubisco large subunit were gradually reduced in the fruit pericarp, and a large increase in the amount of the ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase small subunit (AGPase SS) was observed. These changes suggested differentiation of chloroplasts into amyloplasts. Pericarp chloroplasts imported glucose 1-P to support starch synthesis, and their differentiation into amyloplasts allowed the surplus sucrose to be used in the synthesis of starch, which was later degraded to meet the needs of fast-growing seeds. Starch stored in the bean fruit pericarp was not degraded in response to drought stress, but it was rapidly used under severe nutrient restriction. Together, this work indicated that starch accumulation in the pericarp of bean fruits is important to adjust the needs of developing seeds to the amount of sucrose that is provided to fruits.

Comparative study of royal jelly, propolis, and photobiomodulation therapies in 5-fluorouracil-related oral mucositis in rats.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects and mechanisms of action of royal jelly (RJ) and propolis compared to photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in an animal model of 5-fluorouracil-related oral mucositis (OM). Seventy-two male Wistar rats were randomly allocated to four groups (n = 18 each): control (no treatment), PBMT (intraoral laser, 6J/cm2), RJ, and propolis. On days 0 and 2, the animals received an injection of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The buccal mucosa was scratched (days 3 and 4) and the treatments were initiated on day 5. Six animals of each group were euthanized on days 8, 10, and 14. Phytochemical analysis (thin-layer chromatography, TLC) and clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical analysis of pS6, pAKT, and NF-κB were performed, and oxidative stress markers were also investigated. TLC revealed the presence of large amounts of sucrose (Rf 0.34) in RJ and of flavonoids in propolis. Lower clinical OM scores were observed on day 8, and improved morphological data were observed on day 10 in the PBMT, RJ, and propolis groups (p < 0.05). On day 8, immunoexpression of pS6, pAKT, and NF-κB was increased compared to control. On day 14, reduced glutathione (GSH) antioxidant levels were increased in the propolis group compared to control (p < 0.05). Our results showed that RJ and propolis, as well as PBMT, are effective in the treatment of OM. Considering that some patients who develop OM do not have access to PBMT, the present study demonstrated that topical application of RJ and propolis may be an important alternative for the treatment of OM.

Physicochemical Properties and Phenolic Contents of Fresh and Concentrated Juice of Four Pomegranate Cultivars in Iraq

In this study, four pomegranate cultivars were selected in Halabja City. Their physical properties such as peel, arils, juice, seed, and juice concentrate percentage, chemical properties, and some phenolic and sugars compounds of the juices and juices concentrate was compared among all cultivars. Of all four cultivars (Wonderful, Swra hanar, Salakhani, and Kaua hanar), Wonderful and Salakhani presented the highest pH values in juice and juice concentrate and they obtained a signififcant percentage of juice concentrate, total sugars, total anthocyanin, total phenols, and ascorbic acid. Other cultivars presented also individual properties such as high phenolic compounds were studied and interesting juice concentrate percentage content (Swra hanar cultivar) and the highest arils percentage and high amounts of fructose, sucrose, glucose, and ascorbic the acid in juice and juice concentrate content (Kaua hanar cultivar) and highest juice percentage (Wonderful cultivar). Thus, this work will help pomegranate producers in selecting the extreme appropriate cultivar depending on its final utilize, especially being convenient for fresh consumption or juice concentrate.

An efficient micropropagation protocol for Ficus carica cv. Golden Orphan suitable for mass propagation

Fig ( Ficus carica L.) is from the Moraceae family and is rich in essential nutrients, natural fiber and vitamins. The Golden Orphan cultivar is a yellow fig that is sweet, firm and can thrive in tropical climates. Current conventional propagation methods for the multiplication of plant stocks were found to be less efficient in producing healthy plant stocks. Micropropagation offers an alternative in the production of plant stocks resembling the quality of mother plants. The current study aims to fine tune the micropropagation protocol of the Golden Orphan cultivar for efficient production of plant stocks. Sterile nodal bud explants were subjected to different media treatments, carbon source and combinations of auxin and cytokinin. Rooting of explants was induced in auxin and rooted explants were acclimatized in cocopeat. The optimal basal medium for shoot elongation was Murashige and Skoog (MS) Medium, whereas 20 g/L sucrose resulted in the highest shoot length (2.00 ± 0.22 cm) facilitating the production of nodal segments for subsequent multiplication. The highest shoot induction (4.15 ± 0.43 shoots/explant) was observed in the treatment of 0.8 mg/L 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP), whereas the combination of 0.8 mg/L BAP and 0.5 mg/L indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) resulted in the highest shoot length (2.23 ± 0.09 cm). Treatment of 0.4 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) produced the optimal percentage of rooting (83.33%) whereas acclimatization with cocopeat resulted in maximum survival rate. The present study has successfully optimised the crucial aspects of micropropagation for the Golden Orphan cultivar suitable for rapid plant stock production. • The establishment of micropropagation protocol for Ficus carica cv. Golden Orphan. • High multiplication rate in basal medium, minimal amount of sucrose and cytokinin. • Maximum acclimatization efficiency in cocopeat. • Acclimatized plants successfully produced fruits that resembles mother plants.

Influence of sucrose reduction on fouling during the production of dulce de leche.

In this Research Communication we focus the food industry´s broad tendency to decrease sugar content in food products onto dulce de leche (DL) and examine the influence of sucrose reduction on the detrimental deposits formed during the production process. The method used to identify the impact produced directly on the heat exchanger during the production of this product with low sucrose content required varying the quantity of sucrose in the milk. Different percentages of sucrose (20, 15, 10, 5 and 0% w/w) were submitted to the DL concentration process in a process simulator. After concentration, the quantification of the deposits formed in each was carried out and these deposits were characterized according to their composition. Methods such as Kjeldahl, Pregl-Dumas and sem-EDS were used. Thus, the work highlights the need to change the product manufacturing process due to changes in the formulation that directly impact the formation of deposits in the equipment used (fouling). This deposit changes significantly in relation to its quantity as well as in relation to the composition and chemical characteristics as the gradual reduction of the sucrose content in the production takes place. Therefore, these impacts must be considered in order to maintain better manufacturing and ensure efficient cleaning of equipment.

Processing Optimization of Fermented Dried Meat Slice with Natto

In order to enrich the varieties of dried meat slice and improve the nutritional value of dried meat slice, the effects of water to natto ratio, natto liquid addition, fermentation time and sucrose addition on the quality of natto fermented dried meat slice (NDMS) were studied with shear force, moisture content, color difference and sensory score as indexes. On this basis, the shear force and sensory score were used as response values, the fermentation process condition was optimized by using response surface design. The results showed that the optimal technology of natto fermented dried meat slice were as follows: the ratio of water to natto was 1.5:1, the amount of natto liquid was (8.0 g/100 g), the fermentation time was 18 h, and the amount of sucrose was (20.7 g/100 g). Under these conditions, the prepared dried meat slice has bright red color, unique aroma and taste of natto, good tenderness, good taste, high protein (38.6 g/100 g) and low fat (8.4 g/100 g), the measured shear force was (49.86±0.29) N, and the sensory score was (93.25±0.58). There was no significant difference with the predicted value of the model. The model has good fitting and reliable test results.

Analysis of Phenotypic Characteristics and Sucrose Metabolism in the Roots of Raphanus sativus L.

The taproot of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is an important sink organ; it is morphologically diverse and contains large amounts of secondary metabolites. Sucrose metabolism is believed to be important in the development of sink organs. We measured the amounts of glucose, fructose, and sucrose in the roots of sixty three radish accessions and analyzed the association between the sugar content and the root phenotype. Fructose content correlated with the root color and length characteristics, glucose was the most abundant sugar in the roots, and the sucrose content was very low, compared to that of the hexoses in most of the accessions. Expression analysis of the genes involved in sucrose metabolism, transportation, starch synthesis, and cell wall synthesis was performed through RNA sequencing. The genes encoding sucrose synthases (SUSY) and the enzymes involved in the synthesis of cellulose were highly expressed, indicating that SUSY is involved in cell wall synthesis in radish roots. The positive correlation coefficient (R) between the sucrose content and the expression of cell wall invertase and sugar transporter proteins suggest that hexose accumulation could occur through the apoplastic pathway in radish roots. A positive R score was also obtained when comparing the expression of genes encoding SUSY and fructokinase (FK), suggesting that the fructose produced by SUSY is mostly phosphorylated by FK. In addition, we concluded that sucrose was the most metabolized sugar in radish roots.

Rapid detection of exogenous sucrose in black tea samples based on near-infrared spectroscopy

In order to discriminate whether black tea contains exogenous sucrose, this study uses near-infrared spectroscopy to detect the feasibility of the content of exogenous sucrose in black tea. By extracting the spectral absorbance data of black tea samples containing different amounts of exogenous sucrose, combining the use of standard normal variable (SNV), maximum–minimum normalization (Max-Min), mean center (MC) and autoscales (Auto) method perform noise reduction processing on the extracted original spectrum. In order to simplify the model, random frog (RF), competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS), iterative retained information variables (IRIV), and variable combination population analysis with iteratively retaining informative variables (VCPA-IRIV) methods were used to select the characteristic wavelengths of the preprocessed spectral data. Based on the preprocessed full-band spectrum, partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was performed to select the optimal preprocessing method. The k-nearest neighbors (KNN) and extreme learning machine (ELM) discriminant models were established based on the characteristic wavelength spectrum data and principal component analysis (PCA). According to test results, the ELM model established based on MC preprocessing and implementation of the VCPA-IRIV method to extract characteristic wavelengths achieved the best discrimination, and the recognition accuracy rates of the correction and the prediction sets were both 100%. Evidence thus indicated that it was feasible to determine the content of exogenous sucrose in black tea by near-infrared spectroscopy, which provided a theoretical method and scientific basis for the determination of exogenous sucrose content in black tea samples.