Amount Of Oleic Acid Research Articles

Synthesis of brightly luminescent colloidal formamidinium lead bromide perovskite FAPbBr3 nanoplatelets with tunable emission

Hybrid halide perovskites are semicondoctor materials with desirable characteristics of color-tunable and narrow-band emissions for lighting and display technology. They have size-tunable emissions due to quantum size effects. In this work, the Formamidinium Lead Bromide perovskite CH(NH2)2PbBr3 nanoplatelets (NPLs) were successfully synthesized by ligand-assisted reprecipitation method under room condition, in which the emission color-tunability was realized via quantum size effect without anion–halide mixing, by varying the oleylamine to oleic acid volume ratio as surfactants, while the total amount of oleic acid remained unchanged. We are able to adjust the optical proprieties of FAPbBr3 NPLs and, consequently, their structural properties. The obtained colloidal solutions of FAPbBr3 nanoplatelets with uniform size exhibited different photoluminescence wavelengths covering the spectral region from 440 to 525 nm. The maximum absolute PL quantum yield (PLQY) of the green emission was measured to be as high as 80% at room temperature. The size of FAPbBr3 NPLs could be effectively tuned from 15.5 to 38.1 nm with an increase in the oleylamine and oleic acid ligands ratio.

Comparison of Dielectric Properties of Traditional and High-Oleic Runner-Type Peanuts at Microwave Frequencies

HighlightsPermittivity measurements were taken for traditional and high-oleic runner-type peanut pods and kernels at microwave frequencies.The dielectric constant, loss factor, loss tangent, and complex plane were compared between the two cultivars to observe any effect caused by the high-oleic trait.Despite differences in composition, minimal to no differences were observed in permittivity between the two cultivars.Abstract. Different cultivars of peanuts containing higher amounts of oleic acid have been developed to improve oxidative stability and overall peanut quality. Increasing oleic acid levels and decreasing linoleic acid levels in peanuts deter lipid oxidation, preventing the creation of off-flavors and increasing the shelf life. Since their conception, high-oleic peanuts have been tested from chemical and sensory perspectives to observe differences between them and traditional peanuts. Such tests have shown minimal differences, if any. However, tests to observe the effect of changing the levels of oleic and linoleic acid on permittivity, which is often used for nondestructive determination of the moisture content and bulk density of foods and agricultural products, have not been reported. Thus, a vector network analyzer (VNA) was used to take free-space transmission measurements of the complex permittivities of high-oleic and traditional runner-type peanut pods and kernels. Measurements were taken at 23°C between 5 and 9 GHz. Measurements yielded the dielectric constant and loss factor, which are often correlated to moisture content. Analysis was performed to compare the changes in the dielectric constant, loss factor, and loss tangent with moisture content for high-oleic and traditional peanuts. Linear trends were observed for each parameter with increasing moisture content for both cultivars. Results from the complex plane showed coefficient of determination (r2) values greater than 0.9 for pods and kernels. Therefore, at microwave frequencies, changing the levels of oleic and linoleic acid within the peanuts was observed to have minimal to no effect on their permittivity. Thus, moisture calibrations based on correlations between dielectric properties and moisture content for traditional runner-type peanuts can be applied to high-oleic cultivars. Keywords: Dielectric properties, Free-space transmission measurements, Microwave measurements, Oleic acid, Peanut kernels, Peanut pods.

Genetic variability and selection criteria of some sesame genotypes for their agronomic traits and seed quality

The identification of genetic variation, mean performance, and selection criteria for twelve sesame genotypes is required for the genetic enhancement of agronomic traits and seed quality. Thus, using a randomized complete block design with three replications, these genotypes were evaluated in a field trial at the Kafr-El-Hamam Agricultural Research Station, Agricultural Research Center, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt, and laboratory experiments at the Seed Technology Research Department, ARC, Giza, Egypt, during the two consecutive seasons of 2018 and 2019. For earliness in flowering, N.A.130 and Shandweel3 were the most promising sesame genotypes, while N.A.114 and RH1F3 had the heaviest weight of seed plant-1 and one or more yield-related traits, and NA114, Shandweel3, and Zahar12 had the best seed quality traits. Furthermore, Shandweel3 and M1A12 had the highest proportion of seed oil, Shandweel3 and Zahar12 had the largest amount of oleic acid, N.A.114 and RH1F3 had the highest content of linoleic acid, and Zahar12 and N.A.114 had the highest proportion of linolenic acid. Seed weight plant-1 can be improved through selecting genotypes having the lengthiest fruiting zone, more branches and capsules, and the high electrical values of seed conductivity, accelerated aging germination as demonstrated by selection criteria. Moreover, the oleic acid proportion had the greatest direct and indirect effect on seed oil content, demonstrating its relevance as sesame oil quality selection criteria.

The Effect of Olive Fruit Fly Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) Infestation on Certain Chemical Parameters of Produced Olive Oils.

Olives affected by active and damaging infestation (olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (Rossi)) were assayed for their chemical composition. Biophenols were determined by HPLC, sterols, triterpenic dialcohols, and fatty acids by gas chromatography analysis. The acquired data were statistically analyzed. Oils produced from “Istrska belica” fruit affected by active infestation compared to the oils made from fruit affected by damaging infestation showed higher amounts of total oleuropein biofenols (377.3 versus (vs.) 106.6 mg/kg), total biophenols (755 vs. 377 mg/kg), lignans (85.3 vs. 32.9 mg/kg), the dialdehydic form of decarboxymethyl oleuropein aglycone (DMO-Agl-dA) (148.3 vs. 49.0 mg/kg), its oxidized form (DMO-Agl-dA)ox (35.2 vs. 8.5 mg/kg), the dialdehydic form of oleuropein aglycone (O-Agl-dA) (61.1 vs. 8.0 mg/kg), the dialdehydic form of ligstroside aglycone (L-Agl-dA) (63.5 vs. 28.0 mg/kg), the aldehydic form of oleuropein aglycone (O-Agl-A) (40.6 vs. 8.4 mg/kg), and lower amounts of tyrosol (Tyr) (6.0 vs. 13. 9 mg/kg) and the aldehydic form of ligstroside aglycone (L-Agl-A) (13.8 vs. 40.3 mg/kg). Higher values of stigmasterol (2.99%) and lower values of campesterol (2.25%) were determined in oils affected by damaging infestation; an increase in triterpenic dialcohols was also observed (3.04% for damaging and 1.62% for active infestation). Oils affected by damaging infestation, compared to active infestation, showed lower amounts of oleic acid (73.89 vs. 75.15%) and higher amounts of myristic (0.013 vs. 0.011%), linoleic (7.27 vs. 6.48%), and linolenic (0.74 vs. 0.61%) acids.

Assessment of quality and food safety of vegetable oils produced on the base of wild berries of Kazakhstan`s forest areas

Many species of forest plants in combination with vegetable oils are the sources of new types of functional products with increased biological efficiency. In respect that the high demand for vegetable oils among the population and industry, the growing anthropogenic pressure on various components of the natural environment, the goal of the research was to create oil mixtures based on sunflower oil and wild berries selected in the forest areas of Kazkhstan`s regions, assess their quality and food safety. The base of the oil mixture was sunflower oil obtained from sunflower seeds by the "cold squeeze" method. Wild berries selected from forest areas of northern (Elaeagnusrhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson) and eastern (Rosa majalisHerrm.,Vacciniummyrtillis L.) of Kazakhstan were used as bio-additives. In the obtained oil mixtures, the basic parameters of their qualitative and quantitative composition were studied. It was found that by density (917-918), refractive index (1,473), acid number (1,4 mg KOH/g), iodine number (130-132 g J2/100), saponification number (188 mg/g) of the tested oil mixtures they correspond to unrefined vegetable oil of higher grade. The content of heavy metals (Pb, As, Cd, Cu, Zn, Mg) and radionuclides (90Sr, 137Cs) does not exceed the maximum permissible concentrations and meets the requirements of regulatory documents and standards. In samples of vegetable oils, the amount of oleic acid (52,21%), linoleic acid (28,97%) is determined, which are within the normal range, although they are adjacent to the levels of the upper limits. NMR spectroscopy confirmed that the optimal ratio of ω-6 and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the composition of the studied vegetable oils correspond to their name in the ratio of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Novel mutant camelina and jatropha as valuable feedstocks for biodiesel production

Novel mutant camelina has become a crop of interest inspired by its short growing season, low harvesting costs and high oil composition. Despite those advantages, limited research has been done on novel mutant lines to determine applicability for biodiesel production. Jatropha is an extremely hardy, frugal and high oil yielding plant species. The major aim of the present study was not only to compare biodiesel production from jatropha and camelina but was also to test the efficacy of camelina mutant lines (M6 progenies) as superior feedstock. The biodiesel yield from camelina oil and jatropha oil was 96% and 92%, respectively. The gas chromatographic analysis using flame ionization detector (GC-FID) showed that mutant camelina oil biodiesel sample contain major amount of oleic acid (46.54 wt%) followed by linolenic acid (20.41 wt%) and linoleic acid (16.55 wt%). Jatropha biodiesel found to contain major amount of oleic acid (45.03 wt%) followed by linoleic acid (25.07 wt%) and palmitic acid (19.31 wt%). The fuel properties of produced biodiesel were found in good agreement with EN14214 and ASTM D6751 standards. The mutant camelina lines biodiesel have shown comparatively better fuel properties than jatropha. It has shown low saponification value (120.87–149.35), high iodine value (130.2–157.9) and better cetane number (48.53–59.35) compared to jatropha biodiesel which have high saponification value (177.39–198.9), low iodine value (109.7–123.1) and lesser cetane number (47.76–51.26). The results of the present student of utilizing novel mutant camelina lines for biodiesel production are quite promising and are helpful in turning out the outcomes of the previous studies suggesting that C. sativa biodiesel presents serious drawbacks for biodiesel applications.

Effect of Oleamine on Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Cesium Lead Bromide Perovskite Nanocrystals.

Herein, we reported a simple microwave-assisted method for synthesizing uniform CsPbBr3 and Cs4PbBr6 perovskite nanocrystals (PeNCs). The phase structure, photoluminescence (PL) emission, and quantum yield (QY) of CsPbBr3 PeNCs can be tuned by changing the radiation time and power of the microwave. The optimized CsPbBr3 PeNCs showed a high PLQY of up to 87%. The transformation from green-luminescent three-dimensional (3D) CsPbBr3 PeNCs to nonluminescent zero-dimensional (0D) Cs4PbBr6 PeNCs was easily realized by adjusting the amount of oleamine (OAm) and oleic acid (OA), and the changes in morphology and phase structure during the transformation process were studied by a microwave-assisted technique. Meanwhile, the optical properties of Cs4PbBr6 PeNCs were revealed by monitoring the changes in absorption and emission spectra. Furthermore, through first-principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT), the luminescene origination of as-prepared PeNCs was further explained. In this work, we controlled the phase transition from CsPbBr3 to Cs4PbBr6 through a simple method, which provides a strategy for other types of perovskite phase transitions.

English

Microalgae are a promising alternative source to produce biofuels and bio-products, as they consume carbon dioxide to grow, multiply quickly, and can be cultivated in domestic and industrial wastewater. The efficiency of microalgae-based biodiesel industry depends on the selection of appropriate strains with best lipid content yields and adequate fatty acids composition. The aim of this study was to select a potential microalga strain for lipid production by bioprospecting and screening lipid productivity and fatty acid compositions of some local microalgae isolated from different water bodies located in the region of Agadir, Morocco and cultivated in homemade photobioreactors. For this purpose, four freshwater microalgae Parachlorella kessleri, Cyclotella species, Chlorella species and Closterium species were isolated and cultivated. Lipid extraction was carried out using Soxhlet and fatty acids profiling was performed using Gas Chromatography. The highest lipid content was obtained with a diatom microalga Cyclotella spp. (33 wt%) after 15 days of residence time. The investigated strains produced high amount of oleic acid (41-54%) followed by linoleic (18-33%), palmitic (13-23%) and stearic acid (4-12%), respectively. Variations in lipid production and fatty acids composition as responses to changes in residence times form another important factor to feedstock selection for biofuel production.   Key words: Biofuel, biomass, culture time, fatty acid, freshwater microalgae, lipid.

Comparison of Meat Quality Characteristics and Aromatic Substances of Korean Native Black Goat Ribs by Different Sex

This study was conducted to compare the meat quality characteristics and aromatic substances in rib cut of Korean native black goat (KNBG) based on gender. Comparison of the proximate composition, including moisture, crude protein, crude fat, and crude ash content, of the ribs from female and male KNBGs did not show a significant difference. The meat quality characteristics, such as water holding capacity (WHC), cooking loss, and shear force, did not show a significant difference when compared by gender. However, the pH of rib meat from female KNBGs was significantly higher than that of male KNBGs (p = 0.001). Meat color characteristics represented by lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*) of ribs from female KNBGs were significantly higher than those of male KNBGs. Fatty acid analysis revealed highest amount (44.74-45.93%) of oleic acid (C18:1n9) in ribs regardless of gender, while the amount of saturated fatty acids (C14:0 and C16:0) was significantly higher in ribs from female than male KNBGs (p < 0.05). However, the overall ratios of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in the rib meat were 41.89-44.83% and 55.17-58.11%, respectively, while no significant difference was found based on gender. The aromatic substances in the rib meat differed significantly based on gender (PC1, 99.768%). Particularly, in rib meat from female KNBGs, ethanol content was significantly higher, lending a distinguished aroma to the meat when compared to that from male KNBGs. Further, 2-butane was detected in female KNBG meat alone while Z-3-hezen-1-ol, acetate was detected in male meat. These data indicated that pH and color (L* and b*) of the rib meat from male and female KNBGs differed significantly; particularly, 2-butane and Z-3-hezen-1-ol, acetate may be potentially used as biomarkers for gender discrimination of KNBG meat.

Some physical properties of Persian lime (Citrus Latifolia) seeds and physicochemical properties of the seed oil as affected by solvent extraction and cold pressing methods

In this study, some physical properties of Persian lime seed and some physicochemical properties of its cold-pressed and solvent-extracted oil were investigated. Bulk density, true density, angle of repose, thousand seed mass, and coefficients of static friction were higher in fresh seeds than in dried seeds, but porosity was lower (p 0.05). The major fatty acids of cold-pressed Persian lime seed oil were linoleic (30.72%), palmitic (27.09%), oleic (26.06%) and linolenic acids (6.98%). The oil was mainly composed of PLO (18.15%), PLL (16.12%), PPL (9.87%), POO (8.87%), LLO (6.95%), PPO (5.67%), LLL (3.76%), OOO (5.86%), and PLLn (5.26%) triacylglycerols (TAG). The cold-pressed oil contained slightly lower amounts of palmitic acid, linolenic acid, and PPL and LLL TAGs but slightly higher amounts of oleic acid, linoleic acid, and PLO, PLL and OOO TAGs than the solvent extracted oil (p < 0.05). β-sitosterol, campesterol, and Delta-5 avenasterol were the dominant sterols in both oil samples. Based on the differential scanning calorimetry, the oil started melting at around − 24 °C and fully crystallized at around − 8 °C.

Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS) marker for identification of two mutant alleles of the rapeseed BnaA.FAD2 gene

Two mutants of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera) with an increased amount of oleic acid in seeds were created by chemical mutagenesis (HOR3-M10453 and HOR4-M10464). The overall performance of the mutated plants was much lower than that of wild-type cultivars. Multiple rounds of crossing with high-yielding double-low (“00”) cultivars and breeding lines having valuable agronomic traits, followed by selection of high oleic acid genotypes is then needed to obtain new “00” varieties of rapeseed having high oleic acid content in seeds. To perform such selection, the specific codominant cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS) marker was used. This marker was designed to detect the presence of two relevant point mutations in the desaturase gene BnaA.FAD2, and it was previously described and patented. The specific polymerase chain reaction product (732 bp) was digested using FspBI restriction enzyme that recognizes the 5′-C↓TAG-3′ sequence which is common to both mutated alleles, thereby yielding band patterns specific for those alleles. The method proposed in the patent was redesigned, adjusted to specific laboratory conditions, and thoroughly tested. Different DNA extraction protocols were tested to optimize the procedure. Two variants of the CAPS method (with and without purification of amplified product) were considered to choose the best option. In addition, the ability of the studied marker to detect heterozygosity in the BnaA.FAD2 locus was also tested. Finally, we also presented some examples for the use of the new CAPS marker in the marker-assisted selection (MAS) during our breeding programs. The standard CTAB method of DNA extraction and the simplified, two-step (amplification/digestion) procedure for the CAPS marker are recommended. The marker was found to be useful for the detection of two mutated alleles of the studied BnaA.FAD2 desaturase gene and can potentially assure the breeders of the purity of their HOLL lines. However, it was also shown that it could not detect any other alleles or genes that were revealed to play a role in the regulation of oleic acid level.

Alternative to Conventional Edible Oil Sources: Cold Pressing and Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Plum (Prunus domestica L.) Kernel Seed

Plum (Prunus domestica L.) is a fruit widely cultivated across Europe and its processing generates a considerable amount of waste in form of discharged plum kernels. This creates a new opportunity to exploit plum kernels in order to provide an alternative to conventional edible oils. The main aim of this study was to obtain high-quality oil from plum kernel seeds by applying traditional cold pressing (CP) and supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2) extraction as a modern tech-nology. The obtained oils were characterized based on the chemical composition of fatty acids and tocopherols. In ob-tained oils, twelve fatty acids were identified. The oleic acid was the most dominant in both oils (68.66% in oil obtained by ScCO2, 65.86% in oil obtained by CP), followed by linoleic acid (22.24-25.44%). While total tocopherols content in oil obtained by ScCO2 was 4 to 5.8-fold higher than CP. The results proved that the utilization of plum kernel seeds possess high potential as an alternative oil source due a high amount of oleic acid and tocopherols and a low amount of saturated fatty acids and amygdalin.

Differential Activation of Partially Redundant Δ9 Stearoyl-ACP Desaturase Genes Is Critical for Omega-9 Monounsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis During Seed Development in Arabidopsis.

The spatiotemporal pattern of deposition, final amount, and relative abundance of oleic acid (cis-ω-9 C18:1) and its derivatives in the different lipid fractions of the seed of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) indicates that omega-9 monoenes are synthesized at high rates in this organ. Accordingly, we observed that four Δ9 stearoyl-ACP desaturase (SAD)-coding genes (FATTY ACID BIOSYNTHESIS2 [FAB2], ACYL-ACYL CARRIER PROTEIN5 [AAD5], AAD1, and AAD6) are transcriptionally induced in seeds. We established that the three most highly expressed ones are directly activated by the WRINKLED1 transcription factor. We characterized a collection of 30 simple, double, triple, and quadruple mutants affected in SAD-coding genes and thereby revealed the functions of these desaturases throughout seed development. Production of oleic acid by FAB2 and AAD5 appears to be critical at the onset of embryo morphogenesis. Double homozygous plants from crossing fab2 and aad5 could never be obtained, and further investigations revealed that the double mutation results in the arrest of embryo development before the globular stage. During later stages of seed development, these two SADs, together with AAD1, participate in the elaboration of the embryonic cuticle, a barrier essential for embryo-endosperm separation during the phase of invasive embryo growth through the endosperm. This study also demonstrates that the four desaturases redundantly contribute to storage lipid production during the maturation phase.

Evaluation of oxidative stability, fatty acid profile and quality physico-chemical parameters of Brazil nut, coconut and Palm oils

The aim of this study was to assess the oxidative stability (OS) of oils Brazil nuts, coconut and palm, as well as determine the quality parameters: acid value (AV), humidity, ash content, and fatty acid profile (FA). According to the results the oils of Brazil nuts, coconut and palm oil showed AV of 2.02, 2.49 and 5.92 mg KOH g-1, humidity of 0.060, 0.101 and 0.040% and ash of 0.010, 0.005 and 0.009%, respectively. Considering FA, the Brazil nut oil showed greater amount of linoleic acid (38.61%) and oleic acid (31.95%) in its composition. While in coconut oil the major amounts were lauric acid (35.22%) and myristic (17.43%) and in the palm oil, oleic acid (48.30%) and palmitic (28.67%). The OS analysis showed that there is a relationship between the FA chemical composition of each oil and oxidative stability index (OSI) that relates to the resilience capacity to lipid degradation.

Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine employing straight vegetable oils from Vanuatu as fuels

The performance characteristics of the engine and the emission levels with Copra Oil (CPO), Virgin Coconut (cocos nucifera) Oil (VCO), Tamanu (calaphyllum inopyllum) Oil (TMO), and Nangae (canarium indicum) Oil (NGO) are presented. The oils, obtained from naturally grown trees in Vanuatu, were tested as straight vegetable oils (SVOs) in a Diesel engine and the results are compared with those of neat diesel. The oils were converted to their fatty-acid-methyl-esters (FAMEs) using gas chromatography to determine their fatty acid compositions. The brake thermal efficiency with SVOs was found to be comparable to diesel. The structure of the alkyl chain and the carbon-to-hydrogen ratio were also studied. All the oils have Palmitic acid, Capric acid, Caprylic acid, and Oleic acid as the major fatty acids. The CPO and VCO have higher amounts of Oleic acid, which acts as an additive and breaks up the interaction between the major fatty acids at higher temperatures, reducing the viscosity. Emissions of CO2 were lower while those of CO, NOx, and SO2 were higher with SVOs compared to diesel. The results indicate that the local SVOs are good and inexpensive substitute fuels for Vanuatu that can help the country meet the UN’s sustainable development goals.

Size-Dependent Crystalline and Magnetic Properties of 5–100 nm Fe ₃ O ₄ Nanoparticles: Superparamagnetism, Verwey Transition, and FeO–Fe ₃ O ₄ Core–Shell Formation

Due to their non-toxicity and their ability to be functionalized, magnetite (Fe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> ) nanoparticles (NPs) are good candidates for a variety of biomedical applications. To better implement their applications, it is crucial to well understand the basic structural and magnetic properties of the NPs in correlation with their synthesis method. Here, we show interesting properties of Fe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> NPs of various sizes ranging from 5 to 100 nm and the dependence of these properties on particle size and preparation method. One synthetic method based on heating Fe(acac) <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> with oleic acid consistently gives 5 ± 1 nm NPs. A second method using the thermal decomposition of Fe(oleate) <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> in oleic acid led to larger NPs, greater than 8 nm in size. Increasing the amount of oleic acid caused the average NP size to slightly increase from 8 to 10 nm. Increasing both the reaction temperature and the reaction time caused the NP size to drastically increase from 10 to 100 nm. Powder X-ray diffraction and electron-microscopy imaging show a pure single crystalline Fe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> phase for all NPs smaller than 50 nm and spherical in shape. When the NPs get larger than 50 nm, they notably tend to form faceted, FeO core-Fe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> shell structures. Magnetometry data collected in various field-cooling conditions show a pure superparamagnetic (SPM) behavior for all NPs smaller than 20 nm. The observed blocking temperature, TB, gradually increases with NP size from about 25-150 K. In addition, the Verwey transition is observed with the emergence of a strong narrow peak at 125 K in the magnetization curves when larger NPs are present. Our data confirm the vanishing of the Verwey transition in smaller NPs. Magnetization loops indicate that the saturating field drastically decreases with NP size. While larger NPs show some coercivity (H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> ) up to 30 mT at 400 K, NPs smaller than 20 nm show no coercivity (H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> = 0), confirming their pure SPM behavior at high temperature. Upon cooling below TB, some of the SPM NPs gradually show some coercivity, with H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> reaching 45 mT at 5 K for the 10 nm NPs, indicating emergent interparticle couplings in the blocked state.

Effects of forage finishing methods with alfalfa on cattle growth performance and beef carcass characteristics, eating quality, and nutrient composition

Over 2 yr, yearling steers (n = 200) were used to evaluate growth performance, carcass, meat quality, and nutrient composition traits as affected by management regimen comparing three methods of forage finishing (alfalfa pasture, hay, and silage) versus a high corn diet. Management regimen × year interactions (P &lt; 0.01) for average daily gain, dry matter intake, gain-to-feed, carcass weight, and grade fat were due to lower performance for hay-fed cattle in years 1 vs. 2. Carcass, meat quality, and taste panel traits were generally similar (P &gt; 0.10) across method of forage finishing. Trained taste panels found longissimus muscle from grain-fed beef to be more (P &lt; 0.01) tender, juicy, and flavourful than forage finished beef, with lower (P ≤ 0.05) ratings for tenderness and juiciness for hay- vs. silage-finished beef. Corn finished beef contained greater amounts of oleic and monounsaturated fatty acids and lower amounts of omega-3 and polyunsaturated fatty acids than forage finished beef (P ≤ 0.04). Although the method of forage finishing may not affect most performance, carcass, and meat quality (pH, colour, intramuscular fat content, and shear force) traits, there may be concerns with tenderness and juiciness for beef from cattle finished on alfalfa hay.

Identification of Fatty Acid, Lipid and Polyphenol Compounds from Prunus armeniaca L. Kernel Extracts.

Apart from its essential oil, Prunus armeniaca L. kernel extract has received only scarce attention. The present study aimed to describe the lipid and polyphenolic composition of the dichloromethane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts on the basis of hot extraction, performing analysis by gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. A total of 6 diacylglycerols (DAGs) and 18 triacylglycerols (TAGs) were detected as being present in all extracts, with the predominance of OLL (dilinoleyl-olein), OOL (dioleoyl-linolein), and OOO (triolein), with percentages ranging from 19.0–32.8%, 20.3–23.6%, and 12.1–20.1%, respectively. In further detail, the extraction with ethyl acetate (medium polarity solvent) gave the highest signal for all peaks, followed by chloroform and dichloromethane (more apolar solvent), while the extraction with ethanol (polar solvent) was the least efficient. Ethanol showed very poor signal for the most saturated TAGs, while dichloromethane showed the lowest percentages of DAGs. Accordingly, the screening of the total fatty acid composition revealed the lowest percentage of linoleic acid (C18:2n6) in the dichloromethane extract, which instead contained the highest amount (greater than 60%) of oleic acid (C18:1n9). Polyphenolic compounds with pharmacological effects (anti-tumor, anti-coagulant, and inflammatory), such as coumarin derivative and amygdalin, occurred at a higher amount in ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts.

Karpuz Çekirdeklerinin Bazı Kimyasal Özellikleri ve Kavurma İşleminin Karpuz Çekirdeği Yağının Oksidasyonu Üzerine Etkisi

Türkiye kuruyemiş üretimi ve tüketimi açısından dünyanın önde gelen ülkeleri arasında yer almakta ve birçok ürün kuruyemiş olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu ürünlerden biri de karpuz çekirdeğidir. Bu çalışmada Mardin, Diyarbakır ve Batman illerinden temin edilen ve çerezlik olarak tüketilen karpuz çekirdeklerinin bazı kimyasal bileşenleri belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca Batman ilinden temin edilen karpuz çekirdekleri 140, 160 ve 180°C‘de 60 dakika boyunca kavrulmuş ve kavurma işleminin karpuz çekirdeği yağının oksidatif stabilitesi üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Karpuz çekirdeklerinin kuru madde, kül, yağ, protein, toplam tokoferol ve toplam fenolik madde miktarlarının sırasıyla %95,39-95,58, %3,10-3,38, %51,65-52,75, %32,76-34,87, 360,12-393,16 mg/kg ve 427,75-478,80 mg GAE/kg yağsız kısım aralıklarında değiştiği tespit edilmiştir. Karpuz tohumlarının yağ asidi bileşimi incelendiğinde ise elzem yağ asidi olan linoleik asit açısından (%60,74) önemli bir kaynak olduğu ve oleik asidi de (%20,48) yüksek miktarda içerdiği belirlenmiştir. Yapılan çalışmada karpuz çekirdeklerinin yağ asidi bileşiminin kavurma işleminden etkilenmediği ve peroksit sayısının ise 1,57- 3,0 meq O2/kg yağ olarak dar bir aralıkta değiştiği gözlenmiştir. Buna karşın kavurma sıcaklığının, örneklerin peroksit değeri üzerindeki etkisi istatistik açıdan önemli bulunmuştur. K232 değerleri örneklerde kavurma süresince 2,54 ile 4,01 arasında değişirken, K268 değerleri ise 4,99 ile 5,04 arasında değişmiştir. 180°C‘de kavrulmuş örneklerin K232 ve K268 değerleri 140 ve 160°C‘de kavrulmuş olanlardan istatistiksel olarak farklı bulunmuştur. Çalışma sonucunda karpuz çekirdeklerinin elzem yağ asidi olan linoleik asidi önemli miktarlarda içerdiği ve kavurma işleminin yağ oksidasyon parametrelerinde düşük düzeylerde değişimlere neden olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Fatty Acids from Ganoderma lucidum Spores: Extraction, Identification and Quantification

Ganoderma lucidum is a rich and promising source of bioactive compounds capable of positively influencing the human health. For this reason, G. lucidum is the target of vigorous investigational activities, focusing on the extraction of substances with potential biomedical applications, as well as on the improvement of analytical methodologies for their screening. In the present study, three different extraction processes (i.e., extraction with n-hexane, in Soxhlet apparatus with n-hexane and reflux with chloroform) were employed to evaluate the lipid content of G. lucidum spores. The experimental data from the produced extracts were compared with ones from the commercial liquid extract obtained with supercritical CO2 extraction of G. lucidum spores. To achieve this goal, the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methodology was optimized for an accurate and reliable identification and quantification of fatty acids in triglycerides of G. lucidum spores. Significant amounts of oleic and palmitic acids were found in the examined extracts. In particular, our findings show that economical and convenient extraction procedures, which are simple, low cost and no need for expensive tools, allow to produce extracts with a lipid composition similar to the one obtained with hard strategies of extraction.