Organic Quantity Research Articles

Energy, economic and environmental feasibility of energy recovery from wastewater treatment plants in mountainous areas: A case study of gharyan city – LIBYA

Wastewater treatment facilities at high places can give chances for renewable and sustainable energy generation by putting hydroelectric turbines at the input and drain channels of wastewater treatment plants, and they can also use the sludge generated during the treatment process to make biogas, which can be used to generate power. Purified water is subsequently used to irrigate decorative plants along highways, in gardens, and in woods. The fermentation wastes are utilized as organic fertilizer to improve agricultural soil quality. At the Gharyan sewage station, a hybrid system consisting of a hydroelectric station and an electric generator powered by biogas is proposed in this research. This is because the city is distinguished by its high location, which is approximately 713 m above sea level. The results showed that the proposed system would provide an electric power of 490 kW, which is sufficient to cover 87.5% of the electrical energy consumption of the station. The amount of treated water is approximately 13,000 m3/day, and the amount of organic fertilizer is about 17 tons/day. The investment value is anticipated to be around $1,478,000, while the cost of producing a unit of electric energy is expected to be 2.83 ¢/kWh. This system's yearly net profit is predicted to be $307,765. The capital's recovery period is anticipated to be 3.44 years. The planned hybrid system will limit the discharge of an estimated 1,886 tons of CO2 gas each year.

Electricity from Wastewater Treatment Plants

Wastewater treatment plants that are located in high places can provide opportunities for generating sustainable energy, by installing hydroturbines at inlet and exit pipes of wastewater treatment plants, as well as exploiting the sludge resulting from the treatment process as a source for generating biogas, which can be used to generate electric power. Then the treated water is used to irrigate ornamental trees in the roads, gardens and forests, as well as the residues of the fermentation process are used as organic fertilizer and to improve the quality of agricultural soil. In this research, a hybrid system consisting of a hydroelectric station and an electric generator working on biogas was proposed at the wastewater treatment plant in Gharyan. This is because the city is distinguished by its high location, about 713 m above sea level. . The obtained results showed that the proposed hybrid renewable energy system will provide the wastewater treatment plant an electric power of 490 kW, which is sufficient to cover 87.5% of the plant's electrical energy consumption. The amount of treated water was about 13,000 m3/day, and the amount of organic fertilizer was about 17 tons/day. The investment value was estimated at about $1,478,000, and the leveized cost of energy LCOE was estimated at about 2.88 ¢/kWh. The annual net profit from the proposed system is estimated at $307,765/year, and the payback time money at 3.44 years. The proposed system will prevent the release of an annual amount of CO2 gas estimated at 1,886 tons.

Effects of chemical fertilizer reduction and organic fertilizer substitution on yield and quality of Saposhnikovia divaricata

To explore the suitable fertilizing pattern for Saposhnikovia divaricata in the genuine producing area, a field trial was carried out to investigate the changes in the yield and quality of medicinal materials and soil in different fertilization patterns, such as organic fertilizer substitution(organic fertilizer+NPK fertilizer) and chemical fertilizer reduction(organic fertilizer+NPK fertilizer decrement and organic fertilizer+NPK fertilizer decrement+soil conditioner). The comprehensive analysis of all treatments was based on the medicine quality evaluation data set and soil quality evaluation data set, respectively, by CRITIC weight method. The results showed that(1) the yield of S. divaricate increased by 4.93%-12.67% under the organic fertilizer substitution mode, and the yield increased by 44.43% under the treatment of chemical fertilizer reduction YHT15, which was higher than that of the organic fertilizer substitution mode.(2) The quality of S. divaricate under the two fertilization modes was superior to the standard in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, and the application of biochar was helpful to improve the quality of S. divaricate quality, with an increase of 82.83%-181.54%. CRITIC method analysis showed that fertilization treatments with high comprehensive scores were YHT15, YH30, and YH15.(3) Soil quality under the two fertilization modes was higher than that under the control. The fertilization treatments with higher comprehensive scores of soil quality were YHT15, YHT30, and YHT. The fertilization mode of adding biochar as soil conditioner, applying an appropriate amount of organic fertilizer, and reducing part of chemical fertilizer is the appropriate way to develop ecological plantation of S. divaricata in the Baicheng area in the western Jilin province. The specific fertilization mode is as follows. The basic fertilizer was 361 kg·hm~(-2) superphosphate+110 kg·hm~(-2) potassium sulfate+82 kg·hm~(-2) organic fertilizer+10 000 kg·hm~(-2) rice husk biochar, and urea was applied as top fertilizer three times, 29, 29, and 20 kg·hm~(-2), respectively.

Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Kedelai (Glycine max (L) Merrill) Menggunakan Pupuk Organik pada Pengolahan Tanah yang Berbeda

This study aims to determine the dose of fertilization on the growth and yield of soybeans, to determine the effect of tillage on the growth and yield of soybeans and to determine the interaction of doses of the level of use of organic fertilizers and tillage on the growth and yield of soybeans. The research was conducted using factorial group random planning method or factorial RAK. The first factor is the amount of organic fertilizer (cow stage) which is divided into four levels, namely P0 without fertilization, P1 organic fertilizer (10 tons/ha), P2 organic fertilizer (30 tons/ha). The second factor is tillage which consists of two levels, namely T0 (least tillage) and T1 (perfect tillage). Each treatment combination was repeated 3 times so that there were 24 research plots. The results showed that there was no interaction between organic fertilizers and tillage. The application of organic fertilizer significantly affected the parameters of soybean plant height, number of leaves, rate of formation of flowers and pods, number of pods per plant, weight of 100 seeds, and dry weight of the plots. Tillage significantly affected plant height, number of leaves, percentage of flower pods, number of pods per plant, and weight per 100 seeds. The application of 20 tons of organic fertilizer per hectare and intensive tillage has the best effect on the growth and yield of soybeans

Growth and macronutrient content of Habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) subjected to organic fertilization

Studies on the nutritional status of habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) in relation to organic fertilization are still incomplete and preliminary. The aim of study were to evaluer the effect of rates of organic fertilizer produced from Family agriculture waste on growth and nutritional status habanero pepper. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse located at the Federal Rural University of Amazonia, municipality of Belém, State for Pará, Brazil. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used, with five treatments and four replications. Each experimental plot consisted of a pot with a volume of 3.6 dm3 of soil, in which the seeds were sown. Five doses of organic fertilizer were tested : 0%, 15% (525 g), 30% (1050 g), 45% (1575 g) and 60% (2100 g) of substrate volume, composed of a mixture of chicken manure (10%), duck manure (20%), cassava peel (15%) , cassava leaf (15%), bean straw (15%), rice husk (15%) and corn cob (10%), mixed in volumetric proportions in the substrate. To mix the different amounts of organic fertilizer, a Yellow Latosol with a sandy texture was used, removed from the surface layer (0-20 cm). The best results were achieved at 103 days using a dose of 60% of organic fertilizer. The content and accumulation of macronutrients in leaf tissues showed the following order: N˃K≥S˃Ca≥Mg˃P and N˃K˃S˃Mg˃Ca˃P. In the fruits, the content and accumulation of macronutrients presented the following order: N˃K˃S˃P˃Mg˃Ca.

Effects of Several Organic Fertilizers on Heavy Metal Passivation in Cd-Contaminated Gray-Purple Soil

Soil heavy metal pollution has become a major ecological and environmental problem and a serious threat to global food security. Organic fertilizer can not only improve soil quality and provide nutrients for plants but also reduce the harm of heavy metal ions to a certain extent, meaning it has become a current research hotspot in the field of heavy metal passivation. In this paper, a completely combined experimental design was used to compare the effects of five organic fertilizers [nutshell organic fertilizer (NOF), pig manure organic fertilizer (PMOF), sludge organic fertilizer (SOF), humus soil organic fertilizer (HSOF) and earthworm soil organic fertilizer (ESOF)] on available Cd in soil with different pollution levels at different dosages, and the passivation mechanism of soil Cd was preliminarily discussed. The results showed that all kinds of organic fertilizers were passivated by reducing the Cd availability, and their effects on the Cd availability of purple soil were closely related to the degree of soil pollution and the amount of organic fertilizers. The passivation effect of moderate Cd-contaminated soil was the best, which increased with the increase of organic fertilizer application rate, and the effects of NOF and SOF were the best. However, the passivation effect of organic fertilizers on soil Cd was the worst in mild Cd-contaminated soil, especially ESOF. The results of Cd morphological correlation analysis showed that Exe-Cd and FeMnOx-Cd in the soil had significantly positive contributions to available Cd, while Res-Cd showed significantly negative contributions. And in moderate Cd contaminated soil, Exe-Cd content decreased by 7.12%–28.50%, while Res-Cd content increased by 19.74%–65.81%. In addition, the content of available Cd in soil decreased first and then increased with time after adding organic fertilizer, and reached the lowest value at 15 days and stabilized after 60 days. The conclusion of this paper can provide a theoretical basis for the rational use of organic fertilizer to reduce the bioavailability of cadmium in Gray-Purple soil.

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL FEATURES OF DEHUMIFICATION OF CHERNOZEMS OF THE PRYDNISTERSKA UPLAND

Purpose. In the structure of the soil cover of the Prydnisterska upland, the area of chernozems is 4 060 km2. The overall rate of plowing up of the territory reaches 80%. The agricultural use of chernozems led to the transformation of almost all processes and properties, but these changes were most reflected in the humus state. A decrease in the intake of organic matter and an increase in its mineralization led to an active manifestation of dehumification. Therefore, the study of this problem will provide a scientific basis for effective fertility management, analyze the current state and propose measures to restore the ecological stability of chernozems at the regional level. The purpose of the research is to characterize the dynamics of the humus content in the chernozems of the Prydnisterska upland during the industrial period (from the beginning of the 20th century to the present), as well as to analyze the extent of the manifestation of dehumification of chernozems in flat and slope areas. To achieve this goal, the following were carried out: the field stage of work on the selection of soil samples, laboratory analytical studies of the humus content, analysis of data from archival materials and the results of preliminary studies on the relevant topic. The object of the research comprises typical chernozems and podzolized chernozems of the Prydnisterska upland. The subject of the study is the humus content of the arable horizon (0–20 cm) of chernozems of flat and slope relief with varying degrees of erosion. Data & Methods. The study of the problem of dehumification of chernozems of the Prydnisterska upland was carried out using generally accepted methods: comparative-geographical, comparative-analytical and comparative-profile. Archival materials of soil science expeditions, statistical data of preliminary agrochemical surveys and our own research results obtained during 2019–2020 (research sites “Savyntsi», «Ruda», «Basivka» and «Kadyivtsi») were used for a comparative analysis of the dynamics of the humus content in chernozems over the last century. Results. Analysis of the data on the humus content in the chernozems of the Prydnisterska upland during the industrial period, at different times, confirmed the active manifestation of dehumification. The intensification of agriculture in the region, neglect of soil protection technologies and insufficient application of organic fertilizers have led to the formation of a negative humus balance. For 106 years (from 1914 to 2020), the humus content of the chernozems of the Prydnisterska upland has decreased by 30–45%. The most intense losses of the organic component have been recorded by the beginning of the 90s of the 20th century. The total loss of humus by chernozems during this period amounted to 36–48 t/ha. According to the accepted estimates of the humus content, the chernozems of the study area in modern soil management conditions are characterized as low-humus with a humus content (3–4%). Statistical data indicate that the intensity of dehumification has decreased over the past 6 years, but the negative humus balance remains. Losses of humus (in the 0–20 cm layer) decreased to the level of 0.28–0.36 t/year, however, these data are correlated depending on the structure of crop rotations, soil cultivation technologies and fertilization rates. According to the results of the study, it has been found that the variability of the humus content within the arable horizon (0–20 cm) increases with a change in the morphometric parameters of the relief and the intensity of manifestation of erosional degradation. In particular, a critical situation is observed on slopes with a steepness of 5–6 °, which are distinguished by the lowest reserves of humus. Dehumification of chernozems of the Prydnisterska upland is the result of an unbalanced anthropogenic impact. Optimization of this problem requires the widespread introduction of soil protection technologies on slope areas of the relief, the introduction of an appropriate amount of organic fertilizers, sowing green manure crops, conservation of eroded areas.

Impacts of Fertilization on Soil Antibiotic Resistance Genes Across Croplands: A Meta-Analysis

The objective of this study was to clarify and quantify the impact of fertilizer applications on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in cropland soil. The target was to provide scientific basis for a better understanding of the source and accumulation and transportation characteristics of ARGs in soil and adaptive management strategy-making to secure the ecological environment and human health safety. By collecting data from literature published within the last 20 years (2000-2020), we established a database with 215 and 201 groups of a paired data-set consisting of the quantity and relative abundance of ARGs under independent experimental conditions. Compared to that with no fertilizer, the combined application of organic fertilizer significantly increased the quantity and relative abundance of soil ARGs by 110.0% and 91.0%, respectively. However, chemical fertilization had no significant effect on soil ARGs. The increment of relative abundance of soil ARGs by the combined application of organic fertilizer in the subtropical region was equivalent to 2.6 times that in the warm temperate zone. Compared with that in black soil and dark brown soil, the combined application of organic fertilizer significantly increased the relative abundance of ARGs in red soil and paddy soil in the subtropical region. The increment for the quantity of ARGs (147.6%) by the combined application of organic fertilizer in soil with pH<7 was significantly higher than that in soil with pH>7(110.4%). Compared to poultry manure, livestock manure application significantly increased the quantity and relative abundance of ARGs. The increment of the relative abundance of organic fertilizer to sulfonamide, multidrug, and macrolide ARGs (170.5%-201.2%) was significantly higher than that of quinolone, tetracycline, and aminoglycoside ARGs (61.5%-115.6%). After more than 10 years of applying organic fertilizer, the quantity of soil ARGs significantly increased by 104.2%-112.3%, whereas the effect on the relative abundance was uncertain. Climate, soil spatial properties, and source and amount of organic fertilizer were the main factors affecting the accumulation of ARGs in farmland soil. Management strategies and solutions should pay more attention to effectively minimizing the accumulation and spread of ARGs in agro-ecosystems for high-quality agricultural development in the future.

The Determinants of Agricultural Crop Productivity among Smallholder Households in Haramaya Distinct, Eastern Ethiopia

The agricultural crop is a backbone in Ethiopia since the country's economy is mainly dependent on agriculture, which is dominated by subsistence smallholder farmers who are partially integrated into the market. The objective of this study was to identify the determinants of crop productivity among smallholder farmers in Haramaya distinct, Eastern Ethiopia. A two-stage random sampling procedure was employed to detect a sample containing 260 smallholder households in the study area. Data was collected through semi-structured questionnaire schedules administered to the selected household farmers. The features of smallholder farmers were analyzed through descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression models. The results indicated that the length of farming experience of the household head, number of economically active members in family, amount of organic fertilizer applied, irrigated land area, and soil fertility status of farmland were the significant determinants of agricultural crop productivity. To increase the production and productivity of smallholder farms, the farmers were provided with land irrigation. Based on these findings, the study recommends the provision of organic fertilizer to farmers. Policies should also target supplying improved technology and improved seed to enhance agricultural crop production in Ethiopia.

Factors affecting improved seed and soil conservation technology adoptions in Bore District

Low adoption of agricultural technology is among the main reasons for low farm productivity and high incidence of poverty and food insecurity in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to examine the factors affecting adoption of improved seed and soil conservation and to estimate the interdependency of improved seed and soil conservation technology in Bore district Southern, Ethiopia. The three stage sampling technique was employed to select 138 rural households for the interview. Bivariate probit model was employed to estimate the joint success and failures of the technologies. The biprobit model results showed that plot distance from home, soil fertility status, adoption of organic fertilizers and time change which is adjusting planting date were significantly influence the decision to adopt improved seed varieties whereas, amount of organic fertilizer used, distance of household from market and plot distance from home were the three important variables affecting soil conservation technology where plot distance and time change negatively affect improved seed and distance to market and plot distance from home negatively affected the soil conservation technology in the study area, respectively. The probability of adopting improved seed variety, probability of adopting only soil conservation, success probability of adopting both technologies and probability fail to adopt both of the technologies were 57.5%, 42.77%, 22.73% and 22.43%, respectively. Therefore, improve credit access, extension and infrastructures that promote improved seed and soil management technologies. Training to extension agents and farmers during farmer training and field days are valuable to supporting these important linkages.

DESIGN OF OPTIMIZING THE APPLICATION OF THE MANURE IN HIGH NATURAL VALUE (HNV) GRASSLANDS, IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE, BASED ON NDVI

In many countries, especially in Eastern Europe, there is much discussion about how grasslands are managed in order to prevent pollution of soils, rivers, lakes and to maintain and conserve wild flora and fauna. These objectives favor the maintenance of high biodiversity in High Natural Value (HNV) grasslands through their extensive use, with a low intake of organic fertilizers in line with EU CAP policies. In Romania, in the High Natural Value (HNV) grasslands, subsidies are allocated for "environmentally friendly practices", through the Agri-environment and climate program, but the amount of organic fertilizer is restricted up to 40 kg nitrogen active element/ha regardless of the type fertilizer) but also their administration. Currently, through remarkable advances in areas such as GIS and remote sensing, applications for agriculture provide complex information with high accuracy, but also the ability to provide predictions for various parameters. In this context, the paper aims to optimize the application of manure in HNV grasslands, in accordance with Agri-environment policies, by improving and adapting in practice the OneSoil application based on NDVI map generation from Sentinel satellite images. The validation of the "adjustments" brought to the application was done by field visits with the Phantome 4 UAV equipment. An experimental site was considered an HNV grassland located in Brădişoru de Jos (ATU Oraviţa) which has an area of 391 ha. In the study area the vegetation is mosaic, the grassland being fragmented by hedges, forest curtains and trees in clumps that will be excluded from fertilization. The usable area for fodder at the level of 2020 was 265.41 ha, but in the absence of cleaning works in the coming years, there is a risk of substantial reductions. The proposed optimization model is finally presented in the form of a “coverage” map that indicates both the required quantity, differentiated according to the vegetation characteristics suggested by NDVI, and the spatial location of these quantities on subzones. Thus, on an area of 60.73 ha, 4 t.ha-1 of manure are required, on 94.66 ha it is necessary to administer 5 t.ha-1 of manure, and on an area of 110.02 ha, where the vegetation of the grassland suffers, it is necessary to administer 8 t.ha-1 of cattle manure. The major advantage of this model is that the user can import, on different devices (phone, tablet or laptop) vector files with plot outline or GPS points for location, can differentiate the dose of fertilizer on the surface of the plot, under specific conditions and has at its disposal the map with the "location" of the different quantities of fertilizers.

Factors Affecting Organic Fertilizer Adoption in Rice Production in Vietnam

The adoption of organic fertilizers is one of the measures of sustainable agricultural production in Vietnam. This research evaluates the effectiveness of organic fertilizer application and the factors affecting adoption of organic fertilizers in rice production. The data of 3,972 rice farmers from the 2014 Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey dataset are used in the analysis. The results show that yield, revenue, and cost of rice production for farmers using only inorganic fertilizers are greater than those forf farmers applying organic fertilizers. However, there is a consistent profit between the two groups of farmers. Use of organic fertilizers improves the financial efficiency of rice production for farmers. The amount of inorganic fertilizers required decreases when farmers apply organic fertilizers. Farmers who are Kinh people, have loans for rice production, or have large land areas tend to use less amount of organic fertilizers. Meanwhile, farmers with higher education, who join the Farmer's Association, or have more household members, are more likely to use organic fertilizers for rice production. This study implies that farmers should apply organic fertilizers to increase the financial efficiency and sustainability of rice production. The government needs to design policies to motivate the production and utilization of organic fertilizers.

Effects of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers Applications Levels on Greenhouse Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Yield and Soil Quality in Khost Province

The study was carried out to determine the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on tomato yield and soil quality. The study was performed in a randomized complete block design consisting of 7 treatments with 3 replications in the research farm, Shaikh Zayed University, Khost, Afghanistan. The fertilizers treatments were T1, organic fertilizer (5 t/ha); T2, organic fertilizer (10 t/ha); T3, urea (150 Kg/ha); T4, urea (200 Kg/ha); T5, mixed fertilizers (organic fertilizer 3 t/ha + urea (100 Kg/ha); T6, mixed fertilizers (organic fertilizer 6 t/ha + urea (70 Kg/ha) and T7 a control. Results indicate that applications of inorganic fertilizers with a combination of organic fertilizers increased tomato yield and improves the nutrient status of the soil. T5 showed the highest yield of tomato and followed by T4 treatment, which were 33.1 and 31.7 t/ha respectively. The lower yield were obtained in T7 and T1 treatments. The highest plant heights (205.0 and 199.0 cm) were obtained in T5 and T4 respectively, while the lowest plant heights were obtained in T1 treatment and followed by T7 treatment. Similarly, we found that a combination of both inorganic and organic fertilizers application also is the best strategy to improve soil nutrients, maintain soil fertility. Soil P2O5 and K2O, where the highest amounts were obtained in T5 and followed by T6, which were 26.5, 22.5 and 44.5 and 41.5 mg/L respectively. The control treatment had the lowest amount of P2O5 and K2O. Therefore, this study suggests that an appropriate amount of organic fertilizer with inorganic fertilizer not only increased tomato yield but also improve soil fertility.

Economic study of the possibilities of expanding the cultivation of olive crops in South Sinai دراسة اقتصادية لممکنات التوسع فى زراعة محصول الزيتون بمحافظة جنوب سيناء

The olive crop represents one of the important fruit crops that bear the environmental stress, so it spreads. Despite the importance of this crop in South Sinai, its productivity does not exceed 1.6 tons per acre, and it is less than its counterpart at the level of the republic, which is about 5.01 tons per acre. The research aims to identify the economic efficiency of the crop.The study confirmed that the human labor volume factors, the amount of organic fertilizer, the amount of pesticides, the amount of chemical fertilizer, and the number of automated work hours are the most influential factors on the productivity of the olive crop within the various holding groups, and the elasticity of these factors is less than the correct one, reflecting the returns of capacity With regard to the costs of producing the olive crop, The estimation of the cost functions indicates that the optimum volume of production amounted to about 2.8, 3.1, 3.2 tons, while the bulk of the profits amounted to about 3.5, 3.7, 3.9 tons. With regard to profit margins, the study indicated achieving net returns estimated at 9.9, 11.9, 13.3 thousand pounds per feddan within the three holding categories, and the added value amounted to 12.1, 14.1, 15.5 thousand pounds per feddan within the same categories.Regarding measures of economic efficiency, the results indicated that the general average return for the invested pound was about 187.7%, and the general average profit margin for the product was about 65.2%.

THE ECONOMICS OF PRODUCTION AND COSTS OF THE BARLEY CROP IN SOUTH SINAI

The research mainly aimed at the economics of production and costs of the barley crop in South Sinai Governorate with determining the optimal volume of production, and the research was conducted in the Al-Tur Center in South Sinai Governorate, which ranked first in barley cultivation for the year 2019-2020, and the selection was for the villages of Jubail and Wadi Al-Tour in the Tor Sinai Center. Where it was found from the total product function (Q) that the most important productive elements that have a significant effect on the total output per feddan of the barley crop are human labor, mechanical work, nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer, and by estimating the different partial production elasticities of these elements, it was found that the productive flexibility of human labor and machine work It amounted to about 0.153 and 0.261, respectively, which indicates that an increase in the quantity used of the two elements by 10% leads to an increase in the feddan production of barley by 1.53% and 2.61%, respectively, and the productivity elasticity of nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer was estimated at about 0.498 and 0.124 respectively. Which indicates that increasing the nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer by 10% leads to an increase in barley feddan production by 4.98% and 1.24%, respectively. The significance of these results was statistically proven at a significant level (0.01). It was also found that the optimal production volume, that lowers costs, of producing barley in the study sample amounted was about 11.09 ardeb/feddan, and that the actual total output amounted to about 10.48 ardeb/feddan. As for the volume of economic production that maximizes profit, it reached about 12.81 ardeb/feddan. The study also recommended increasing attention to the human element, using modern agricultural mechanization in agricultural operations and adding appropriate amounts of organic fertilizer and phosphates. To increase farms less than 5 acres.

RESPON PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN CABAI MERAH ( Capsicum annum L.) TERHADAP KONSENTRASI PEMBERIAN PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR DARI LIMBAH WORTEL

&lt;p&gt;The study aims to know the worthiness of liquid organic fertilizer derived from carrot waste, knowing &lt;br /&gt;the effect that liquid organic fertilizer derived from carrot waste has on the growth and output of the &lt;br /&gt;pepper plant (Capsicum annum L.) and to find out how much organic fertilizer sewage does to the &lt;br /&gt;growth and output of the pepper plant (Capsicum annum L.). the methods used in this study are full &lt;br /&gt;random design (RAL) in this study using 5 treatment and 5 times Deuteronomy with 0% treatment as &lt;br /&gt;control treatment B 5%, treatment C 10%, treatment D 15%, and treatment E 20%. The parameters &lt;br /&gt;used were the height of the plant, the number of leaves, the number of branches, the number of &lt;br /&gt;flowers and the number of fruits. Data results from the analysis using statistical product and service &lt;br /&gt;solutions (SPSS) version 23. Results showed content found in the organic fertilizer of carrot waste C-&lt;br /&gt;organic (0.86%), Nitrogen (1.14%), Phospor (0.01%), potassium (0.18%), and c/n ratio (0.76%). &lt;br /&gt;Studies already conducted can be proved that giving organic fertilizer in carrot waste at 5%, 10%, &lt;br /&gt;15%, and 20% affecting the plant’s heighest average value of the plant 5% is 36.5, the highest rate of &lt;br /&gt;leaves at 5% concentrations of 38.6, the highest rate of branches at 15% concentration of 11.8, the &lt;br /&gt;highest rate of interest at 5% concentration of 11, and the amount of fruit with an average value at &lt;br /&gt;8.giving the most optimal amount of organic fertilizer from carrot waste at 5% and 15%.&lt;/p&gt;

Effect of Reducing Nitrogen and Applying Organic Fertilizer on Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Rice Yield in Red Soil Regions of the Southern China

To explore the amount of reducing N fertilizer, a 2-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of reducing N fertilizer and applying organic fertilizer on nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and rice yield in red soil regions of the Southern China. On the basis of applying 4500 kg/ha organic fertilizer and local custom fertilization with 204 kg/ha urea application, five treatments including no nitrogen fertilization (CK), local customary nitrogen application (N100), and nitrogen reduction of 10% (N90), 20% (N80), and 30% (N70) were conducted. The results showed that nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE), nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE), nitrogen physiological efficiency (NPE) and nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP) of N90 treatment were significantly higher than those of other treatments, and the yield was as high as 9.33 t/ha, which showed a significant differences compared with CK and N100. The output value, benefit, and benefit-cost ratio of N90 were significantly higher than those of N100, which increased by 6.38%, 6.42%, 8.35%, and 8.20%, respectively. In addition, while applying the same amount of organic fertilizer, the rate of nitrogen reduction has little effect on the soil organic matter content, meaning that N90 can achieve high NUE and high yield in rice. It is good to provide the theory basis for fertilizer decision-making in practice.

Assessment of the organic-based system of rice intensification (SRI) under coastal rice field ecosystem

Objectives: The effects of different levels of organic fertilizers on the growth and yield of rice were investigated in a coastal field ecosystem under the systems of rice intensification (SRI) technology. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The study was conducted in a coastal rice field with 8.38 pH. It was laid out in a split-plot design with four treatments replicated thrice. Different amounts of organic fertilizer were applied as basal fertilizer. Data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The significance of the treatment effect was determined using the F-test. Least significant difference (LSD) determined which means are statistically different at the 5% probability level. Findings: Results showed that the filled grains and yield increase were 35.6% and 45%, respectively, when applied with an organic fertilizer at the rate of 6 ton/ha compared with the control. Other parameters measured like the height of plants at maturity and the number of unfilled grains were all comparable with the control group. Applications: SRI technology is a potential option for growing inbred rice in coastal rice fields. Keywords: Coastal rice field; Organic-based; Rice crop; System of rice intensification

Quality assessment of soil fertility of planting Chrysanthemum morifolium areas of Macheng city based on minimum data set

A minimal data set( MDS) for soil fertility evaluation of Chrysanthemum plantation areas of Macheng city was established by principal component analysis( PCA) combined with Norm values of soil fertility indices and correlation coefficients among indices. A radar map was used to visually reflect the fertility level of individual indicators. Then,the comprehensive index model was used to calculate the soil fertility quality index( SFQI),and the values of SFQI was used to cluster,and the results showed that MDS was composed of five indicators: organic matter( OM),total phosphate( TP),available phosphorus( Av P),available magnesium( Av Mg) and available ferrum( Av Fe). Radar maps showed that the fertility of available phosphorus( Av P) and available copper( Av Cu) was mostly different in the two town,and the fertility of available ferrum( Av Fe) is smallest different. Except for the effective manganese( Av Mn) fertility level of Huangtugang town was higher than that of Futianhe town,the rest were lower than that of Futianhe town. Through analysis,the sensitivity of SFQI value calculated by taking the contribution rate of MDS index in the principal component of the whole data set( TDS) as the weight was the highest,MDS could better replace TDS. The value of SFQI-MDS ranged from 0. 353 to 0. 833,with an average value of 0. 604 and a coefficient of variation of 22%. The results of SFQI-MDS clustering showed that soil fertility could be divided into four categories: grade Ⅰ( 0. 727-0. 833) was superior,accounting for 25. 0%,grade Ⅱ( 0. 615-0. 681)was good,accounting for 29. 2%,mainly distributed in Futianhe Town,grade Ⅲ( 0. 494-0. 589) was medium,accounting for29. 1%,and grade Ⅳ( 0. 353-0. 419) was poor,accounting for 16. 7%,mainly distributed in Huangtugang town. Soil fertility of Futianhe town was better than that of Huangtugang town. It is suggested that boron fertilizer and potassium fertilizer should be supplemented to Chrysanthemum morifolium in production practice,and the amount of phosphate fertilizer,magnesium fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer should be increased appropriately. At the same time,the amount of organic fertilizer should be increased to enhance soil fertility and improve soil physical and chemical properties.

Growth Performance of Lettuce Using Fermented Products as Organic Fertilizers

This study evaluates the growth performance of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) utilizing various fermented products as organic fertilizers. Growth performance is determined through the plant’s weight and leaves and significant differences in growth among various treatments: (a) fish trash, (b) scrap seaweeds, (c) kangkong, and control groups urea (positive) and water (negative) was also determined. Kangkong leaves are fermented for 10 days, fish trash for 14 days and 1 month for seaweeds. Lettuce seeds are sown before transplanting (15 days after germination) into pots and placed in raised beds. Randomized complete block design is utilized in the experiment. Growth performance is measured through the number of leaves 10, 20, and 30 days after transplant and mass of plant upon harvest. After 30 days, the lettuce was harvested. Based on the findings, the soil and fermented products are acidic and the needed organic matter for optimum growth of lettuce are not sufficient as well as some nutrients of the fermented products. Among the organic fertilizers, kangkong at 30 ml performs best in terms of the growth performance of lettuce. Urea performs best in terms of the mass upon harvest. Significant differences exist in the mean number of leaves of lettuce treated with various amounts of organic fertilizers with the plants that receive urea. Lettuce produce more number of leaves and with the highest mass upon harvest when treated with urea compared with organic fertilizers applied after 30 days from transplant. &#x0D; Keywords: fermented kangkong; fish trash; growth performance; lettuce; scrap seaweeds