Amount Of P2O5 Research Articles

The effect of different doses of ammonium nitrate on the yield and protein content in spring triticale grain

The article presents the results of studying the effect of various doses of ammonium nitrate on the yield and protein content in spring triticale grain. Numerous studies around the world have established that nitrogen is a key factor influencing the productivity of grain crops. The paper presents the results of a 5-year study (2018-2022) of cultivating spring triticale using fallow and stubble predecessors. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied when sowing in rows at a dose of 20 to 80 kg/ha in the active substance. The experiments were carried out in the Akmola region (LLP "SPCGF named after A. Barayev") on southern carbonate chernozem. Over the five years of research, only 2018 was characterized by optimal hydrothermal conditions during the triticale growing season, the remaining four years (2019-2022) were dry. The reserves of productive moisture in the meter layer of soil before sowing triticale in fallow were 119-138 mm, in stubble - 119-125 mm. The content of N-NO3 in the soil layer 0-40 cm before sowing triticale varied according to the years of research, so for fallow it varied from 11 to 28 mg/kg, and for stubble from 10 to 17 mg/kg of soil. The amount of P2O5 before sowing (in the soil layer of 0-20 cm), regardless of the predecessor, varied within 24-37 mg/kg of soil. It was not possible to establish a reliable effect of different doses of ammonium nitrate on grain yield and protein content in triticale grain using the two studied precursors. A strong correlation between the dose of nitrogen fertilizer and the yield of triticale based on the steam predecessor was established only in 2020 (r = 0.85) and in 2021 (r = 0.83). For stubble, a strong positive correlation between nitrogen doses and yield was noted in 2019 (r = 0.78), 2021 (r = 0.79) and 2022 (r = 0.87). A correlation between the protein content in triticale grain and nitrogen doses was established based on the fallow in 2 of 4 years (r = 0.86...0.96). For the stubble, a strong positive relationship was noted in all years of research (r = 0.83...0.99).

Partitioning of REE between calcite and carbonatitic melt containing P, S, Si at 650\u2013900\xa0\xb0C and 100\xa0MPa

Carbonatites host some unique ore deposits, especially REE, and fractional crystallization might be a potentially powerful mechanism for control enrichment of carbonatitic magmas by these metals to economically significant levels. At present, data on distribution coefficients of REE during fractional crystallization of carbonatitic melts at volcanic conditions are extremely scarce. Here we present an experimental study of REE partitioning between carbonatitic melts and calcite in the system CaCO3-Na2CO3 with varying amounts of P2O5, F, Cl, SiO2, SO3 at 650–900 °C and 100 MPa using cold-seal pressure vessels and LA-ICP-MS. The presence of phosphorus in the system generally increases the distribution coefficients but its effect decreases with increasing concentration. The temperature factor is high: at 770–900 °C DREE ≥ 1, while at lower temperatures DREE become below unity. Silicon also promotes the fractionation of REE into calcite, while sulfur contributes to retention of REE in the melt. Our results imply that calcite may impose significant control upon REE fractionation at the early stages of crystallization of carbonatitic magmas and might be a closest proxy for monitoring the REE content in initial melt.

Processing Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 (LAS) glass-ceramic with and without P2O5 through bulk and sintering route

Commercially significant Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 (LAS) glass composition with P2O5 content varying between 0 – 6.8 mol% were prepared through the conventional melt-quenching route. From high-temperature dilation results, it was found that different amount of P2O5 in the LAS glass greatly influences the phase transformation (glass transition, softening and melting) characteristics. Two LAS glass systems, namely 3.1 mol% of P2O5 (P3.1) and without P2O5 (P0) were considered further towards making low expansion glass-ceramic using bulk and sintering route due to their contrary thermal behaviour. The optimum nucleation temperature for P0 and P3.1 glass system was determined to be 640 and 700 °C, respectively using the Marotta method. Effect of heat-treatment temperature on the thermal expansion behaviours of the LAS glass-ceramic is explained in detail. Negative thermal expansion (NTE) and low expansion glass-ceramics were produced from bulk and sintering route. Transparent β–quartz s.s. based ultra-low thermal expansion (0.04 ×10–6 °C–1 between –60 °C and 400 °C) glass-ceramic was produced.

Gasification of sewage sludge within a circular economy perspective: a Polish case study

Sewage sludge (SS) is a by-product of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) operation. Due to fast rates of urbanization and industrialization, and rapid population growth, the world community faces a serious challenge associated with its disposal. There is an urgent need to explore low cost, energy efficient, and sustainable solutions for the treatment, management, and future utilization of SS. Thermal conversion of SS is considered the most promising alternative for sustainable SS management. Among three main thermochemical processes, it seems that gasification (GAS) of SS has the most advantages. The aim of this paper is a presentation of the gasification process as a sustainable method of SS management that takes into account the idea of a circular economy (CE). Gaseous fuel production, phosphorus recovery potential, and solid adsorbent production during the gasification process are analyzed and discussed. Result of this study shows that the lower heating value (LHV) of the gas from SS GAS process is up to 5 MJ/m3n and it can be effectively utilize in an internal combustion engines. The analysis proved that solid fraction after the SS GAS process can be treated as a valuable phosphorus source and perspective adsorbent materials. The amount of P2O5 in this material was equal to 22.06%. It is similar to natural phosphate rocks (28.05%). The maximum of the adsorption capacity of the phenol was comparable with commercial activated carbon (CAC): 42.22 mg/g for solid fraction after SS GAS and 49.72 mg/g for CAC.Graphical abstract

Identifying Rare Earth Elements and Thorium and Uranium in Iron Oxide–Apatite Deposit of Gazestan Bafgh, Southeast of Iran

The Gazestan magnetite-apatite deposit is one of Kiruna-type deposits located 78 km from Bafgh in the province of Yazd, in the Bafgh Posht-e-Badam district, southeast of Iran. In the mining region of Bafgh, volcanic rocks and Precambrian volcano-sedimentary are the main host of iron-apatite deposits. Iron deposits are essentially located in Bafgh region inside the green acidic metamorphic rocks. Volcanic rocks are basically rhyolite and rhyodacitic and the sedimentary units are mostly made of dolomite. Rock units of the region belong to the Rizzo series. The Bafgh apatite compounds are fluoride-type and seen in the monazite mineral. The similarity of the rare earth elements pattern in all samples indicates the magma source. The most amount of rare earth elements in the Gazestan deposit include 7766.25 ppm and the most amount of Th is equal to 65.1 ppm and U is equal to 8.33 ppm. The most amount of P2O5 s equal to 26.5 wt% and Fe is equal to 61.3 wt%. Also, it can be concluded that due to their high correlation with rare earth elements, the deposit is of Uranium Thorium-bearing type.

Changes of weed infestation under long-term effect of different soil pH levels and amount of phosphorus:potassium

ABSTRACTThe aim of the present study was to investigate changes of weed species density as a result of long-term (1976–2005) exposure to different soil pH levels, and P2O5:K2O amount in soil created by initial and subsequent periodical liming, and fertilization. As a result of liming during the period 1976–2005, average soil pH levels at the start of the sixth crop rotation (2001–2005) ranged from 4.1 (unlimed) to 6.6. And in each pH plot were four sub-plots with a different amount of mobile phosphorus:potassium. In acid soil (pH 4.1), in spring oilseed rape and in spring barley crops, the dominant weed Spergula arvensis density decreased significantly at a pH of 5.1 or higher. With increasing amount of P2O5:K2O in soil, the abundance of S. arvensis in spring rape and spring barley crops was reduced at all soil pH levels. At pH 5.1, Chenopodium album and Tripleurospermum perforatum were prominent. Elytrigia repens tended to decrease with increased alkalinity and nutrient amount in soil. With reduction of soil acidity from pH 4.1 to 6.6, the total weed infestation consistently declined in all crops. A low amount of P2O5:K2O in soil caused the decline in the abundance of S. arvensis, E. repens and increase in C. album and T. perforatum.

Effect of Additives on Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate Whiskers Morphology from Calcium Sulfate Dehydrate and Phosphogypsum

The influence of P2O5 on the whiskers morphology of CaSO4 · 0.5H2O was discussed by using CaSO4 · 2H2O as raw materials and the hydrothermal process at 140°C for 2 h. The result indicated whiskers were obtained by adding 0.2% P2O5, with a smooth surface, uniform diameter (∼1–3 µm), and an aspect ratio of about 45. The aspect ratio of whiskers decreased as the addition amount of P2O5 increased. Raw phosphogypsum (PG) was ground by using a planetary ball mill and then washed using distilled water in order to reduce the P2O5 content. Washed PG constituted ∼50% of the sample, with an agglomerate size of 32.6 µm, and contained 0.43 wt% P2O5. The influence of glycerol on the morphology of CaSO4 · 0.5H2O whiskers was investigated by also using the hydrothermal method. The aspect ratio of whiskers first increased and then decreased while the amount of glycerol increased. The whiskers were also prepared by using added 1.3 wt% calcium oxide (CaO) PG at 140°C for 2 h and the effect of phosphorus on whiskers growth can be decreased.

Substitution of Clay Content for P-Remaining as an Index of the Phosphorus Buffering Capacity for Soils of Rio Grande do Sul

Mehlich-1 soil extract is currently used in Rio Grande do Sul (RS) and Santa Catarina (SC) States, in Brazil, to evaluate soil phosphorus available to plants and Mehlich-1 is sensitive to soil buffering capacity. This limitation is overcome partly by soil separation into buffering classes based on soil clay content. However, soil clay content has some technical and operational limitations, such as the underestimation of soil clay levels in soils under no-till. The aim of this study was to evaluate the remaining phosphorus (P-rem) compared to soil clay content as an index of the buffering capacity in soils of RS. The relationship between P-rem and soil clay content was assessed using 200 soil samples from a wide range of locations across the state. In 20 representative soil types, P-rem, soil clay content, P maximum adsorption capacity, total and pedogenic Fe contents, amount of P2O5 needed to increase soil P in 1 mg kg-1 extracted by Mehlich-1 and -3 methods and P capacity factor were determined. Furthermore, a pot experiment was carried out with plants to determine soil P content extracted by Mehlich-1 and -3 at the maximum technical efficiency (MET) and the maximum absorption efficiency (MEA). Correlation analyses were performed between P-rem and soil clay content and, with the attributes of soils involving the P buffering capacity. The relationship between P-rem and soil clay content was described as a decreasing exponential function; however, the adjustment was not adequate to propose critical levels for P-rem. The P-rem index was superior to soil clay index in practically all relationships with the attributes related to the soil buffering capacity of the soils. In some cases, the indexes were similar; however, P-rem was not lower than the soil clay content in any case. The P-rem is a more reliable index to represent soil buffering capacity than the soil clay content in soils from RS, and P-rem might be used to implement soil classes for Mehlich-1 and Mehlich-3 determinations of soil P.

A new and economic approach to synthesize and fabricate bioactive diopside ceramics using a modified domestic microwave oven. Part 2: effect of P2O5 additions on diopside bioactivity and mechanical properties

In this work, diopside based ceramics was obtained by solid state reaction using conventional sintering (CS) and microwave sintering (MS). Moreover, different amounts of P2O5 (0.5–5.0wt.%) have been added. It has been found that a relative density up to 95% theoretical was obtained for diopside containing 2.0 and 5.0wt.% P2O5, sintered at 1250°C for 2h and at 1075°C only for 15min using CS and MS. Excellent values of micro hardness (7.4±0.1GPa) and 3 point flexural strength (about 270MPa) for samples containing 5wt.% P2O5, sintered at 1075°C for 15min using MS were measured. Besides this, a relatively low weight loss ratio has been measured (0.01%) for diopside samples containing 5wt.% P2O5, sintered under the same conditions, after soaking in physiological salt solution for 2days. Additionally, the bioactivity of diopside by the possibility of formation of apatite on the surface of pure diopside and diopside containing 2wt.% of P2O5 immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) was also confirmed. Finally, particular nano-sized of Carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) crystals (rice shaped) were formed and covered the surface of these samples, soaked in SBF solution for 14days.

Erbium-doped borosilicate glasses containing various amounts of P2O5 and Al2O3: Influence of the silica content on the structure and thermal, physical, optical and luminescence properties

The influence of the silica content on several properties of Er-doped borosilicate glasses in the presence of various amounts of P2O5 and Al2O3 has been investigated. The introduction of P2O5 and/or Al2O3 are responsible for structural modifications in the glass network through a charge-compensation mechanism related to the formation of negatively-charged PO4 and AlO4 groups or through the formation of AlPO4-like structural units. In this paper, we show that an increase in the SiO2 content leads to a silicate-rich environment around the Er3+ site, resulting in an increased dependence of the Er3+ ions optical and luminescence properties on the P2O5 and/or Al2O3 concentration. The highest emission intensity at 1.5μm was achieved for the glass with an equal proportion of P and Al in the glass system with 60mol% of SiO2.

Doses de fósforo para a produção de alface americana com e sem aplicação foliar de zinco

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of phosphate fertilization, with and without foliar application of zinc for producing iceberg lettuce. The experiment was conducted in the Federal Institute of Triângulo Mineiro (IFTM), campus Uberaba, in the field area. The experimental design was randomized blocks, in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme with 4 replications. Five phosphorus doses were evaluated (50%, 75%, 100%, 150%, 200% of the recommended amount of P2O5) with or without foliar application of zinc (0.5 kg.ha-1). There was a significant effect for the characteristics total fresh mass and commercial fresh mass of the plant only regarding the factor phosphorus levels. We conclude that for iceberg lettuce, Lucy Brown cultivar, grown in the region of Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil, it is not recommended to use a zinc-based foliar fertilizer, since this does not provide significant differences in crop yield and phosphate fertilization must have a 50% increase in the currently recommended dose.

Thermal and structural characterization of erbium-doped borosilicate fibers with low silica content containing various amounts of P2O5 and Al2O3

We report results on the processing and characterization of different glass preforms and single core fibers within the SiO2–Na2O–B2O3–Er2O3–P2O5–Al2O3 system. Micro-Raman spectroscopy was used to identify post-draw structural modification. The differences in the micro-Raman spectra recorded on the preform and on the fiber glass were attributed to a change in the structure induced by the drawing process. Changes in the silicate network organization and small scale molecular orientation within the glass matrix are suspected to occur during the fiber drawing process. We found that the extent in the changes between the preform and fiber properties depend on the glass composition. The glass network of the Al-containing fiber is expected to be less sensitive to the drawing process than that of the fiber matrix as the network of this Al-containing fiber is formed by a larger number of Si-BO units in the network and neutral three-coordinated boron compared to the network of the fiber matrix. From the micro-Raman spectra, formation of small crystals is suspected to occur in the P-containing glasses during the fiber drawing process. The resulting fibers were found to have propagation losses at 1330nm and Er3+ absorption between (7±1) and (25±1)dB/m and (36±1) and (47±1)dB/m, respectively, depending on the glass composition.

Optimum Salinity Concentration and Nitrogen Fertilization for Salicornia herbaecea Growth in Reclaimed Land

Now in Korea, halophytes such as Salicornia herbacea and Spergularia marina are being cultivated as new income crops in southwestern coastal regions. So basis studies on halophytes’ growth characteristics is needed for developing a standard cultural practices of them. This study was carried out to investigate on cultivation of Salicornia herbacea, representative halophytes at new reclaimed land. First, in order to examine the characteristics of Salicornia herbacea germination by salinity (NaCl concentration 0 ~ 3%), germination tests were carried out. At the low-temperature 10C, germination of Salicornia herbacea was slow but lasted for 15 days at all salinities, and final germination rates were of 78 ~ 90%. At higher than 20C, maximum germination rate was showed within four days. Germination inhibition by salt was showed at NaCl concentration 3% and 30C. The second, to investigate on the growth characteristics of Salicornia herbacea by nitrogen fertilization, port experiments were conducted at the greenhouse. Salicornia herbacea’s buds began to be found after five days after sowing. Salicornia herbacea growth such as plant height, number of braches, etc. increased with increasing nitrogen fertilization. In order to investigate the growth characteristics by salinities, cultivation test of Salicornia herbacea was conducted in nutriculture with different salinities. In the plot without NaCl, the growth of Salicornia herbacea was very low, and it began to wither within one month. In plots with NaCl, the growth of Salicornia herbacea was well until concentrations of NaCl 500mM, and optimum NaCl concentration was 200mM for growth of Salicornia herbacea. Field verification experiments about the effect of nitrogen fertilization on transplanted Salicornia herbacea were conducted at the Saemangeum reclaimed land in Korea. There was a tendency to increase number of branches and plant length with increasing nitrogen fertilization. Amount of P2O5 and mineral element such as CaO, Na2O, K2O and MgO tended to increase with increasing nitrogen fertilization. However, there was no statistically significant difference.

Enhancement of Sinter Densification of SrO–BaO–Nb2O5–SiO2 Tungsten–Bronze Glass–Ceramics by Doping with P2O5

Densification behaviors of SrO–BaO–Nb2O5–SiO2 based glass–ceramics prepared by conventional sintering were investigated with an emphasis on the influence of P2O5 content. Although P2O5 dopant did not modify the surface crystallization mechanism, it resulted in a decrease of the glass transition temperature, which facilitates the viscous glass flow necessary for sintering. However, premature crystallization of (Sr,Ba)Nb2O6 induced by addition of excess amount of P2O5 essentially retarded sintering due to the formation of closed pores in the matrix. The SrO–BaO–Nb2O5–SiO2 glass with 1.0 mol% P2O5 (SBN-1P) showed the best sinter densification, which was accomplished at about 850 °C.

Potential use of rock-phosphate-solubilizing bacteria associated with wild rice as inoculants for improved rice (Oryza sativa)

A study was conducted to isolate P-solubilizing bacteria from the rhizosphere of three wild rice species and to test their ability to mobilize P from rock phosphate (RP). Inoculated seeds or seedlings of eight different strains were grown in soils supplemented with a P fertilizer mixture (PFM) consisting triple super phosphate (TSP) and RP, each providing equal amounts of P2O5. Crop growth, NaHCO3-extractable P, crop P uptake and yield were compared with two uninoculated controls, with either TSP or PFM added. In the pot experiment, P availability varied from 20 to 48 mg P kg−1 soil. Yields ranged between 4.8 and 6.6 g per pot and were not significantly different between treatments. In the field experiment, shoot P accumulation in inoculated and TSP-control treatments at the heading stage ranged between 79–129 mg and 219 mg per pot, respectively. Dual inoculants comprising Staphylococcus scirui, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus subtilus and Bacillus cereus increased yield by about 29% over PFM-controls (324 g m−2) but those yields were 21% lower than TSP-controls (510 g m−2). Therefore, application of inoculants combined with PFM is not a viable alternative for TSP under the tested conditions because yield was limited by the P availability.

P2O5/Al2O3 as an Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Acetylation of Alcohols, Phenols, Thiols, and Amines Under Solvent-Free Conditions

A convenient, rapid, and efficient method for the acetylation of alcohols, phenols, thiols, and amines has been developed by using acetic anhydride in the presence of a catalytic amount of P2O5 /Al2O3 under solvent-free conditions at room temperature. This reaction was studied under different conditions, and several solvents were examined for this conversion. However, in terms of reaction time and yield, it was found that the best result was obtained when the reaction was carried out under solvent-free conditions. Racemization of optically active alcohols and epimerization of sugars were not observed. The use of nontoxic and inexpensive materials, simple and clean workup, short reaction times, and good yields of the products are the advantages of this method.

Distribution and enrichment of phosphorus in solidified BOF steelmaking slag

The distribution of P in basic oxygen furnace steelmaking slag was investigated together with the enrichment behaviours of P in slowly cooled slag samples modified by SiO2 from high temperature remelts at 1873 K. The slag microstructures were characterised, and the results showed that only a limited fraction of P2O5 was dispersed in the matrix, whereas a large amount of P2O5 was found to form solid solutions with dicalcium silicate (2CaO.SiO2 or C2S) phase and/or with tricalcium silicate (3CaO.SiO2 or C3S) phase in original industrial slag. It was also found that when the basicity (C/S = CaO/SiO2) of slag modified by SiO2 was close to 3, the main phase was C2S, and most of the P in the modified slag was precipitated from solid solution in the C2S. The mechanism of P enrichment is also discussed.

Preparation and properties of crosslinked multiblock sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) membranes for fuel cell applications

AbstractNovel multiblock poly(arylene ether sulfone)s were prepared by a two‐pot method from a phenoxide‐end‐capped fully disulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) oligomer and a fluoride‐end‐capped nonsulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) oligomer with block length of 10 as the hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties, respectively, and were subsequently used as starting materials to be treated with phosphorous pentoxide (P2O5) to get crosslinked membranes. The crosslinking reaction occurred between the sulfonic acid groups and activated ortho‐hydrogen atoms to the ether linkage of the hydrophobic units in the presence of P2O5 during solution casting. The crosslinking ratio was simply controlled by the amount of P2O5, and the fundamental properties of the resulting crosslinked multiblock membranes were investigated in detail. The water uptake and solution uptake in methanol solutions decreased with increasing crosslinking ratio, but a comparable high proton conductivity was maintained in the uncrosslinked membranes. They exhibited isotropic swelling behavior and largely enhanced dimensional stability in water and methanol solutions, whereas the uncrosslinked one showed anisotropic swelling behavior. The oxidative stability of the crosslinked membranes was significantly enhanced by the formation of sulfonyl linkages. The high proton conductivities at 120°C and 50% relative humidity suggested promising applications in elevated temperatures. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011

Origin of Cenomanian nodular phosphorites in the Dnieper-Donets Depression: Geochemical aspect of the problem

The results of the study of bioecological and geochemical sedimentation conditions in the Cenomanian basin are presented. Close relation between phosphogenesis and formation of organic-rich clays and black shales is demonstrated. It is shown that phosphorite nodules and phosphate plates in Cenomanian sands formed at acid-base barriers related to the squeezing of acid phosphorus-containing interstitial waters from the sand-underlying clays and the conservation of alkaline marine bottom waters in sands. The proposed new phosphorite formation model reflects the input of large amounts of P2O5 from land, its precipitation by planktonic organisms and concentration in black shales and clays, the mobilization and accumulation of phosphorus in interstitial waters, and its postdiagenetic redistribution in sands and their erosion zones. It is emphasized that phosphogenesis is associated with synsedimentary folding in the Cenomanian basin.

Influence of P2O5 on Crystallization of V-concentrating Phase in V-bearing Steelmaking Slag

Synthetic V-bearing steelmaking slag modified by Al2O3, containing three different amounts of P2O5, were heated to 1530°C and then slow cooling to 1300°C for several durations. The effect of P2O5 on the solidified slags, especially on the crystallization behaviour of V-concentraitng phase were characterized by XRD, SEM and EPMA. The results show that V is concentrated and formed into Ca3(VO4)2 in P2O5-free slag and for the samples with 1.0 wt% and 2.4 wt% P2O5, V is precipitated into a solid solution Ca3[(P, V)O4]2. Ca3(VO4)2 and Ca3[(P, V)O4]2 are both the V-concentrating phases in the modified slag. Quantitative description of the morphologic texture of grains of the V-concentrating phases was based on computer-aided image analysis. For all samples, the fitted lognormal distribution is in good agreement with the distribution in the whole grain size range. It is concluded that P2O5 accelerates the growth of V-concentrating phase and influence the morphology of V-concentrating phase and growth mechanism is surface-controlled. There exists a proper content range of P2O5 between 1–2.4% for better growth of V-concentrating phase.