Amount Of Sugar Research Articles

Chemical characterization of the brown seaweed Cystoseira compressa collected from the Algerian coast: a promising source for biostimulant metabolites

This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition of the brown seaweed Cystoseira compressa collected from the Algerian coast, focusing on phytohormone, amino acid, and sugar ­profiles. LC-MS/MS analysis of the amino acid profile revealed high levels of L-alanine (23.10 mg/100g extract), L-glutamic acid (19.75 mg/100g extract), and L-aspartic acid (14.53 mg/100g extract), HPLC analysis identified key phytohormones, with zeatin (243.96 mg/100g extract) being the most abundant. Significant quantities of essential sugars, including arabinose (4002 mg/100g extract) and sucrose (3667 mg/100g extract), were also detected. The findings of this research deepen our understanding of key metabolites in Cystoseira compressa that support plant growth and nutrition and suggest a significant potential for developing seaweed-based biostimulants, emphasising the value of using marine resources to improve agricultural practices.

Sensory and Quality Evaluation of Sesame (Sesamum indicum) Seed-Based Salad Cream

Sensory and quality evaluation provides information on consumers’ perception and nutritional composition of a food product. This study was carried out to determine the nutritional composition, viscosity and sensory qualities of sesame seed-based salad cream containing varied quantities of acetic acid and sugar. Preliminary sensory evaluation using the Hedonic test was carried out on 12 samples to obtain 3 best products for analyses. Proximate, vitamin, mineral salt, fatty acid, amino acid composition and viscosity were determined using standard methods. A Preliminary sensory evaluation showed that sesame seed-based salad cream containing 0% acetic acid and 6% sugar, 2% acetic acid and 6% sugar, and 4% acetic acid and 4% sugar were the first three preferred products. Proximate analysis showed that the sesame seed-based salad cream samples had high fat content and low moisture and protein content. The samples had higher vitamin B3, copper, iron, zinc, and manganese contents. The essential fatty acid, aspartate, and asparagine contents of the samples were significantly different (P<0.05) from the commercial sample. The viscosity of the samples decreased with increasing shear rate, depicting a pseudoplastic behaviour. No significant difference (P>0.05) was observed in the organoleptic properties of all the samples evaluated.

Insights on the nutritional ecology of a nocturnal pollinating insect.

Nutritional ecology examines the environmental effects on nutritional needs, food intake and foraging behaviors, and the use of nutrients ingested by animals. Adults of many insects' species feed on nectars rich in sugars allowing them to match the nutritional needs necessary for reproduction. Among insects, Lepidoptera are often considered opportunistic foragers that visit a wide variety of available flowers, although with some preferences. While nutritional ecology of diurnal Lepidoptera is beginning to be explored, very little work focuses on nocturnal species because they are complicated to study in the wild. To address this, we used new laboratory approaches to study feeding behaviors (number and duration of visits to artificial flowers, food preferences associated with the texture and odors of the flowers) as well as gustatory detection by antennae (proboscis extension reflex) in the male crop pest moth Agrotis ipsilon. We showed that (i) food responsiveness is age-dependent and increases mainly with sugar quantity and marginally with sugar quality, (ii) diet quality impacts feeding behaviors in the first days of adulthood, and (iii) male moths choose their food through floral cues. Taken together, these data allow to define this species as a generalist forager with a preference for flowers with sugary nectars rich in sucrose, fructose, and glucose. Our results thus provide considerable information on the close links between food sources and nutritional ecology in this species, which is important for guiding future studies on their behavioral ecology, population dynamics, as well as for population monitoring and for regional pest management.

Effects of Lignocellulosic Biomass-Derived Hydrolysate Inhibitors on Cell Growth and Lipid Production During Microbial Fermentation of Oleaginous Microorganisms—A Review

For efficient production of microbial lipids also known as single cell oil (SCO), selection of favorable growth conditions including the substrate for maximum conversion into storage lipids is imperative. Utilization of lignocellulosic biomass for microbial oil production is a promising approach as it is renewable, sustainable, and available in abundance, with a significant quantity of fermentable sugars. Because of their intricate structure and biomolecular composition, lignocellulosic substrates exhibit high recalcitrance and demand specific pretreatments to release the fermentable sugars. However, pretreating the lignocellulosic substrate not only produces assimilable sugars but also various fermentation inhibitors that can significantly impede microbial growth and/or lipogenesis. Therefore, in this review, we discuss different inhibitors present in the lignocellulosic hydrolysates, and the impact on oleaginous microbial growth and metabolic activity, particularly concerning lipid production. Furthermore, the mode of inhibition of the various inhibitors and potential strategies to detoxify these are discussed in this review.

Diurnal fluctuations in the content of soluble sugars and the expression of the TAI and LIN6 invertase genes and the STP1 sugar transporter gene in the leaves of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

The content of hexoses (fructose, glucose) essential for the fruit of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is regulated by the joint activity of sucrose hydrolysis enzymes (including invertases), invertase inhibitors, and sugar transporters. In addition to fruit taste, soluble sugars are closely related to the stress resistance of the tomato plant. In this work, we determined the diurnal dynamics of the content of soluble sugars (sucrose, fructose and glucose) and the expression of genes for sucrose hydrolysis enzymes (vacuolar invertase TAI, cell wall invertase LIN6) and the hexose transporter (STP1) in the leaves of the tomato variety Korneevsky. It was shown that both the amount of sugars and the level of transcripts of the TAI, LIN6 and STP1 genes depend on the circadian rhythm and correspond to the biological processes occurring in the plant at different periods of the day. The content of sucrose and hexoses changes in a similar way during the day. At the beginning of the light phase, the concentration of sugars is minimal, at the end it has the highest daily values; at the beginning of the dark phase, it shows a residual increase and then decreases towards the end of the phase. In silico analysis of organ-specific expression of TAI, LIN6 and STP1 in S. lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom showed the presence of mRNA of all three genes in all tissues. The TAI gene was expressed most strongly in ripe fruits, while the level of LIN6 and STP1 transcripts was extremely low. The level of TAI mRNA in the leaves was ~2 times higher than that of LIN6 and ~27 times higher than that of STP1. Analysis using qRT-PCR of the diurnal dynamics of TAI, LIN6 and STP1 expression in the cv. Korneevsky leaves showed that all three genes were expressed at all points analyzed. Fluctuations in their expression levels occur in a similar manner: mRNA levels reach peak values in the middle of the light and dark phases. The results obtained are important for understanding the functions of invertases and sugar transporters in the tomato plant, and can be used in predicting the stress resistance of plants in tomato breeding.

Diabetes Mellitus: Types, Complications and Ways of Treatment

The primary aim of this study is to investigate the types of Diabetic diseases, their characteristics and impact on lives, further complications and ways of treatment. Diabetes is a dangerous disease in which the body cannot properly control the amount of sugar in your blood because it does not have enough insulin. Also known as Diabetes mellitus (DM), it is the most common manifestation of glucose metabolism alterations, and it is both a cardiovascular risk factor and a cardiovascular disease per se. It is associated with long-term micro and macrovascular complications. There are several different types of diabetes: Type 2 Diabetes, Type 1 Diabetes, Diabetes Insipidus, and Gestational Diabetes. This paper evaluates all ranges of the diseases and provides an important array of information with regard to Diabetes.

Factors influencing the Knight and Allen EDTA invert sugar test method for white sugars

Monitoring sugar quality is crucial to many industries. Rapid and accurate methods are needed which are not expensive and complex, and which can be carried out by relatively inexperienced technical staff anywhere in the world. This paper is concerned with aspects of the physical experimental conditions of the Knight and Allen test for the determination of trace mass fractions, up to 0.05 g/100 g, of ‘invert sugar’ (dextrose and fructose) in purified sugar (i.e. sucrose). It is an ICUMSA® standard Method, GS2-5 (2011), that is used across the whole sugar producing industry many times daily. The test is a titration method using a calibrated alkaline cupric sulphate, Fehling’s solution, which is a deep blue complex solution of salts. If invert sugar is present and the solution heated, the invert sugars react with some of the cupric solution and the copper is thrown down as a brick-red precipitate. Sucrose has no effect on Fehling’s solution. Any excess unreacted cupric ions are then titrated with standardised EDTA solution with murexide as indicator and the amount of invert sugar is reliably deduced. In this paper the essential science of the method and then effects of various variables of boiling time, size of tubes, weight of sample, titration volume and the addition of the indicator are examined. In the future automated potentiometric end point determinations may become possible, but in the meantime this paper will be useful for laboratory operators to gain procedural confidence and accuracy with this test and hone their experimental technique.

Salt Stress and Tomato Resilience: From Somatic to Intergenerational Priming Memory

To ameliorate plants’ response to environmental stresses, seed priming can be a useful tool; it consists of the pre-exposure of the seeds to mild stress, which improves plant adaptation to future exposure to adverse growth conditions. In our previous studies, seed priming with polyamines (2.5 mM putrescine, 2.5 mM spermine, and 2.5 mM spermidine) and salt acclimation have been proven to be an effective treatment in enhancing salt tolerance of tomato cultivars since they induced a better physiological response to salt stressful condition. The persistence of the memory of the first (priming) stress and retrieval of such remembered information upon exposure to later new stress play an important role in the applicability of seed priming in agriculture. Therefore, the aim of this work was the detection of the persistence of a stress memory induced by polyamine priming in tomatoes. Primed and not-primed seeds were stored at +4 °C for 2 years after the original priming treatment; then, germinated seeds were sown in non-saline soil and irrigated with 80 and 160 mM NaCl salt solutions until fruit production. The results confirm the increase in salt tolerance in primed plants compared to not-primed ones, indicating the presence of long-term somatic memory. In comparison with not primed, the primed plants produced better quality fruits, i.e., higher weight, water content, and higher amount of carotenoids, soluble sugars, and phenols. To determine if the memory can be inherited by the offspring, seeds were then collected from primed and not-primed plants (generation G1), and further experiments were undertaken by growing G1 plants under the same irrigation regime as the parental generation. After 45 days of growth, both antioxidants and osmolyte amounts were enhanced, leading to an improvement in the tolerance to saline conditions in the offspring of primed plants and confirming the results already observed in the parental generation. These results demonstrate, for the first time, the presence of both long-term somatic and intergenerational priming memory in tomatoes and may pave the pathway to future agricultural application of seed priming.

Influence of drought stress on the metabolite and ion composition in nectar and nectaries of different day- and night-flowering Nicotiana species.

The frequencies of droughts worldwide will increase in the future due to climate changes. Nectar composition of plant species varies in relation to pollinator and can also be influenced by drought. We investigated both different pollinated species and the effects of drought in parallel. In addition, the influence of drought on nectar production and metabolism in nectaries should be investigated, since very little is currently known about this. The influence of drought stress on nectaries, nectar and leaves of 4 day- and night-flowering Nicotiana species (pollinated by sunbirds, hummingbirds, hawkmoths or bats) were investigated. The nectar volume, as well as metabolite concentrations (sugars, amino acids), inorganic ions and starch were measured. PCA and PERMANOVA were applied to determine the relative importance of different drought conditions on metabolism of nectaries and nectar. Drought stress led to changes in composition of nectaries and nectar in all four Nicotiana species. The day-flowering species had relatively similar changes, whereas the night-flowering species differed from these and also from each other. Quantities of sugars, amino acids and inorganic ions per flower decreased sharply in all Nicotiana species because of a strong decrease in nectar volume. Drought stress not only compromises plant growth but also nectar secretion and composition. These changes are likely to affect plant-pollinator interactions and may negatively impact successful pollination.

Implementasi Metode Pictorial Representation untuk Mengurangi Konsumsi Gula, Garam dan Lemak sebagai Upaya Mewujudkan Generasi Sehat Indonesia Unggul

This community service aims to help elementary school children to know and measure the amount of sugar, salt, and fat (GGL) consumption through the implementation of the Pictorial Representation method as an effort to create a healthy generation and a superior Indonesia. Community service activities were carried out at the elementary school level because elementary school-aged children are in a period of growth that requires sufficient nutritional intake. The method of implementing this service used counseling and demonstration. Participants involved in this activity amounted to 50 people from grades 3, 4, and 5 of SDN 61 Talang Babat, Jambi Province. Evaluation of activities was carried out using a questionnaire and analyzed descriptively. The results of this community service showed that there was an increase in knowledge in students and they were able to measure GGL and healthy food consumption every day. In addition, students could understand well about the types of food and food groups. The implications of this activity are expected to be continued by teachers, especially those on duty in the UKS.

The impact of energy drinks on health of children and young adults - review of latest research

Introduction and purpose Consumption of energy drinks has become popular all over the world. Energy drinks are non-alcoholic beverages that contain large amounts of caffeine, sugar, and substances like vitamins, taurine, ginseng, creatine, and guarana. The aim of our research is to present the latest data on impact of energy drinks on health of children, adolescents, and young adults. Description of the state of knowledge Regular consumption of energy drinks is associated with numerous adverse health effects. The main areas of impact are the cardiovascular system and the nervous system. High concentrations of caffeine - the main ingredient in energy drinks can lead to increased heart rate, increased blood pressure and heart rhythm disorders. Consuming energy drinks leads to hypertension and increased cardiovascular risk. In addition, energy drinks can cause sleep disorders, anxiety and hyperactivity. Energy drinks are characterized by a high sugar content, which promotes obesity, type 2 diabetes and tooth decay. Materials and methods Systematic literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar databases to obtain most accurate and recent results. The key words included ,,energy drinks”, ,,children”, ,,health”,,cardiovascular system” and ,,caffeine.” Conclusions This review provides further evidence that consumption of energy drinks by children and adolescents is associated with many adverse effects for physical and mental health. Mainly predisposed systems are cardiovascular and nervous. Further research is needed, with emphasis on maintaining ethics, to determine long-term effects of Energy Drinks use in these populations.

Assessment of Diabetes Knowledge Among The Government Employees of Tamil Nadu

The active management of type 2 diabetes, a metabolic disorder, entails not only the use of supplements but also patient awareness of the need to make significant lifestyle changes. It's expected that those who understand hypoglycemia better would continue to control their blood sugar amounts. Diabetes awareness among Tamil Nadu government employees was assessed using the Diabetes awareness Questionnaire (DKQ). A cross-sectional research of Tamil Nadu government workers was carried out. Both sexes of subjects who were able to comprehend and finish interviews and were between the ages of 32 and 60 were recruited. Subjects who were unable of comprehending and filling out the forms and who were unwilling to participate were excluded. The investigation found that the population's understanding of diabetes was mediocre. A healthy diet and adequate exercise were not being followed by the majority of people. About 40% of parents in the population have diabetes. It may be possible to improve glycaemic management by increasing the understanding of diabetics. If a clinical pharmacist is involved with vigorous exercise and eating properly, this goal of increasing people's understanding of diabetes may be accomplished over time.

Effect of growing temperature on root carbohydrate content and postharvest asparagus tip breakdown.

Tip breakdown has been identified as the main issue causing deterioration in asparagus quality during storage; however, the underlying mechanisms responsible for its development are unknown. Previous work showed higher incidence of tip breakdown occurring later in the season, when growing temperature was higher. Spears from two growing conditions (cooler vs warmer) were harvested throughout the season to assess tip breakdown incidence and quality attributes (asparagine and non-structural carbohydrates) during storage, with the aim of enhancing understanding and identifying potential biomarkers of this physiological disorder. Root samples were also collected just after harvest to determine if storage root carbohydrate content was associated with a predisposition to tip breakdown. Rapid growth due to warmer temperatures (up to 45 °C) resulted in spears with lower sugar content and higher incidence of tip breakdown in comparison with cooler conditions. Asparagine slowly increased through the season (7 to 11 mg g-1 DW) with no differences between growing conditions, suggesting that it is not a biomarker for tip breakdown. Pre-season spears (warm temperature only) had double the amount of sugar in comparison with early season spears, with no incidence of tip breakdown despite an extended storage period (up to 18 days at 7 °C). Sugar concentration in roots was similar between growing conditions and between pre- and early season despite clear differences in spear sugar content. These results showed a strong positive link between cooler growing conditions, high spear sugar content, and low susceptibility to tip breakdown, which was not reflected in root sugar concentrations. However, further research is needed to understand the molecular mechanisms responsible for tip breakdown. © 2025 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Nectar traits and their responses to herbivory in Solidago altissima as a dominant introduced flowering herb in Japan

AbstractThis study investigates the nectar characteristics of the tall goldenrod (Solidago altissima L.), an introduced dominant fall‐flowering herb in Japan. We found that the nectar volume of S. altissima peaked at approximately 13:00 before decreasing. Glucose and fructose were identified as the primary sugar components, followed by sucrose. The average sugar amount per panicle of naturally growing plants was estimated as 229.0 mg. Herbivory by the exotic lacebug (Corythucha marmorata) reduced the nectar volume per floret but did not affect the total sugar amount per floret. However, the sugar amount per panicle decreased substantially because C. marmorata reduced both the number of disc florets (i.e., nectar‐secreting florets) per head and the number of heads per panicle. Plant genotypes also influenced some nectar traits, interacting with the effects of herbivory. As the distribution of C. marmorata continues to expand across Japan, the nectar resources provided by S. altissima may be diminishing nationwide.

Estimation and Evaluation of The Antioxidant Enzymes Catalase,Glutathione-S-Transferees And lipid Patterns in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes in Basra Governorate – Iraq

Type 2 diabetes occurs primarily as a result of two interconnected problems. Cells in the muscles, fat, and liver become resistant to insulin. Because the cells do not interact normally with insulin, they do not absorb a sufficient amount of sugar, and thus the pancreas becomes unable to secrete a sufficient amount of insulin to control blood sugar levels. Since antioxidants have a role in treating diabetes by defending beta cells against oxidative stress, the current research was conducted to determine the levels of enzymatic antioxidants (Glutathione - S- Transferees (GST), Catalase (CAT)) and lipid profiles (cholesterol, lipids). Triglycerides and lipoproteins (HDL, VLDL, LDL) in the blood serum of patients with type 2 diabetes compared to healthy people in Basra Governorate - Iraq, according to age. The number of patients in the study was (51) disease cases, including (19 males - 32 females) and (40) In a healthy case (20 males - 20 females), it was found that there was a significant decrease at a significance level of P < 0.05 in the levels of (GST and CAT) in patients compared to healthy controls, and the decrease increases with age, while there was a significant increase at a significance level of (P < 0.01) in Levels of (TG, TC, VLDL, LDL) in patients compared to healthy people with age, while high-density lipoprotein (HDL). The current study showed that there are no statistically significant differences in patients and with age.

Positive association between foliar silicon and extrafloral nectar in Vicia faba with application of methyl jasmonate

Positive association between foliar silicon and extrafloral nectar in Vicia faba with application of methyl jasmonate

Improved photorespiration has a major impact on the root metabolome of Arabidopsis.

Photorespiration is an essential metabolic repair process in oxygenic photosynthesis, as it detoxifies Rubisco's inhibitory oxygenase byproduct, 2-phosphoglycolate (2-PG). It has been demonstrated that improving endogenous photorespiration in C3 plants through enzyme overexpression can enhance photosynthesis and promote plant growth. However, the potential impact of improved photorespiration in leaves on heterotrophic roots remained unexplored. To address this, we conducted a metabolome analysis of Arabidopsis leaves and roots using transgenic lines with enhanced glycine decarboxylase (GDC) activity, achieved by overexpressing the mitochondrial lipoamide dehydrogenase (mtLPD1) subunit. In the leaves, mtLPD1 overexpression primarily resulted in reduced steady-state levels of intermediates associated with photorespiration, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and soluble sugars, while intermediates related to nitrogen metabolism were elevated. In roots, where mtLPD1 expression was unchanged, we observed contrasting accumulation patterns in the transgenic lines compared to the wildtype, including increased levels of photorespiratory and TCA-cycle intermediates. Notably, we also detected elevated amounts of soluble sugars, nitrate, and starch. Phloem exudate analysis revealed altered metabolite profiles in the overexpressors, particularly with respect to photorespiratory intermediates linked to the GDC reaction, as well as soluble sugars and metabolites involved in cellular redox homeostasis. This suggested an increased transport of these metabolites from shoots to roots, thereby altering sink organ metabolism. In summary, we hypothesize that optimizing photorespiration enhances photosynthesis, which leads to an increased export of carbon surplus to heterotrophic tissues. Thus, improving photorespiration may hold potential for increasing yields in beet- and tuber-forming plants.

Comparison of front-of-package nutrition labelling schemes in Costa Rica: a multi-arm parallel-group randomised controlled trial assessing objective understanding and purchase intention

Comparison of front-of-package nutrition labelling schemes in Costa Rica: a multi-arm parallel-group randomised controlled trial assessing objective understanding and purchase intention

Ultrasound and Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.) Pomace: Analysis of Chemical Properties and Anticancer Activity.

Blackberries are seasonal berries that are processed into various products leaving a large amount of residues after processing, and therefore the most effective ways of utilising the residues need to be evaluated. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different extraction methods on the chemical content of blackberry pomace extracts from different cultivars and their effect on the viability of the Caco-2 colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line and CCD-18Co normal colon fibroblast cancer cells. Blackberry pomace from berries of the cultivars 'Polar', 'Orkan', and 'Brzezina' was extracted by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and a combination of these two extraction methods (MAE+UAE). The phenolic profile and the amount of organic acids and sugars were detected by HPLC. The spectrophotometric method was used to determine the amount of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and total anthocyanins. The cytotoxicity of the extracts was measured by the MTT assay. The chemical content of the extracts depends on the blackberry cultivar, the extraction method, and its interaction. Only the DPPH antioxidant activity did not depend on these factors and had no statistically significant differences between the different extracts. The extracts at a concentration of 5.0% increased the growth of both cancer cells, while the extracts at 1% and 2.5%, depending on the cultivar, reduced the growth of these cells. The MAE and UAE extracts of the 'Orkan' cultivar at concentrations of 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5% best inhibited the viability of Caco-2 cells. The extracts inhibited the growth of the Caco-2 cell line better than CCD-18Co normal colon fibroblasts.

A Sour Disposition: Alcohol and Drinking in The Little Ice Age

At a time before there were large quantities of sugar, salt or meat available to most Europeans, tastes such as sourness and bitterness predominated. Although Galenic medicine and its focus on bitterness in food and tinctures still dictated medical ideologies and practices, by the fourteenth century sourness came to define the European palate. The onset of the Little Ice Age helps explain the prevalence of sour tastes and flavours particularly in wine, as the grapes simply would not ripen. Sourness and drunkenness went hand-in-hand and shaped ideas of gender and propriety as Europe began to shift out of feudalism and toward mercantilism and as people moved from the country into more urban spaces. Sourness also predominated at a time when individuals were beginning to question their civic and religious leaders and the role of the individual in society via the Reformation and Renaissance.