Amounts Of Ketone Bodies Research Articles

Symptoms of Chronic Ketosis in Cows and Morphobiochemical Indicators of Blood

In this article described the ketosis which is subclinical in cows in the last months of pregnancy, the changes in appetite during lactation, anemia of the mucous membranes, decreased skin elasticity and luster of the skin, increased pulse and respiration, clinical signs such as abdominal hypotension, alopecia, and hemoglobin, glucose, total calcium decrease in inorganic phosphorus, carotene, alkaline reserves relative to physiological norms, increase in the amount of ketone bodies, decrease in the number and activity of infusoria in the large abdominal fluid and the course of large abdominal acidosis.

EFFECT OF FEED ADDITIVE ON MINERAL HOMEOSTASIS OF COWS WITH KETOSIS

The article describes the study of mineral metabolism in patients with cow ketosis and during feeding of our developed feed additive, which includes crushed hop cones, vitamin E and protected from cleavage in the rumen amino acids ˗ methionine, choline and carnitine.
 In the blood of cows with ketosis, before and after the use of feed additives studied the content of total calcium and inorganic phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase activity, determined the ratio of alkaline phosphatase and total calcium, the concentration of thyroid hormones (parathyroid hormone) and thyroid, thyroid also the amount of ketone bodies in the urine and β-hydroxybutyrate in the blood. It was found that twenty days of feeding cows with ketosis, feed additives leads to a decrease in ketonuria and ketonemia, as well as the normalization of mineral metabolism.
 At the end of the experiment, the content of total calcium and inorganic phosphorus in the blood of cows increased, the activity of alkaline phosphatase and the ratio of ALP / Ca decreased. The normalization of mineral metabolism in cows was also evidenced by its balanced hormonal regulation. The concentration of parathyroid hormone decreased in the blood plasma and calcitonin increased.
 According to the results of research, it is established that our proposed feed additive contributes to the normalization of mineral metabolism, and can also be used for prevention and in the complex treatment of cows with ketosis.

Використання комплексного препарату Джи Пі 70 для покращення рубцевого травлення

The article represents information from research findings on the use of the Gi Pi 70 feed supplement to improve ruminant digestive processes. The scar has a complex ecosystem in which the nutrients in ruminants are digested in the process of fermentation, which is carried out by various microorganisms, simple unicellular organisms and fungi. The symbiotic relationship is found between different groups of microorganisms due to the diverse nature of these types of microorganisms, as well as their adaptability, interaction and coexistence. Ruminant animals provide the necessary environment to create such microorganisms, while the microorganisms receive energy from the host animal from the final products of microbial fermentation. Inside the scar ecosystem, microorganisms coexist in adverse environmental conditions, and the pH level remains close to neutral. Thus, a symbiotic relationship exists within the scar, providing the necessary environment to create the microorganisms and substrates required to support them. In turn, microorganisms provide the ruminant hosts with nutrients to produce energy. Further population growth has increased the need for more and better animal products. To this end, it is suggested to use additives in the diet to control the process of cicatricial fermentation in order to maximize production efficiency while reducing energy losses such as methane, which pollutes the environment. It was found that the number of infusions ranged from 928.9 ± 35.7 to 931.7 ± 41.9 from the beginning to the end of the study. The results of the studies also indicate that the addition of the feed additive Gi Pi 70 contributed to the increase in leukocytes by 3.1 t / l, reducing the total protein by 14 g / l. The amount of glucose increased by 1.1 mmol / l, which is a characteristic feature of healthy animals. The hemoglobin indices were practically no different. The reserve alkalinity of the blood increased by 18.8 %, which corresponds to such healthy animals. The amount of ketone bodies decreased by 4.8 mmol / l.

Genome-wide association analysis for \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate concentration in Milk in Holstein dairy cattle

BackgroundKetosis in dairy cattle has been shown to cause a high morbidity in the farm and substantial financial losses to dairy farmers. Ketosis symptoms, however, are difficult to identify, therefore, the amount of ketone bodies (mainly β-hydroxybutyric acid, BHB) is used as an indicator of subclinical ketosis in cows. It has also been shown that milk BHB concentrations have a strong correlation with ketosis in dairy cattle. Mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR) has recently became a fast, cheap and high-throughput method for analyzing milk components. The aim of this study was to perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on the MIR-predicted milk BHB to identify genomic regions, genes and pathways potentially affecting subclinical ketosis in North American Holstein dairy cattle.ResultsSeveral significant regions were identified associated with MIR-predicted milk BHB concentrations (indicator of subclinical ketosis) in the first lactation (SCK1) and second and later lactations (SCK2) in Holstein dairy cows. The strongest association was located on BTA6 for SCK1 and BTA14 on SCK2. Several SNPs on BTA6 were identified in regions and variants reported previously to be associated with susceptibility to ketosis and clinical mastitis in Jersey and Holstein dairy cattle, respectively. One highly significant SNP on BTA14 was found within the DGAT1 gene with known functions on fat metabolism and inflammatory response in dairy cattle. A region on BTA6 and three SNPs on BTA20 were found to overlap between SCK1 and SCK2. However, a novel region on BTA20 (55–63 Mb) for SCK2 was also identified, which was not reported in previous association studies. Enrichment analysis of the list of candidate genes within the identified regions for MIR-predicted milk BHB concentrations yielded molecular functions and biological processes that may be involved in the inflammatory response and lipid metabolism in dairy cattle.ConclusionsThe results of this study confirmed several SNPs and genes identified in previous studies as associated with ketosis susceptibility and immune response, and also found a novel region that can be used for further analysis to identify causal variations and key regulatory genes that affect clinical/ subclinical ketosis.

Evaluation of metabolic status of ewes infected with ketosis

Ketosis in ewes is one of the limiting factors for the development of sheep farming. But the lack of knowledge about this disease is an obstacle in the development of effective treatments and reliable methods of prevention. This article presents the results of studying the peculiarities of the state of metabolism in the body of ewes of the Tsigai breed of the Black Sea type during ketosis. To do this, in the farms of the Crimea the identification of ewes infected with ketosis, which had been subjected to clinical and laboratory research methods, was carried out. It has been established that with this pathology there is an increase in the intensity of ketogenesis against the background of severe energy deficit. This was manifested by a statistically significant increase in the concentration of the total amount of ketone bodies from 0.43±0.01 to 1.57±0.06 mol/l (p <0.001), which occurred mainly due to acetone and acetoacetic acid. Their relative share in the total number of ketone bodies was 28.66%, while in healthy ones - 5.58%. The blood glucose level was reduced by 28.6% compared with clinically healthy sheep. The presence of a negative correlative relationship was revealed between the concentration of glucose and the level of ketone bodies - r = -0.64. Besides, in ewes infected with ketosis, symptoms of hepatocyte damage were noted: an increase in the concentration of total serum protein, hypoalbuminemia, dysproteinaemia, an increase in the level of total bilirubin, total cholesterol, increased activity of AsAT, ALAT and GGTP. It proved the occurrence of the same polymorbid pathology (ketosis and hepatodystrophy) in the same animals. This was confirmed by the revealed positive correlative relationship between the concentration of ketone bodies and the activity of the enzymes under study: AsAT ‒ r = +0.57, ALAT ‒ r = +0.49, GGTP ‒ r = +0.55; and between the level of ketone bodies and total bilirubin ‒ r = +0.44. It has been concluded that the progress of liver dystrophy aggravating the course of the pathological process should be taken into account when developing or improving methods for treating ketosis in pregnant ewes.

Impaired Ketogenesis in Iron-Deficient Rat Pups

Livers of Fe-deficient rat pups contain significantly less carnitine and more triacylglycerol (TG) than livers of control pups. Carnitine affects ketogenesis (KG), which is a vital adaptation in the neonate. To determine if KG is impaired by low carnitine in Fe-deficient pup liver, ketone body synthesis was measured in liver mitochondria from 15-d-old pups. Litters from Fe-deficient (- Fe) and Fe-adequate (+ Fe) dams were orally supplemented with water (W) as a control, 18 mM ferrous sulfate, or 10 mML-carnitine from d 8 through d 15 of lactation. The amount of ketone bodies (β-hydroxybutyrate + acetoacetate) synthesized was 68% less (P < 0.05) in - FeW pups than in + FeW pups. Iron or carnitine supplementation increased KG in - Fe pups to + Fe KG levels, but carnitine did not affect KG in + Fe pups. Liver TG in + Fe pups was not altered by supplementation, but liver TG was lowered in - Fe pups by carnitine and iron 21% and 64%, respectively, compared to - FeW pups. The data support the hypothesis that in the Fe-deficient suckling rat, low carnitine levels may contribute to impaired ketogenesis and increased lipids in liver.

Metabolism of fatty acids and the levels of ketone bodies in the livers of pyridoxine-deficient rats.

Lipid metabolism was examined in rats fed a high-protein pyridoxine-deficient diet, and their livers were found to contain large amounts of lipids, mainly in the forms of triglycerides and cholesteryl ester. The contents of ketone bodies in the livers of pyridoxine-deficient and the control rats were similar. Their NAD+/NADH ratios, calculated from the amounts of ketone bodies, were also similar in pyridoxine-deficient and control groups when the animals were fed, but the ratio in pyridoxine-deficient rats was lower than that of control rats when the animals were starved. After injection of 14C-linoleic acid, the amounts of expired 14CO2 in pyridoxine-deficient and control rats were similar. The pattern of incorporations of 14C-linoleic acid into various lipid components of the livers were examined; incorporation into the phospho-lipid fraction was similar in control and deficient rats, but the incorporation into the triglyceride fraction was slower, and the incorporation into cholesterol was faster in deficient animals than in controls.

The absence of undesirable changes during consumption of the low carbohydrate diet.

The effects were studied in 8 women of the consumption of the low carbohydrate diet, in which the amount of carbohydrate was restricted to some 80 g a day, but protein and fat were allowed freely. As in previous studies, the energy intake was found to be about 30 % lower on this diet than on the subject’s habitual diet, but the nutrient content was not reduced. During the 6 weeks of the dietary period, there was no change in the plasma concentration of triglyceride, cholesterol or uric acid. There was an intermittent urinary excretion of small amounts of ketone bodies, consistent with the degree of ketosis accompanying moderate weight loss. The urinary excretion of nitrogen and creatinine were unchanged, indicating no significant loss of tissue protein.