Amount Of Oil Production Research Articles

Features of the self-restoration of the oil-contaminated peat-bog soil – a field study

The features of self-restoration processes of the oligotrophic peat-bog soil disturbed by crude oil pollution were studied. Soil contamination was carried out in field long-term experience. The key soil self-recovery indicators were: (1) the rate of carbon dioxide emission by the soil, which quantitatively characterizes the mineralization of petroleum hydrocarbons by microorganisms; (2) content of petroleum products. The microorganisms of the studied soil were characterized by low resistance to the toxic effects of oil: during the first three years of the experiment, the respiration of oil-contaminated soils was significantly lower than in pure soil. Restoration of microbial respiration to the control level and its further intensive growth occurred after 4-5 years of the experiment only in soils with low oil doses: 0.3 and 0.6 l m-2. In time, this coincided with the maximum rate of oil decomposition, which indicates the microbial nature of its utilization. The respiration of soil with oil high doses (1.8 and 3.0 l m-2) remained significantly lower than in pure soil throughout the entire experiment. At the same time, the amount of oil products in these samples markedly decreased. Oil degradation in these variants could occur due to the activity of anaerobic bacteria or abiotic processes.

Proposing a High-Precision Petroleum Pipeline Monitoring System for Identifying the Type and Amount of Oil Products Using Extraction of Frequency Characteristics and a MLP Neural Network

Setting up pipelines in the oil industry is very costly and time consuming. For this reason, a pipe is usually used to transport various petroleum products, so it is very important to use an accurate and reliable control system to determine the type and amount of oil product. In this research, using a system based on the gamma-ray attenuation technique and the feature extraction technique in the frequency domain combined with a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) neural network, an attempt has been made to determine the type and amount of four petroleum products. The implemented system consists of a dual-energy gamma source, a test pipe to simulate petroleum products, and a sodium iodide detector. The signals received from the detector were transmitted to the frequency domain, and the amplitudes of the first to fourth dominant frequency were extracted from them. These characteristics were given to an MLP neural network as input. The designed neural network has four outputs, which is the percentage of the volume ratio of each product. The proposed system has the ability to predict the volume ratio of products with a maximum root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.69, which is a strong reason for the use of this system in the oil industry.

The Effect of Oil Prices on Azerbaijan’s Economy (2009–2018)

Since oil plays an important role in the economy of Azerbaijan, the events in the global oil market deeply affect the national economy. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic influenced the economy of Azerbaijan, in which oil and gas have a significant place. In April 2020, the price of one barrel of oil on the world market fell to $1. One reason for this was the decrease in oil demand due to the lockdown re-gime implemented by many countries due to the rapid outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, and another reason was that the OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) countries could not agree on reducing oil production. The aim of this research is to show the impacts of oil prices on gross domestic product (GDP) of Azerbaijan, the growth rate of GDP, and the amount of oil production in Azerbaijan in 2009-2018. The hypothesis of the research is that oil prices seriously influence the economy of Azerbaijan and there is a correlation between the growth rate of Azerbaijan’s gross domestic product and the oil prices. The study starts with a brief description of the history of Azerbaijan’s oil industry, followed by oil industry’s importance in the economy of Azerbaijan, the role in foreign economic relations, and the effects on the economy of country. The quantitative method was used as a key research method. The data used in the analysis of this study were collected according to the literature scanning method, which is one of the data collection techniques. Further, descriptive statistics technique, which is a quantitative data analysis technique, was used to analyse the data. The findings show that the changes in oil prices in 2009-2018 directly affect the Azerbaijan’s gross domestic product, the growth rate of GDP, and the amount of oil production in Azerbaijan. Thus, as oil prices increase, the growth rate of the country’s gross domestic product and GDP increase and decrease as oil prices decrease.

Influence of the oil production complex on surface and underground water and their current ecological state

The article deals with the problems of surface waters in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug-Yugra, which contain a large amount of oil products and phenols. Oil is the most dangerous pollutant for water resources. The land "flavored" with oil dies for several decades, oil oppresses soil biota, pollutes surface and ground waters. We need innovative purification methods and technologies to purify and improve the conditions of water.

A new coupled multiphase flow–finite strain deformation–fault slip framework for induced seismicity

Production of hydrocarbons and water from subsurface reservoirs are known to cause permanent deformation of the reservoir and seismicity along faults both of which are detrimental to sustainable development of natural resources. Most of the prior studies on understanding fluid flow-induced plasticity and seismicity have focused on one or the other phenomenon due to the numerical difficulty associated with simultaneous modeling of the two failure phenomena because stress and deformation evolve non-linearly in both plasticity and seismicity. However, in reservoirs undergoing long-term production, plastic failure can alter the stress paths of points on a fault such that the onset, location, and magnitude of actual seismic events can no longer be predicted by a poroelastic simulation due to inaccurate stress and deformation history. We present a computational framework for coupled multiphase flow, finite strain poroplastic deformation, and dynamic fault slip and use it to understand the impact of plastic deformation on the onset, location, and magnitude of induced fault slip events. We evaluate the impact of plasticity on reservoir pressure, deformation, induced stress, and fault slip by comparing infinitesimal strain elastic and finite strain poro-elastoplastic models. For real-world applications, we consider different scenarios where the reservoir is either mechanically weaker or stronger than the caprock. We analyze the stress evolution as a function of the change in reservoir pressure to understand the role of contrast in reservoir and caprock elastic moduli on geomechanical stability. The results show that the poroplastic reservoir exhibits larger vertical deformation and delayed slip than the poroelastic reservoir after the same amount of oil production. For the same amount of pressure drop, a reservoir with a smaller modulus than the caprock displays a larger vertical displacement and an earlier onset of both plastic failure and fault slip. For a reservoir with a larger modulus than the caprock, vertical displacement is larger on the reservoir top boundary and smaller on the ground surface, and a higher pressure drop is needed to induce plastic failure and fault slip.

SIMULASI DISTRIBUSI TEKANAN INJEKSI PADA RESERVOIR MENGGUNAKAN METODE FINITE DIFFERENCE

The modeling of reservoir injection pressure distribution is very important to perceive reservoir management, especially in estimating the pushing mechanism. The modeling of reservoir injection pressure distribution was carried out by applying the analytic equation of fluid flow to the porous media of Darcy's law and transformed to a finite difference numerical equation which then used Neumann boundary conditions. The parameters used in the modeling were: permeability, average layer thickness, porosity, acceleration of gravity, viscosity, and area’s width. Based on the results of modeling, the injection pressure distribution area decreased as injection pressure rate increased. This decrease occurred due to an imbalance between the volume of reservoir fluid produced by the volume of water from the aquifer that replaced the reservoir, caused emptying. From the results of the modeling the amount of oil production, obtained from the remaining oil reserves to the initial oil acquisition in the reservoir after the process of pressure maintenance, could be found.

Biogeochemical Features of Water, Soil Ground and Bottom Sediments in the Industrial Zone of the City of Khabarovsk

Complex chemical-analytical and microbiological studies of the state of water, soil grounds and bottom sediment of the industrial zone of city of Khabarovsk were carried out. It was found that petroleum prodacts are the main environmental pollutant of the study area. The impact of runoff from the industrial zone on the quality of water and bottom sediments of the Amur river is manifested in an increase in their content and number of indicator groups of bacteria in the zone of impact of the small river Kurcha-Murcha draining the territory of the industrial zone. The oil content in the Kurcha-Murcha river at the exit from conduit is 20 MPC. The degree of soil contamination varies from “increased-background” to “strong”. The amount of oil products in the bottom sediments of the Kurcha-Murcha and the Amur river (below the mouth of the Kurcha-Murcha river) is defined as "dangerous" and "strong", respectively.

Accident risk analysis of oil and gas facilities in Arctic climatic conditions

The probability of occurring emergency situations increases in conditions of severe climate of the Arctic. Therefore, addressing the problems related to the risk assessment of accidents at oil and gas facilities in the Arctic zones based on acceptable risk criteria is of particular importance. Uncontrollable development of emergency situations is followed by emission of a significant amount of oil products and constitutes serious ecological danger, and also can lead to considerable destructions and death of people resulted from fire and explosion. Therefore, the goal of the study is development of the methods for analysis and assessment of the risk of accidents in reservoirs and gas pipelines at low temperatures to increase the industrial safety of hazardous production facilities operating in conditions of the Arctic North. The results of brittle fracture analysis and accident risk assessment for reservoir and gas pipeline under arctic climatic conditions are presented. Statistical data processing of accidents allowed us to determine the rupture sources, develop a “fault tree” of brittle fracture of reservoirs, “event trees” of reservoir explosion and gas outflow from a gas pipeline, with allowance for the frequency of scenarios for quantitative risk assessment. Currently the probabilistic approach is considered one of the most promising. Accident statistics and experience of previous risk analyses can provide a useful contribution to the process of hazard identification. We focus on the scenario approach to the problems of hazard identification and assess the probability (frequency) of emergencies proceeding from the analysis and systematization of the statistical data on the accidents on reservoirs and gas pipelines at low ambient temperatures using the “event trees” and “fault trees” which provide determination of the most critical scenario and expected risk from accidents. Thus, risk assessment of accidents at hazardous production facilities in the Arctic zone using criteria of acceptable risk will allow estimation of hazards with unacceptable level of risk and development of recommendations and measures to reduce them.

Optimization of production and lift-gas allocation to producing wells by a new developed GLPC correlation and a simple optimization method

ABSTRACTIdeally, if there is no limitation in the available resources of gas in the gas lift operation, the adequate amount of gas can be injected into the reservoir to have the highest production rate. However, the amount of available gas and the capacity of the compressors are limited and it is required to optimize the gas injection into each well to have the highest recovery. Most of the former studies have been done by complex optimization algorithms and neural networks which require programming languages and a huge amount of time. In this study, we tried to optimize the amount of the injected gas in one of the heavy oil reservoirs in the west of Iran by the use of excel solver software. Then, the results are compared with the famous methods of optimization by genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Additionally, to improve the accuracy of calculation of the amount of oil production versus the amount of gas injection to the well, the empirical correlations are modified to fit the gas lift performance curves and a new correlation is developed. The results show that the model developed by the authors have the highest accuracy in comparison to other methods. Moreover, the results show that the accuracy of excel solver software is high enough in comparison to GA and PSO algorithm.Abbreviations: ANN - Artificial Neural Network; ARE - Absolute Relative Error; BR - Bayesian Regularization; D - Day; GA - Genetic Algorithm; GLPC - Gas Lift Performance Curve; GOR - Gas Oil Ratio; IPR - Inflow Performance Relationship; LM - Levenberg–Marquardt; MD - Measured Depth; MINLP - Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming; MMSCF - Million standard Cubic Feet; MSCF - Thousand Standard Cubic Feet; P.I - Productivity Index; ppm - parts per million; PSO - Particle Swarm Optimization; PVT - Pressure-Volume-Temperature; SQP - Sequential Quadratic Programming; SSE - Sum of Squared Errors; SST - Total Sum of Squares; SSSV - Sub Surface Safety Valve; STB - Stock Tank Barrel; TBG - Tubing; TLBO - Teaching-Learning Based Optimization; TVD - True Vertical Depth; WPC - Well Production Curve.

Well Log Analysis and Interpretation for Khasib,Tanuma, and Sa’di formations for Halfaya Oil Field in Missan Govenorate-Southern Iraq

The study intends to interpretation of well logs to determine the petrophysical parameters for Khasib, Tanuma, and Sa'di formations in Halfaya Oil Field. Where this field is located 30 kilometers south-east of the Amara city and it is considered as one of the important fields in Iraq because of the high production of oil, because Khasib, Tanuma, and Sa'di are f carbonates reservoirs formations and important after the Mishrif Formation because of the lack of thickness of the formations compared to the amount of oil production. The Matrix Identification (MID) and the M-N crossplot were used to determine the lithology and mineralogy of the formations; through the diagrm it was found the three formations consisted mainly of calcite with some dolomite. Density – Neutron cross plot for lithology identification which shows that the formations are mainly consist of limestone with little shale

Notch Signaling in Meibomian Gland Epithelial Cell Differentiation.

PurposeNotch1 was previously shown to play a critical role in murine meibomian gland function and maintenance. In this study, we have examined the expression and activation of Notch pathway in human meibomian gland epithelial cells in vitro.MethodsAn immortalized human meibomian gland epithelial cell (HMGEC) line was cultured under proliferative and differentiative conditions. Expression of Notch receptors and ligands were evaluated by quantitative PCR and Western blot. The effect of Notch inhibition and induction on oil production was also assessed.ResultsHuman meibomian gland epithelial cell expressed Notch1, Notch2, Notch3, Jagged1, Jagged2, Delta-like 1, and Delta-like 3. The level of cleaved (activated) Notch1 strongly increased with differentiation. The expression of Notch3 was inversely correlated with proliferation. Induction and inhibition of Notch1 led to an increase and decrease in the amount of oil production, respectively.ConclusionsNotch signaling appears to play an important role in human meibomian gland epithelial differentiation and oil production. This may provide a potential therapeutic pathway for treating meibomian gland dysfunction.

Study of the Parameters of Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) Method for Enhanced Oil Recovery in a Heavy Oil Fractured Carbonate Reservoir

By increasing in the use of nonrenewable energy and decreasing in discovering hydrocarbonic reservoirs, in near future the world will encounter with a new challenge in the field of energy, so increase in recovery factor of the existing oil reservoirs is necessary after the primary production. In one hand the existence of untouched heavy oil reservoirs in Iran and lack of producing from them and maturity of light oil reservoirs to 2nd and 3rd stage of their production age in other hand make the development and production of these heavy oil reservoirs necessary in Iran. The goal of this study is to survey common methods of producing oil reservoirs and appliance in heavy oil reservoirs of Iran especially in Kuh-e-Mond. For choosing the best EOR method we should consider factors such as the reservoir fluid and rock characteristics, availability of injection material, available equipments and other items. One way to choose an optimized method is the comparison of reservoirs’ parameters in successful EOR projects with the considered reservoir. However, it should be consider that each reservoir has its especial characteristics and we can not give certain idea about it. Thermal methods have the most useage in the recovery of the world’s heavy oil and between these methods; steam injection with the most amount of oil production has terrific importance. The gained results show that the best way for recovery heavy oil of Sarvak reservoir of Kuh-e-Mond is thermal way and especially steam injection Steam modeling by activating gravity drainage drive process by using steam injection (SAGD) which is designed in a reservoir model in Sarvak reservoir of Kuh-e-Mond has been successful.

Selection of a method of detoxification of oil-containing soils

Based on the analytical hierarchic procedure developed by Saati, an evaluation has been made of the methods of detoxification (alternatives) of oil-containing soils (OCS), making a comparison of the weights of criteria in the absence of comprehensive information, to justify the selection of the most efficient and economically suitable method of detoxification of oil-containing soils. It turned out that the most efficient method of detoxification of oil-containing soils is chemical method, provided the hydrocarbons are extracted from them beforehand. Experiments have been conducted to determine the influence of oil hydrocarbons on the degree of extraction: amount of oil products, solvent/OCS ratio, process temperature, etc.

Gas Lift Optimization for Long-Term Reservoir Simulations

Summary Although various gas lift optimization algorithms have been proposed in literature, few are suitable for long-term reservoir-development studies, which require the gas lift optimizer to be highly efficient, flexible, and powerful enough to handle complicated fluid flows and operational constraints while having minimal impact on simulator convergence rates. This paper investigates methods to address these important issues. The gas lift optimization problem considered in this paper is to maximize daily hydrocarbon production by selecting optimally the well-production and lift-gas rates subject to pressure and rate constraints in nodes of the surface pipeline network (SPN) and to the amount of lift gas available. The problem is regarded as a well-management problem in a commercial reservoir simulator capable of simulating multiphase compositional fluid flow in reservoirs, well tubing strings, SPN systems, and separation facilities. The problem is solved in selected iterations of a reservoir-simulation timestep. This paper proposed a method for the described gas lift optimization problem and investigated its performance against multiple existing methods. Case studies showed that the new method is capable of producing high-quality results while requiring less CPU time for optimization and having a smaller impact on reservoir-simulator convergence. This paper also applied the concept of multiobjective optimization to smooth rate oscillations between adjacent iterations by sacrificing a certain amount of oil production. This method was proved to be successful in tested cases.

Self-purification in the context of the problems of anthropogenic ecology of the sea

Some laws governing the self-purification of marine waters from oil products have been considered using the Sea of Azov and the NW shelf of the Black Sea as models. A number of principally important features of this process have been established including marked spatial heterogenity, and capacity for a sharp decline in the efficiency of destruction during anthropogenic transformations of marine ecosystems, etc. On the basis of a special mathematical model and numerous experiments, an estimation in the first approximation was made of the efficiency of the self-purification of the areas investigated and their characteristic regions. The value obtained is significantly smaller than the actual amount of oil products entering the sea as runoff. A number of recommendations have been made on the use of self-purification values for establishing standards for discharges of waste waters.

The Influence of Citrus Rootstocks upon the Volatile Rind Oil Content of Valencia Orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck)

The influence of twenty-five different rootstocks upon the amount and type of volatile oils in the rind of Valencia orange (Citrus sinensis) has been investigated. The amount of oil production is probably influenced more than the individual oil components. There was no significant effect of rootstocks on a-pinene, d-limonene, p-cymene, 2-methyl-2 heptanone, and octyl acetate. However, β-myrcene, decanal, and linalool were significantly affected by rootstocks and could be grouped. These rootstock groupings had no correlation with the accepted botanical relationships. There do not appear to be any rootstock differences of such magnitude that their effect on the oil components would be of taxonomic significance.

Degree of Advancement of Petroleum Exploration in United States

Because gas and oil are exhaustible resources, the discovery and production history of these fuels in any particular area must be characterized by a beginning, a period of increase, a period of decline, and ultimately, an end. In this sequence, the most significant dates are neither those of the beginning nor of the end, but that of the transition between the period of increase and the period of decline. The petroleum industry in the conterminous United States is by now sufficiently advanced in its evolution that several lines of evidence are consistent in their indication of the approximate degree of that advancement. One suite of diagnostic data comprises the cumulative production, cumulative proved discoveries, and proved reserves. For more than 40 years the curve of cumulative production of crude oil has closely followed that of cumulative discoveries, with a time lag of about 10-12 years. The peak in the rate of proved discovery occurred about 1956. The peak in proved reserves, which should occur about midway between the peaks in the rates of discovery and of production, actually occurred at about 1961. The peak in production rate should occur in the late 1960's. Another suite of data is provided by successive studies made by the Petroleum Administration for War and by the National Petroleum Council, in which the oil discovered has been allocated to the years of discovery of the producing fields. These, when corrected to an estimated ultimate growth, indicate that by the end of 1966 about 136 billion bbl of producible crude oil had been discovered. The rate of discovery per year, averaged for successive 5-year periods, reached a peak of 3.57 × 109 bbl/yr during the period 1935-1940, and has declined subsequently to a present rate of less than 2 × 109 bbl/yr. Another method of analysis is that proposed by A. D. Zapp (1961, 1962), of relating discoveries per foot of exploratory drilling to cumulative footage. By the end of 1966 it is here estimated that about 1.52 × 109 ft of exploratory drilling had been done. The discoveries per foot, averaged for each successive 108 ft, reached a peak of 276 bbl/ft during the third 108-ft interval, which included the discovery of the East Texas field. Subsequently, the rate of discovery per foot has declined exponentially to a present average rate of about 35 bbl/ft. These several lines of evidence are consistent indicating that: 1. The peak in time-rate of crude-oil production will probably occur near the end of the 1960 decade, and the ultimate amount of oil production will probably be less than 200 billion bbl. 2. The peak in the rate of natural-gas production will probably occur in the late 1970's, with ultimate production between 900 and 1,200 trillion cu ft. 3. The ultimate cumulative crude-oil production from fields already discovered in the conterminous United States probably represents between 68 and 85 per cent of the total crude oil ultimately to be discovered. 4. The evidence available offers scant hope that recently postulated future discovery rates in excess of 80 bbl/ft, with attendant discoveries of additional hundreds of billions of barrels of crude oil, during the next 2 or more billion ft of exploratory drilling, will ever, in fact, be realized.

SUBSIDENCE IN THE LONG BEACH HARBOR AREA, CALIFORNIA

Surveys and other observations in the area of Long Beach Harbor, California, indicate a general subsidence over a large area. Over the near-by plain to the north and east of the harbor, this subsidence averages a few tenths of a foot over a period of about 20 years. In this larger field of subsidence there is a localized area within which the depression of the surface amounts to several feet, reaching a maximum of more than 4 feet in the region of the Inner Harbor. This area of maximum subsidence, when contoured according to available level data, coincides remarkably with the productive area of the Wilmington oil field. It is also highly significant that the subsidence, as indicated by tide-gauge records, first became notable in 1937, shortly after the beginning of the development of the field. The following possible causes of the subsidence have been considered: Tectonic—earthquakes, horizontal and vertical movements in the earth9s crust, faults, tilting. Decline of pressure in water sands, lowering of the water table. Increased loads due to structures and fill deposited on the surface. Oil-field operations, including removal of oil from underground, decline of pressure in the oil reservoirs, with resulting increased load on them, and elastic shortening and plastic deformation expected therefrom. The possible effect of each of these factors is discussed, together with data on the mechanical properties of the oil sands. Conclusions reached are: (1) A very small part of the subsidence—perhaps a few tenths of a foot—may possibly be due to tectonic movements but is not certainly so. It is equally likely to be due to decline of water pressure in aquifers underlying the whole region or, in part, to loss of reservoir pressure due to flow of water in the oil sands to neighboring oil fields. (2) The excessive subsidence localized within the Wilmington oil field is primarily the result of oil-field operations. Reasons for excluding tectonic factors from responsibility are summarized. There is no correlation between the amount of oil production from a given part of the field and the amount of subsidence there, when areas as large as a “production block” (about half a square mile) are considered. There is some correlation between subsidence and production in areas of intensive exploitation, but this is believed to be indirect and dependent upon the influence of pressure decline on both processes. On the other hand, there is a very close agreement between the relative subsidence of the various parts of the field and the pressure decline, thickness of oil sand affected, and mechanical properties of the oil sands. This correlation is so close as to constitute conclusive evidence of a cause and effect relation between pressure decline and subsidence. An accurate forecast of the amount of ultimate subsidence is impossible. In part it is dependent on the rate of production of oil and gas from the field, for the pressure drop in the reservoir sands may be expected, over a long time, to parallel this production rate. Although the current rate of subsidence is higher than the rate of pressure decline, this will probably eventually slacken, so that it may require 8 or 10 years for the subsidence of another 4 feet, and the ultimate subsidence to be expected if the production of the oil field proceeds to depletion is estimated at about 10 feet. This amount will not, however, be reached over the entire field, but is expected to be limited approximately to the present area of maximum subsidence. From this area the subsidence will diminish in all directions, so that, though the area affected by considerable sinking will eventually be somewhat larger than that now involved, the amount of subsidence will not be more than about two to three times that which has already taken place. In other words, the ultimate isobase of 1 foot subsidence may be expected to be near the present isobase of .50 foot subsidence. These estimates of ultimate subsidence are predicated upon continued exploitation of the oil field and will not be realized should production be substantially curtailed or stopped. On the other hand, should additional oil zones be discovered and produced, the above estimate would have to be increased because of contraction of the additional oil sands.