Amount Of Ore Research Articles

ANN modeling of tincal ore dehydration

Abstract Tincal ore is a preferred material in many industrial applications, especially without water. It is important to dehydrate boron ores so that they can be used in materials engineering. For this purpose, some heat treatments must be carried out. Heat treatments are associated with additional costs. It is possible to model heat treatments using artificial intelligence methods, determine optimal process conditions and achieve the desired results with much less processing effort. In this study, a dehydration process was first carried out to dehydrate tincal ore and ANN (artificial neural networks) modeling of this process was investigated using the parameters of temperature, time and amount of ore. The possibility of achieving the desired H2O, B2O3 and Na2O concentration values in the dewatering process in the shortest time and by the shortest route was investigated using the ANN model. In the modeling, a single model was designed for the changes in concentrations and this model was trained separately for each. The result of the modeling was that the R 2 values for all three models were close to each other and were approximately 0.98. It was thus shown that the ANN method can be successfully modeled for dewatering processes.

Resource Extraction Evaluation Using a Mathematical Programming Framework for Surface-Underground Mining Options and Transitions Optimization

A mathematical programming framework based on Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model for surfaceunderground mining options and transition optimization for resource extraction is presented in this paper. Existing models are mainly based on a stepwise optimization approach with limited constraints which produces localized optimal solutions and are often impractical. For mineral deposits amenable to both surface and underground mining options, the MILP framework determines the most suitable mining option and associated schedule to exploit the orebody. The MILP formulation is tested and implemented on a gold deposit case study. The NPV of the optimal mining option ($ 2.515 billion) is sensitive to the gold price, ore quantity delivered from the underground mine, and delay factor associated in supporting the operational development and stopes. Positive changes in the delay factors associated with operational development support and mining stope support have more impact on the NPV than negative changes. However, the NPV is highly sensitive to the mining stope support delay than the operational development support delay

Open pit limit optimization considering the pumped storage benefit after mine closure: a case study

Repurposing a closed mine as lower reservoir is a cost-effective way for the construction of pumped storage hydropower (PSH) plant. This method can eliminate the expenses of mine reclamation, reservoir construction, and land acquisition, resulting in significant cost savings and benefits for the PSH project, known as the PSH benefit. The construction of PSH plants within a closed mine is divided into surface mode and semi-underground mode in this paper. Through a general comparison of two in-situ cases, the finding highlight that the surface mode can achieve a larger potential installed capacity and lower construction cost. Furthermore, the PSH benefit is quantified and internalized as an economic parameter in the ultimate pit limit (UPL) optimization by allocating it into unit ore. Taken an undisclosed open-pit iron mine as example, the UPL is optimized by considering the PSH benefit. The internalized PSH benefit is calculated to be 6.59 CN¥/t when the installed capacity is 2000 MW, and ore amount within the optimized UPL is increased by 1.4%. The results indicated that the PSH benefit does influence the shape and size of UPL, but not significantly. Besides, converting several bottoms in a single open-pit into lower and upper reservoirs presents more challenges for UPL optimization, which further explorations is needed.

The design and selection of tungsten carbide-based composite overlays for aggressive wear service conditions

ABSTRACT The Albertan oil sands surface mining industry recovers and processes large quantities of ore to remove the bitumen from the oil sands. The scale of the operations and the abrasive nature of the ore results in very aggressive wear conditions. The high levels of abrasive and impact wear can lead to equipment reliability issues, with associated costs and lost production. As such, it is common to augment the durability of mining components by the application of wear-resistant materials. For critical equipment tungsten carbide-based composite overlays are commonly selected to improve reliability and extend service life. The performance of the overlay is very much dependent on the service conditions. This paper will describe how the selection of tungsten carbide-type can determine the performance of a composite overlay in a range of abrasive and impact wear conditions. The paper will demonstrate how the effective selection of the composite to match the expected service conditions can improve the durability of mining equipment.

Rock-to-metal ratios of the rare earth elements

The relative quantities of ore mined and waste rock (i.e., overburden) removed to produce the rare earth elements—their rock-to-metal ratios—were calculated for 21 individual operations or regions covering nearly all mine production in 2018. The results indicate that the rock-to-metal ratios for the total rare earth elements ranged from a low of 1.6 × 101 to a high of 3.6 × 103, with operations in Brazil and Russia having the lowest ratios and ion-adsorption clays operations in China and Myanmar having the highest. For comparison, the global average rock-to-metal ratio for the total rare earth elements (9.8 × 102) fell between that of cobalt (8.6 × 102) and tungsten (1.1 × 103). Driven by their relative abundance in the ore and unit prices that were used in the economic allocation of the environmental burdens, the global rock-to-metal ratio for individual rare earth elements was lowest for cerium (2.3 × 101) and lanthanum (7.7 × 101) and highest for dysprosium (1.7 × 104), terbium (3.7 × 104), and lutetium (6.4 × 104). Like the rock-to-metal ratios for the total rare earth elements, rock-to-metal ratios for individual rare earth elements varied by roughly two orders of magnitude among the various operations examined. An alternative perspective of only accounting for the overburden that is physically removed in ion-adsorption clays in-situ operations yielded global rock-to-metal ratios that were an order of magnitude lower or less for many of the rare earth elements.

Experimental Study on the Dressing and Smelting of a Pyrrhotite-bearing Primary Gold Ore

The content of pyrrhotite in a primary gold mine containing pyrrhotite is 0.68%. In the process of alkaline leaching pretreatment, there are problems such as large ore quantity and high alkali consumption. In the process of cyanide leaching, there are problems such as high cyanide consumption and slow gold leaching rate. In order to solve these problems, combined with production practice, experimental studies on magnetic separation, magnetic separation tailings leaching, magnetic separation concentrate alkali leaching pretreatment - leaching, magnetic separation concentrate flotation - cyanide leaching, etc. were carried out. A new process of "magnetic separation-magnetic flotation flotation flotation flotation flotation alkali leaching pretreatment mixed cyanide leaching" has been developed to reduce the pretreated minerals to less than 2% of the original ore, which is higher than the gold leaching rate of the conventional "alkali leaching pretreatment cyanide leaching" process, and the alkali (sodium hydroxide) consumption and cyanide (sodium cyanide) consumption are reduced by 80.83% and 32% respectively, and the annual reagent cost is saved by more than 600000 yuan.

The Efficiency of Mechanized Mineral Processing Techniques to Recover Tin and Tantalum Ores. Case Study: Nyamatete Concession, Rwanda

Mining activities have resulted in a large volume of tailings containing a certain proportion of lost minerals, making them a potential reprocessing opportunity, and information on tailings and mineral reprocessing is often scarce. In this study, a conceptual framework was established and used to produce meaningful information and knowledge from the tailings of the Nyamatete mine at HABATU Mining Company Limited (an ASM in Rwanda). Tailings particles were investigated based on the observed lithology to determine their distribution over the tailing dams, and a site-specific sampling approach and procedure were established. Sieving the collected samples, particle size analysis, and chemical analysis using XRF were chosen as methods for tailings characterization. Raw materials such as SnO2, minor Ta2O5, and Nb2O5 and elements of environmental importance such as Mn, Co, and as were observed but in small quantities are largely predominant in quartz vein, have been discovered in Nyamatete tailings. The comminution and gravity separation by mechanical reprocessing facilities improved Cassiterite recovery by 43.9 % compared to the artisanal processing method. SnO2 recovery of 19.4 % and 29.9 % with grades of 63.224 % and 76.6 % were obtained in pegmatite and quartz tailings respectively. According to a scoping study, the Habatu tailings have an appropriate grade, the valuable content occurs in a recoverable grain-size range, and the total ore amount scales with the required input for the reprocessing equipment. Tailings reprocessing with mechanized reprocessing equipment is advantageous because it improves efficiency while also treating the material with previously unknown quantities of ore, thereby significantly increasing the total recovery of processed Run of Mine. Keywords: Artisanal processing; Cassiterite; Coltan; Mechanized processing; Tailings.

Mining Plan Optimization of Multi-Metal Underground Mine Based on Adaptive Hybrid Mutation PSO Algorithm

Mine extraction planning has a far-reaching impact on the production management and overall economic efficiency of the mining enterprise. The traditional method of preparing underground mine production planning is complicated and tedious, and reaching the optimum calculation results is difficult. Firstly, the theory and method of multi-objective optimization are used to establish a multi-objective planning model with the objective of the best economic efficiency, grade, and ore quantity, taking into account the constraints of ore grade fluctuation, ore output from the mine, production capacity of mining enterprises, and mineral resources utilization. Second, an improved particle swarm algorithm is applied to solve the model, a nonlinear dynamic decreasing weight strategy is proposed for the inertia weights, the variation probability of each generation of particles is dynamically adjusted by the aggregation degree, and this variation probability is used to perform a mixed Gaussian and Cauchy mutation for the global optimal position and an adaptive wavelet variation for the worst individual optimal position. This improved strategy can greatly increase the diversity of the population, improve the global convergence speed of the algorithm, and avoid the premature convergence of the solution. Finally, taking a large polymetallic underground mine in China as a case, the example calculation proves that the algorithm solution result is 10.98% higher than the mine plan index in terms of ore volume and 41.88% higher in terms of economic efficiency, the algorithm solution speed is 29.25% higher, and the model and optimization algorithm meet the requirements of a mining industry extraction production plan, which can effectively optimize the mine’s extraction plan and provide a basis for mine operation decisions.

Iron ore Quality prediction Using Machine Learning

The main goal of this project is to predict how much impurity is in the ore concentrate. The% of Silica is measured in a lab experiment it takes at least one hour for the process engineers to have this value. As this impurity is measured every hour, if we can predict how much silica (impurity) is in the ore concentrate, we can help the engineers, giving them early information to take actions (empowering!). Hence, they will be able to take corrective actions in advance (reduce impurity, if it is the case) and also help the environment (reducing the amount of ore that goes to tailings as you reduce silica in the ore concentrate).

Rock-to-Metal Ratio: A Foundational Metric for Understanding Mine Wastes

The quantity of ore mined and waste rock (i.e., overburden or barren rock) removed to produce a refined unit of a mineral commodity, its rock-to-metal ratio (RMR), is an important metric for understanding mine wastes and environmental burdens. In this analysis, we provide a comprehensive examination of RMRs for 25 commodities for 2018. The results indicate significant variability across commodities. Precious metals like gold have RMRs in the range of 105–106, while iron ore and aluminum are on the order of 101. The results also indicate significant variability across operations for a single commodity. The interquartile range of RMRs for individual cobalt operations, for example, varies from 465 to 2157, with a global RMR of 859. RMR variability is mainly driven by ore grades and revenue contribution. The total attributable ore mined and waste rock removed in the production of these 25 commodities sums to 37.6 billion metric tons, 83% of which is attributable to iron ore, copper, and gold. RMRs provide an additional dimension for evaluating the impact of materials and material choice trade-offs. The results can enhance life cycle inventories and be extended to evaluate areas of surface disturbances, mine tailings, energy requirements, and associated greenhouse gas emissions.

Arbitrary estimation of uranium ore reserves in Qattar–V, North Eastern Desert, Egypt using geographic information system

The qattar - V (G-V) uranium occurrence occurs at the contact areas between Gabal Qattar (G - Qattar) granite and Hammamat sedimentary rocks. The aim of this study is to estimate uranium ore reserves using a geographic information system by analyzing all the exploration data sets at G-V. Several geological investigations, including field and mineralogical observations, geochemical and radiometric surveys, have been performed for this uranium occurrence. Integrate these investigations with new radiometric and geochemical measurements to cover all the investigated areas has been done in this study. Using GIS it is possible to visualize the results and to extract the spatial features indicative of uranium mineralization's over G-V uranium occurrence. Our methodology involves the generation of prediction maps for the favorable host rock, structure control of uranium mineralization, alterations in intimate association with uranium, radiometrical and geochemical measurements. Combining all these spatial features leads to the differentiation between the areas with economical and for grades of uranium and the generation of a potential uranium map. From this map, the estimation of uranium ore quantity and quality at G-V uranium occurrences can be calculated using cuboids of constant widths, different lengths, and heights. This method gave arbitrary but reasonable estimates of uranium in selected blocks.

Visualization and Assessment of Hang-Up Phenomena Using Vertical Transparent Ore-Pass Models

Limestone is one of the most important mineral resources, and it is only one mineral that can be fully supplied by domestic producers. Generally, a certain amount of ores is stored in the ore passes temporally after blasting excavation, and extraction is carried out from the bottom of the ore pass. However, the hang-up phenomena in the ore passes sometimes occurred and some cases are recently reported. Once the hang-up phenomena in the ore passes occur, it will cause serious problems. In this study, ore flow experiments in the vertical ore passes were conducted using ore pass models which was composed of transparent acrylic tubes, and the conditions of hang-ups were discussed. Since the ore passes were assembled with transparent tubes, it was also possible to observe the hang-up phenomenon directly. To discuss the effect of cross-sectional shapes of ore passes, two kinds of ore-passes, that is, circular and square shapes of cross-sections, are prepared. Using various sizes of ores, the relation between ore size and cross-sectional area was also discussed. It was found that the hang-up phenomenon almost did not occur when the ratio of ore pass size to the mean grain size of ores exceeds the value of 5. It was also found that the circular-shaped ore passes were a little preferable to avoid ore pass hang-ups compared with the square ore pass. The same procedure was applied to the mixed ores which two types of ores with different mean diameters are mixed. In this case, also, the results were almost the same as the results obtained by single-size ores. 3D-DEM analysis was also conducted, and the validity of the experiments was discussed.

A stochastic mixed integer linear programming framework for oil sands mine planning and waste management in the presence of grade uncertainty

ABSTRACT The primary purpose of oil sands mine planning and waste management is to provide ore from the mine pit to the processing plant while containing the tailings in an efficient manner in-pit. Incorporating waste management in the mine plan is essential to maximize the economic potential of the mineral reserve and minimize waste management costs. However, spatial variability such as grade uncertainty results in ore tonnage variations, which leads to fluctuations in the quantity of ore to be processed and waste to be managed. This paper investigates the application of a stochastic mixed integer linear programming (SMILP) on oil sands mine planning to integrate bitumen grade uncertainty and waste management. Sequential Gaussian simulation is employed to quantitatively model the spatial variability of bitumen grade in the oil sands deposit. Multiple simulated orebody models are used as inputs for the SMILP model to generate optimal mine plans in the presence of grade uncertainty. The results demonstrate that the SMILP schedule generates 14% and 17% improvements in net present value compared to the E-type and ordinary kriging schedules, respectively. These results indicate that the SMILP model is a robust tool for optimizing stochastic integrated oil sands production schedules and waste management.

Research on Promote Global Fairness of a New Business Model - Assuming Asteroid Mining

Most wealth is now in the hands of a very small number of people, which greatly exacer-bates today's social inequality. At the same time, with the continuous consumption of earth resources, people gradually focus on the mining of asteroids. When such new resources as asteroids are devel-oped, whether a new trade model can be established to promote global equity becomes the research issue of this paper. Firstly, putting forward the concept of global equity: Obtain benefits commensu-rate with the country's overall strength, with greater emphasis on promoting the interests of its most pressing aspects--each takes what they need. Then defining an indicator to measure global equity: the relative profitability of countries. The indicator is positively correlated with country strength. Then, the influencing factors of national profit are analyzed, the correlation coefficient is obtained by the least square method, and the model equation is established. Finally, the reliability of the model is verified by the F-Validation. Secondly, establish Asteroid Mining Alliance--Antitrust trade model: countries can cooperate through technical funding platforms and sales platforms. Then, the support coefficient o that reflects the strength of cooperation between countries is defined, and the model planning is established based on Model I, and the optimal value is 0.57. The final comparison finds that after the introduction of high-level country support, the global Gini coefficient drops from 0.6943 to 0.57978. So the reduction in the gap between the rich and the poor shows the necessity of this support method. According to the model, all countries in the alliance can be guaranteed a cer-tain amount of ore. This effectively avoids the inequality caused by some countries owning the major-ity of ores. While maximizing global total income, countries with strong comprehensive national strength will maximize income from ecology and people's happiness, while countries with weak com-prehensive national strength will maximize income from industry, science, and technology.

Chamber Optimization for Comprehensive Improvement of Cone Crusher Productivity and Product Quality

This study aims to analyze the impact of key structural parameters such as the bottom angle of the mantle, the length of the parallel zone, and the eccentric angle on the productivity and product quality of the cone crusher and optimize the crushing chamber to improve the crusher performance. The amount of ore in the blockage layer was calculated by analyzing the movement state of the ore in the crushing chamber. Considering the amount of ore uplift further, the traditional mathematical model of crusher productivity was revised. Then, a mathematical model for dual-objective optimization of productivity and product quality of cone crusher was established. Furthermore, taking the existing C900 cone crusher as the research object, the influence of key parameters on the performance of the crusher was researched. And the optimal values of key structural parameters were obtained. Finally, based on the iron ore coarsely crushed by the gyratory crusher, the dynamic characteristics of the C900 cone crusher were simulated by using the discrete element method (DEM), and the simulation results are basically consistent with the numerical analysis results. Results show that considering the amount of ore uplift in the blockage layer, the revised mathematical model of crusher productivity can better characterize the actual productivity. The bottom angle of the mantle and the length of the parallel zone are within the range of 50°–60°and 140 mm–190 mm, respectively. The productivity shows a positive correlation with the bottom angle and a negative correlation with the length of the parallel zone. But the dependence of product quality on the angle and the length is just the opposite. The eccentric angle is within the range of 1.4°–2° and its decrease has a negative effect on the productivity and product quality.

REVIEW: COMPARISON OF ULTRASONICALLY AIDED ZINC BENEFICIATION BY MECHANICAL FLOTATION AND COLUMN FLOTATION CELL

Zinc is a key beneficiary of economic development for the developing countries. While the global zinc mine production in 2019 was recorded as 13 million tons, the value of zinc mined in 2019, based on zinc contained in concentrate, was about $2.1 billion. Sphalerite or zinc blende (ZnS), which is the main source of zinc, provides more than 90 % of zinc productions today. Beneficiation is usually carried out by flotation to produce marketable concentrates (45–55 %Zn). The flotation, which is the most widely used separation process at fine sizes for the concentration of low grade complex Pb-Cu-Zn ores plays an important role in the global economy. In any concentration plant employing flotation technique huge quantity of ores are being processed. Thus, any increments in the flotation recovery are important to get higher profits and to ensure that resources are utilized optimally. In this review, a comparative evaluation was made between mechanical flotation (MF) [1] and column (CF) [2] cells with or without ultrasonic pre-treatment (UP) for zinc recovery from lead-zinc-copper ore and the effect of UP on the MF and CF experiments were investigated at the optimized conditions. When compared with the optimized parameters, UP increased zinc grade and recovery for both MF and CF techniques as supported by XRD patterns. Besides, the best zinc grade and recovery was obtained by UP with CF technique. So that, sphalerite mineral can be effectively beneficiated to produce saleable zinc concentrate product and UP with CF will lead to a higher metallurgical gains and improvements to Net Smelter Return (NSR). This positive effect of ultrasound, which is safe and eco-friendly, on the zinc flotation by both mechanical cell and column cell regarding zinc grade and recovery is in good agreement with the previous published works in the literature

Nickel discretization and quality review in Gllavica mine, Kosovo

Purpose. Professional approach to mineral deposit evaluation and estimation of Ni is done by modeling the ore body presenting the interest zone to be exploited. Methods. With the intensive development of professional software dedicated to solving mining problems and ore reserves, Gllavica mine has implemented Surpac v.6.2 software. This software makes it possible to evaluate and estimate mineral deposit of Ni in Kosovo. Findings. Based on geological exploration, drilling and sampling It was possible to find the quality of the ore, the footwall and hanging wall contact with ore body. The ore grade was examined and determined in the case of longitudinal geological profiles using Surpac v.6.2 Software by digitizing each drilling hole based on a database which was created considering assay, collar and survey files. Originality.The use of appropriate software, creation of databases according to the values acquired from the field research provides the best possible assessment argued in this paper. Practical implications. Geological research provides safety during ore exploitation that must be continuous throughout the exploitation phase. Geological research excludes blocks that differ from other blocks in terms of ore quality, so discretization of the source has enabled us to find the real quality and quantity of ore by comparing it with the profile method. Keywords: mine, nickel, ore grade, exploitation, modeling

Increasing gold leaching efficiency with change of solution rheological properties

Purpose. Increasing the efficiency of gold heap leaching by changing the solution rheological properties due to its mechanical activation. Semi-industrial tests were carried out to verify the results of laboratory work. Methodology. First, semi-industrial tests were carried out without activation of the solution (basic technology), and then the solution activation was applied. The ore amount in the stockpile was 600 kg; the gold content in the ore is 1.12 g/t. At the same time, the concentration of cyanide was 400 ppm. The activation degree was from 3 to 8 minutes, the leaching time was 2, 4, 6 hours, the solution temperature varied from 13 to 30 degrees. Findings. According to the results of semi-industrial tests, the dependence of gold content, pH value, and residual concentration of the reagent on the leaching time was obtained using both proposed technology and the basic one. Comparison of the semi-industrial test results related to the basic technology and proposed one (with the solution activation) showed that the maximum gold content in the productive solution with the basic technology is 1.83 mg/l, and with the activation of the solution it is 2.10 mg/l. Hence, there is an increase in the gold content by 14.7% with the solution activation Originality. Dependence of gold content in productive solution, pH value, and residual concentration of the reagent in solution on the degree of its activation has been obtained. Practical value. The optimum degree of the treatment solution activation during gold heap leaching is determined, which is from 5 minutes to 7 minutes depending on the leaching time, which increases the gold content in the solution by 14.7%.

Production Scheduling of Open Pit Mine Using Sequential Branch-and-Cut and Longest Path Algorithm: An Application from an African Copper Mine

Open pit mine production scheduling assigns mining blocks in different production periods for maximising profits after satisfying geotechnical and operational constraints. In this paper, two Open pit mine production scheduling models were applied in an African copper deposit. The first model is a traditional model with more tight resource constraints; the second model is a more robust model where resource constraints are relaxed by penalizing the objective function. Both the models were solved using two step algorithms: (a) year wise production scheduling using a sequential branch-and-cut algorithm; and (b) an iterative longest path algorithm to improve the solution generated from branch-and-cut. Results demonstrated that due to the tight constraints in Model 1, the optimizer was unable to generate a feasible solution after the first period, therefore the lower limit metal production constraint was eliminated to generate a feasible solution; however, Model 2 was able to generate a feasible solution for all periods. Results show that both the models generated nearly the same amount of ore, waste, metal content, and mine life. Model 2 generates relatively more net present value as compared to Model 1, whereas, the computational time required for solving the scheduling problem is relatively less for Model 1 than for Model 2.

Optimization of Trackless Equipment Scheduling in Underground Mines Using Genetic Algorithms

This paper presents an algorithm for optimizing the scheduling of trackless equipment in underground mines. With the shortest working interval and maximum productivity as goals, a genetic algorithm (GA) is used to solve the problem, and obtain the optimal working sequence with the most suitable equipment configuration possible. The input for the proposed method is the number of units and capacity of trackless equipment, the production process, ore amount in stopes, and the distance between stopes. The algorithm is verified using four setups of 5 stopes with 5 cycles, 5 stopes with 15 cycles, 10 stopes with 10 cycles, and 10 stopes with 30 cycles. The solution time of the algorithm is no more than 20 min, which is acceptable for practical applications. The results show that the setup of 10 stopes with 30 cycles is closer to the actual production of the mines, and the optimization model can effectively improve the operation efficiency. In this scenario, the robustness of the optimization is tested by simulating equipment failure events. Under the condition of 8% failure rate, the operation time is extended over 3.21–14.56% than expected, which represents strong robustness. The algorithm can quickly provide a feasible and effective solution for the production scheduling decision of trackless equipment in underground mines.