Amount Of Limestone Research Articles

Characteristics of Limestone 15% Mixed Cement Mortar according to Cement Fineness and Clinker Types

If the amount of limestone used as a mixing material is increased instead of the amount of clinker used, it may affect the cement mechanical performance, and there is a lack of research on applying limestone mixed cement to mortar. Therefore, in this study, the characteristics of limestone 15% mixed cement mortar were analyzed according to cement fineness and clinker types. As a result of measuring the flow and setting time of limestone mixed cement mortar, as the cement fineness and C<sub>3</sub>S content increased, the flow decreased and the setting time was shortened. As a result of measuring the heat of microhydration, the secondary peak value tended to increase as the cement fineness and C<sub>3</sub>S content increased. The compressive strength of the test specimen using cement powder level of 4500 ± 100 cm<sup>2</sup>/g and clinker with high C<sub>3</sub>S content on days 1, 3, 7, and 28 was 140%, 124.2%, 115.3%, and 101.6%, respectively, compared to plain. The compressive strength was high at 1, 3, and 7 days, and a similar tendency was observed at the 28-day compressive strength. Therefore, it is believed that increasing the fineness and C<sub>3</sub>S content of cement is effective in improving compressive strength.

Utilization of Limestone to Effect on Physical - Mechanical Properties of Fired Clay Brick

Abstract Limestone wastes have accumulated in large quantities in countries all over the world. To reduce this materials this work is presented. The goal of this paper is to study the influence of limestone powder on the physical and mechanical of fired clay bricks. It is as replacement of clay, varying the limestone content 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt %. The water / soil ratio is constant 0.3. Three stages of firing are presented to achieve the maximum temperature. The first one is 300 °C and the second one is 600 °C and the last one is 900 °C. Results for the physical properties are showed an increasing of water absorption of clay brick specimens with the limestone content increased, in addition the efflorescence is increased. However, the density and firing shrinkage are decreased with limestone quantity. For the mechanical properties, the results indicate that the clay brick specimens with higher limestone 20 %, showed a decrease in compressive strength and flexural bending strength.

Modelling the Relations of Rheological Characteristics with Composition of Plaster Mortar.

The rheological properties of fresh plaster mortars, with varied contents of porous fillers and polymer admixtures, have been studied. The quantities of fine limestone and expanded perlite, and dosages of methyl hydroxy ethyl cellulose and ethylene vinyl acetate were varied in the experiment. Effective viscosity (at a shear rate from 0.045 to 5.705 s−1) and the thixotropy of the mixes were determined with rotational viscometer for 18 compositions (according to the design of the experiment). Each of the 18 viscosity curves were described with the Ostwald–de-Waele equation. The Experimental–Statistical models describing the dependencies of the parameters of the rheological model and of mix thixotropy on the composition factors were built on the obtained data. ES-models have allowed the individual and synergetic effects of mix components on the rheological characteristics to be evaluated. The expanded perlite powder can increase the viscosity by two times, probably due to its pozzolanic effect increasing the content of the CSH phase during cement hydration. The thixotropy can be increased by the quantity of limestone. The computational experiments with ES-models have made it possible for the information set, without a noticeable interrelation between rheological characteristics, to be stratified into subsets, in which such interrelations differ significantly.

Sustainable Development on Ferrock Mortar Cubes

Concrete, after water across the world, the second most broadly utilized material involving 8-10% of all yields of CO2, is predominantly because of cement. This project ultimately aims to determine the potential use of Ferrock as an exceptional replacement for cement in concrete compared with other alternative alternatives. It is a steel-based restraining compound used to form a carbon-negative structure substance utilizing waste material absorbents. The iron residue (an iron business loss) that would end in sites somehow alongside small quantities of limestone, metakaolin, and fly ash is being used to make this an efficient substance. Our research focuses unexpectedly on their commitment to carbon dioxide contamination, energy use, water use, the ecologic impact of ordinary Portland cement and Ferrock (limestone 8%, metakaolin 12%, fly ash 20%, and iron residue 60%). By subtitling concrete with Ferrock in fluctuating proportions of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% in solid, we attempt to find the ideal proportion of substitution, which, along with sustainability, would boost wanted outcomes for both (compressive and divided tensile). In all this proportion, the test result shows 10% is more efficient than others.

Experimental study on optimum proportioning of Portland cements, limestone, metakaolin, and fly ash for obtaining quaternary cementitious composites

This paper presents an experimental study, along with a multi-objective optimum of quaternary composite pastes that contain limestone, metakaolin, and fly ash using a response surface methodology. First, the three factors and three levels of the Box–Behnken design were used in a combination of quaternary composite pastes. The maximum limits of limestone, metakaolin, and fly ash are 10%, 15%, and 30%, respectively. Experimental studies around the workability, strength, hydration heat, electrical resistivity, and hydration products were carried out for these composite pastes. The experimental results were evaluated using a second-order polynomial model. The results show that with the increasing of the mineral admixtures, the flow, compressive strength, heat of hydration, and CO2 emission decrease, and the electrical resistivity is an exponential function as an amount of limestone and metakaolin. Moreover, XRD analysis of the changes in the carboaluminate peaks proved the synergistic effect between metakaolin, fly ash, and limestone. In addition, a multi-objective optimum design was carried out for the material design of composite pastes based on a composite desirability function. The optimum design objectives were aimed at 28-day compressive strength and flow, low CO2 emission and heat of hydration, and high resistivity. The trends of numerous qualities of optimal combinations are in agreement according to the experimental results. Multi-objective optimum design is essential for designing composite pastes that consider strength, workability, ecosystem, thermal performance, and durability.

Liming legacy effects associated with the world's largest soil liming and regreening program in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada

Limestone is a common amendment used to counteract soil acidity and metal pollution. Understanding the legacy effects of a one-time soil limestone application and subsequent afforestation is needed to evaluate the long-term success of remediation efforts. In this study, soil and tree chemistry were measured across 15 limed sites that were treated and planted 14 to 37 years ago in Sudbury, Ontario, along with two untreated sites. Soil pH and exchangeable base cation (calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg)) concentrations were generally elevated especially in surface organic [FH] horizons up to 37-years post limestone treatment. High site-to-site variation however, obscured clear patterns over time and base cation mass budgets were generally unable to account for the mass of added Ca and Mg. Metal partitioning (Kd) in soil was most influenced by soil pH rather than organic matter (OM) showing that metal availability increases as liming effects fade. This study shows that the legacy effects of soil liming can persist for several decades and are most apparent in the forest floor (FH), but legacy effects are quite modest, and it is likely that a considerable amount of limestone has been lost through erosion.

The mechanical properties of limestone as an aggregate on high strength concrete

The construction of multi-stories buildings is increasing rapidly. In concrete construction, various studies and innovations have been carried out in order to obtain high strength concrete. The use of limestone either as a substitute for fine aggregate, as a substitute for coarse aggregate or as a substitute for fine aggregate and even coarse aggregate in a concrete mixture is still lacking. In South Sulawesi, large quantities of limestone are found in several regencies. Enrekang Regency is one with considerable limestone potential which is about 74.75 km2 or an estimated geological of 3.7 billion cubic meters. Most limestone is made into split stones that can be used as construction materials. Limestone can be processed into split or powder which can be used as a replacement for sand in concrete mixture. The results of the concrete at 28 days with a mixture of natural sand as fine aggregate and limestone split as coarse aggregate, w/c ratio of 0.20 produced a value of f’c = 59.26 MPa. ft = 4.51 MPa (0.61 √f’c), and fr = 7.18 MPa (0.93 √f’c). The average modulus of elasticity at 28 days with a mixture of limestone powder as fine aggregate and limestone split as coarse aggregate produced a value of Ec = 46960.25 MPa (6325 √f’c) with Poisson’s ratio υ = 0.3847.

Modeling of Cement Activity Increase by Dispersed Mineral Additives

Obtaining high-strength and ultra-high-strength concrete is a priority research area in construction sciences. Since cement is the main component responsible for the strength of cement conglomerates, increasing its activity is an urgent task. Authors considered the possibility of increasing the compressive strength of hardened cement by introducing dispersed mineral additives (diopside and limestone), which are mining wastes. Multiple regression models were proposed for various periods and modes of cement hardening that describe the dependence of cement strength on the composition and amount of mineral additives. The linear and non-linear regression coefficients were calculated using the least squares method. Statistical analysis of models was fulfilled. Equations’ verification included checking the adequacy of calculated values of cement strength to actually measured. In order to determine the mineral additive composition that would pro-vide the greatest cement strength for corresponding hardening conditions, an optimization (maximization) procedure was performed for equations. In addition, the residuals of regression equations were investigated. The study confirmed that the dispersion of measurement errors was constant, so that the Gauss-Markov conditions were satisfied, and the factors included in the model (the amount of diopside and the amount of lime-stone) adequately describe the physical process of cement hardening. In order to visualize research results, surface plots and isoline plots for the dependence of cement strength on additives for linear and nonlinear models are presented in the article.

Studying lithology, oil bearing content and reservoir properties in Miocene rocks in Hovsan field based on geophysical well logging

As a result of geophysical survey in Hovsan field it was revealed that Miocene sediment rocks consist of the alternation of sand and aleurite clays and a small amount of limestone. The clay is predominantly grey, solid sands and aleurites are small-grained. In the geophysical logging survey it was defined that the oil is basically accumulated in the sands and aleurites. Alongside with industrial oil in the well No 1879, a great amount of gas has been obtained as well. The porosity in Miocene rocks in the well No 1867 is equal to 24 % and it fluctuates between 6 and 30 % in the well No 1879, the permeability in both wells varies up to 10 mkm2.

Influence of Crystallization Admixture on Mechanical Parameters and Microstructure of Polymer-Cement Mortars with Waste Limestone

Many years of experience in practice not only in the Czech Republic but also around the world have shown that crystallising waterproofing technology (mortars, coatings) improves the water and water-vapor impermeability of the treated structures and thus positively affects the durability of concrete. The sealing of pores, capillaries and cracks also prevents degradation due to physical and mechanical structural actions (e.g. the effects of ice and salts in pores, etc.). In the presented research, the influence of different crystallization admixture (CA) contents on the mechanical properties of polymer-cement mortar with 24% cement substitution by waste limestone was investigated. The crystallization admixture (CA) was added in different amounts at 0.8, 1.6 and 2.4% of the cement content in the mix. It was determined that the mechanical properties, namely the compressive and flexural strengths were not significantly influenced by the CA addition, with the highest difference recorded in the compressive strength (7%). The cohesion with the base concrete containing different amounts of limestone was sufficient, and the bond of the mortar to concrete was also closely examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Through the SEM investigation it was determined that the presence of waste limestone of particle size below 250 μm did not affect the formation of crystals during the proper hydration process, in a climatic chamber at a high relative humidity (99%).

Intelligent Cultivating using Internet of Things

Agricultural productivity along with good nutrition plays a major role in addressing human health. The major source of nutrients for the growth of plants is soil.. The three main nutrients needed by plants are Phosphorus (P),Nitrogen (N) and silver-white element (K) square which are combined and made them into a single name thetrio(NPK). Other important nutrients are calcium, magnesium, and sulphur. Smart Agriculture helps in identifying the nutrient contents present in the soil and also thereby increase the crop yield. The proposed work helps farmers to identify the nutrient contents present in the soil and also helps farmers to identify the type of crops that can be grown on the soil. An automated system can be developed for detecting moisture level, temperature, humidity, pH level in the soil. It also notifies the farmer with an alert message in case of fire. These values are obtained from individual sensors and they are sent to the cloud using Wi-Fi module. Using the API (Application Programming Interface) keys those values are transferred to the mobile application, through which the farmers can monitor their crops remotely. This mobile application also helps the farmers by suggesting a different type of crops that can be grown based on the pH level of the soil. It also suggests the farmers with the amount of limestone and sulphur to be added in the soil in order to raise or lower the pH value by 2.

Mapping vanished mountain shapes – The struggle between limestone mining and establishing a natural park at Mount Bukō –

Abstract. This report searches for the Japanese view of beauty and nature through a study of the mapping of the transformation of a mountain’s shape. A normal map primarily intends to express existing shapes, but this report maps the vanished shape of a mountain from the limestone mining of its slopes. This is done to consider how its vanished shape has impacted the Japanese view of beauty and nature. The mountain studied is Mount Bukō located in Chichibu City and Yokozemachi in Saitama Prefecture. Mount Bukō is suitable for limestone mining, and during the Edō Period, limestone was mined on this mountain to obtain material for mortar and fertilizer. In the Meiji Period, cement was used in Japan to construct buildings and surface roads, and limestone (raw material for cement) was produced and consumed in large quantities. During the Taishō Period, corporations started to mine vast quantities of limestone. At Mount Bukō, the shape of the mountain was heavily transformed by limestone mining (Figure 1,2).However, during the 1940s, Mount Bukō was mentioned as a candidate site for a national park. In 1957, the entire area – including the mining site – was designated the Saitama Prefectural Natural Park. Parks are designated in Japan in imitation of Europe and America, and their major purposes are to preserve beautiful scenery and serve as places for residents’ recreational activities. Thus, by the Meiji Period, national parks such as Nikko National Park (which includes the Tōshōgū Shrine) were already being designated. Considering the above historical background, the movement to designate Mount Bukō as a park can be understood as an effort to preserve its scenery and provide a place for residents’ activities. But limestone mining continues to transform the shape of the mountain as, for example, a total of roughly 6.99 million tons of limestone were mined on Mount Bukō in 2016. By analyzing the facts of this case, this study can portray the Japanese consciousness of the change of the shapes of mountains and clarify the nature of their view of beauty and nature in mountains.This paper reports on the preparation of a stereoscopic map based on topographical maps and photos created since the start of the Meiji Period, Chichibu fudasho temple drawings from the Edō Period, and the chronological mapping of the shape of the mountain before and since its designation as a park. Mapping using diverse source materials to represent exposed rock and landslides caused by limestone mining permits a detailed study that would be impossible based on topographical maps lacking contour lines, photographs, or drawings from one direction, primarily from the northern side of the mountain (Figure 3,4). This study shows which parts of the disappearing Mount Bukō are important to people and which parts of the remaining mountain shape they value highly. It also portrays the Japanese view of beauty and nature from a cultural perspective to aesthetically evaluate artificially formed “nature” as seen in temple gardens or bonsai.

Comprehensive Electric Arc Furnace Electric Energy Consumption Modeling: A Pilot Study

The electric arc furnace operation at the Štore Steel company, one of the largest flat spring steel producers in Europe, consists of charging, melting, refining the chemical composition, adjusting the temperature, and tapping. Knowledge of the consumed energy within the individual electric arc operation steps is essential. The electric energy consumption during melting and refining was analyzed including the maintenance and technological delays. In modeling the electric energy consumption, 25 parameters were considered during melting (e.g., coke, dolomite, quantity), refining and tapping (e.g., injected oxygen, carbon, and limestone quantity) that were selected from 3248 consecutively produced batches in 2018. Two approaches were employed for the data analysis: linear regression and genetic programming model. The linear regression model was used in the first randomly generated generations of each of the 100 independent developed civilizations. More accurate models were subsequently obtained during the simulated evolution. The average relative deviation of the linear regression and the genetic programming model predictions from the experimental data were 3.60% and 3.31%, respectively. Both models were subsequently validated by using data from 278 batches produced in 2019, where the maintenance and the technological delays were below 20 minutes per batch. It was possible, based on the linear regression and the genetically developed model, to calculate that the average electric energy consumption could be reduced by up to 1.04% and 1.16%, respectively, in the case of maintenance and other technological delays.

Maize Cannot Be Grown in Xiengkhouang Province?

During a 2005 visit with National Agricultural and Forestry Institute (NAFRI) Director, Dr. Kouang Doungsila issued a challenge to these authors to determine if it was true that crops could not be grown in the extensive uplands of Xiengkhouang Province, Laos PDR. In response, a two-phase series of experiments was proposed and implemented. The Phase I experiment was to bring soil from the Xiengkhouang province uplands to a NAFRI greenhouse near Vientiane to assess possible nutrient requirements using a nutrient omission experiment. Simultaneously, soils were collected and analyzed from seven recognized agricultural regions of Laos. The initial Vientiane greenhouse experiment indicated that maize did grow, but there were multiple issues of extreme soil acidity and clear deficiencies of phosphorus and other nutrients. Phase II of the study included field studies on the site of soil selected for the greenhouse study. Field experiments were carried out for two years at the site with yields of maize exceeding 5500 kg⋅ha−1 in the first year and exceeding 6250 kg⋅ha−1 in a subsequent year. Intense symptoms of nutrient zinc (Zn) deficiency were observed, however. In 2008 another experiment was designed and carried out that included a Zn variable. The results from that experiment confirmed that maize yields nearing 6000 kg⋅ha−1 were indeed possible. Substantial amounts of lime were needed to correct the strong soil acidity, and a series of other nutrients including N, P, K, and Zn were also required. Ongoing issues are where to obtain the extensive amounts of limestone needed as well as an evaluation of the residual effect of the limestone The finely ground, very reactive burnt lime residual effect was, as expected, short-lived. The results clearly demonstrated that, indeed, it was possible for maize to be produced in the extensive uplands of Xiengkhouang province, in answer to Director Khouang’s challenging question.

Enhancement of limestone mineral identification using Hyperion imagery: a case study from Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu, South India

Hyperspectral remote sensing consolidates imaging and spectroscopy in a solitary system which frequently comprises big datasets and necessitates the novel processing methods. In the present study, Cheranmadevi Block of Tirunelveli District in Tamil Nadu is selected to extract the abundant limestone mineral. Hyperion is one of the freely available hyperspectral imagery containing 242 spectral bands with 10-nm intervals in the wavelength between 400 and 2500 nm. The main objectives of the present research work are to enhance the imagery visualization, end member extraction, and classification, and estimate the abundant limestone quantity by removing the striping error in Hyperion imagery. The scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis is performed to identify the chemical composition of limestone mineral. The spectral reflectance of limestone is characterized using analytical spectral devices like a field spectroradiometer. Limestone has deep absorption in the short-wave infrared region (1900–2500 nm) around 2320–2340 nm due to their calcite composition (CaCO3). The feature extraction in Hyperion data is performed using various preprocessing steps like bad bands removal, vertical strip removal, and radiance and reflectance creation. To improve the classification accuracy, vertical strip removal process is performed using a local destriping algorithm. The absolute reflectance is achieved by the atmospheric correction module using Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric Analysis of Hypercubes. The acquired reflectance image spectra are compared with the spectral libraries of USGS, JPL, and field spectra. Destriping enhances qualities of Hyperion data interims of the spectral profile, radiance, reflectance, and data reduction methods. The present research work focused on the local destriping algorithm to increase the quality and quantity of limestone deposit extraction.

The effect of alkaline earth carbonates on the microstructure and mechanical properties of impermeable and lightweight ceramics

Lightweight impermeable ceramic bodies were designed by combining pore templating and controlled viscous sintering through in-situ crystallization. Various amounts of limestone were added to a glass-fluxed low-temperature stoneware tile formulation. Closed porosity was created by decomposition of carbonates prior to sintering, thus leaving voids that were not completely filled by the viscous melt. The resulting oxides chemically modified the liquid phase and promoted the crystallization of β-wollastonite, diopside and anorthite. Hence, viscous sintering was affected. The addition of limestone brought on several advantages: the temperature of maximum sintering rate was decreased (<900 °C); the dimensional stability range was extended; the matrix was reinforced by newly-formed crystals that compensated for the global structure weakening evoked by increased porosity; an increase in whiteness was observed in concomitance to crystallization, reaching values only obtained when using zircon as opacifier (L*=87).

Hybrid adsorbent prepared from renewable lignin and waste egg shell for SO2 removal: Characterization and process optimization

The lignin (L) precipitated from black liquor was mixed with eggshell (ES) and followed by carbonization to prepare a hybrid porous adsorbent. The performance of removing of trace sulphur dioxide (SO2) from the air at room temperature was investigated. The optimization and statistical work was conducted by using the central composite design (CCD) together with the response surface methodology (RSM). Among the investigated operational parameters, the effect of carbonization temperature was found to be the most significant to the performance of SO2 removal by the prepared hybrid adsorbent. With an increase of carbonization temperature, the specific surface area increased appreciably reaching 130 m2.g−1 at 800 °C (L-ES-50-800-50). XRD analysis indicates the crystallite phase transition from calcite (CaCO3) to limestone (CaO) with an increase of carbonization temperature. The FT-IR study indicates the disappearance of out-plane vibration peaks of C-O from CaCO3 and gradual appearance of peaks from Ca-O of limestone on the surface of prepared hybrid material as an increase of carbonization temperature. The increased specific surface area and amount of limestone in the prepared hybrid adsorbent are found to contribute to the increased SO2 removal by the prepared hybrid adsorbent. The final optimal preparation condition was determined using RSM by setting maximum SO2 removal performance as optimization goal. The optimal preparation conditions achieved were: 50% = L/(L + ES), carbonized at 800 °C for the duration of 50 min. The prepared hybrid adsorbent at the optimal preparation condition showed excellent SO2 removal performances in both wet and dry conditions.

Morphological adaptations of signal grass in response to liming and cutting severities

Changes in morphological composition and in the plant population were evaluated during late spring, summer and autumn, in swards of Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk in response to liming (C0.0, without liming; C0.7, limestone amount equivalent to 0.7 ton ha-1; and C1.0, limestone amount equivalent to 1.0 ton ha-1), which were subjected to severe or lenient cutting (40 or 60% of the pre-cutting height, respectively). Increased limestone doses did not result in higher herbage mass (HM), leaf area index (LAI) or proportion of leaves (%L) in the pre-harvest. However, lower proportion of dead material was registered in C0.7 treatment. The treatments C0.0 e C0.7 had higher %L during late spring and summer when associated to severe cutting regimes (R40%), although they reached the pre-harvest condition with lower HM and longer regrowth periods compared to lenient cuttings. The Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk modifies its shoot architecture during the growth season, indicating that lower pre-harvest heights are required during autumn. The absence of liming led to a sharp decreasing of base saturation and levels of K, Ca and Mg in the soil. The minimum annual amount of limestone required for B. decumbens correspond to 0.7 ton ha-1.

Mineralogical stabilization of Ternesite in Belite Sulfo-Aluminate Clinker elaborated from limestone, shale and phosphogypsum

This paper investigates the mineralogical evolution of sulfoaluminate clinker elaborated from moroccan prime materials limestone, shale and phosphogypsum as a byproduct from phosphoric acid factories. The advantage of the production of this type of clinker is related to the low clinkerisation temperature which is known around 1250°C, and to less consumption quantity of limestone thus enabling less CO2 emissions during the decarbonation process compared to that of Portland cement. In this study we determine the stability conditions of belite sulfoaluminate clinker containing belite (C2S) ye’elimite (C4A3$) and ternesite (C5S2$). The hydration compounds of this clinker are also investigated. The monitoring of the synthesized and hydrated phases is performed by X-Ray Diffraction and Infrared spectroscopy. The results show the formation of ternesite at 800°C and the stabilization of clinker containing y’elminite, belite and ternesite at temperatures between 1100 and 1250°C.

Mineralogical stabilization of Ternesite in Belite Sulfo-Aluminate Clinker elaborated from limestone, shale and phosphogypsum

This paper investigates the mineralogical evolution of sulfoaluminate clinker elaborated from moroccan prime materials limestone, shale and phosphogypsum as a byproduct from phosphoric acid factories. The advantage of the production of this type of clinker is related to the low clinkerisation temperature which is known around 1250°C, and to less consumption quantity of limestone thus enabling less CO2 emissions during the decarbonation process compared to that of Portland cement. In this study we determine the stability conditions of belite sulfoaluminate clinker containing belite (C2S) ye’elimite (C4A3$) and ternesite (C5S2$). The hydration compounds of this clinker are also investigated. The monitoring of the synthesized and hydrated phases is performed by X-Ray Diffraction and Infrared spectroscopy. The results show the formation of ternesite at 800°C and the stabilization of clinker containing y’elminite, belite and ternesite at temperatures between 1100 and 1250°C.